筑坝蓄水对夏季黑河氮磷营养盐空间分布特征的影响

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.1035

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探究筑坝蓄水对黑河氮磷营养盐空间分布特征的影响，分别于2018年7月、2019年8月选取28个控制断面采集水样及沉积物进行检测，并采用方差分析法和Pearson相关分析法对不同空间尺度上的水体及沉积物氮磷分布特征进行研究。结果表明，黑河上中游水体氮磷含量基本满足Ⅲ类水质标准，其中水体氮素主要以氨氮（NH₃-N）的形式存在，沉积物氮素主要以硝态氮（NO₃-N）的形式存在。从分布特征来看，上游筑坝河段的水体总磷（TP）、沉积物总氮（TN）含量最高，水温、盐度、溶解氧（DO）是影响该河段氮磷分布的关键环境因子；中游自然河段的水体TP含量、沉积物TN含量次之，化学需氧量（COD）、水温、pH值是影响该河段氮磷分布的关键环境因子。畜牧养殖、矿物开采及工农业污水排放是黑河水体及沉积物氮磷营养物质的主要来源，而筑坝蓄水的滞留效应及其引起的环境因子变化是造成氮磷空间分布不均的主要原因。因此，控制人类活动造成的外源性污染源，并针对不同种类污染物的变化特征选择合理的水库运行方式，是改善黑河健康状况的关键。

关键词: 黑河, 梯级水库, 营养盐, 空间分布, 相关性

Abstract: For exploring the impact of damming and water-storing on spatial distribution of nutrients in the upper and middle reaches of the Heihe River, the spatial heterogeneity of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in water samples and sediments collected from 28 different sampling sites from July to August in 2018 and 2019 was determined and analyzed. The results show that the content of nitrogen and phosphorus basically met the class Ⅲ of water quality standard. Nitrogen in water mainly existed in the form of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), while in sediments mostly in the form of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) at the upper and middle reaches of Heihe River. From the perspective of distribution characteristics, the contents of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in sediment were the highest in the upstream dammed river. Water temperature (WT), salinity (SAL) and dissolved oxygen (DO) are the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus; For the middle reaches, TP and TN contents are the second in natural river reach, and chemical oxygen demand (COD), water temperature and pH are the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus. Livestock breeding, mineral mining, industrial and agricultural wastewater discharge are the main sources of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the Heihe River water. The retention effect of dam construction and the changes in environmental factors are main reasons for the uneven spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the key to improve the health condition of Heihe River is to control the exogenous pollution sources caused by human activities and implement a reasonable reservoir operation mode according to the changing characteristics of different types of pollutants.

Key words: Heihe River, cascade reservoir, nutrient, spatial distribution, correlation

中图分类号:

王昱, 孔德星, 冯起, 张昕雨, 左一锋, 汪双, 卢晗. 筑坝蓄水对夏季黑河氮磷营养盐空间分布特征的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2021, 37(8): 1001-1010.

WANG Yu, KONG De-xing, FENG Qi, ZHANG Xin-yu, ZUO Yi-feng, WANG Shuang, LU Han. Impacts of Damming and Water-storing on Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients During Summer in Heihe River[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2021, 37(8): 1001-1010.

参考文献

[1] 顾晓昀, 徐宗学, 刘麟菲, 等. 北京北运河河流生态系统健康评价[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(6):2576-2587. [GU Xiao-yun, XU Zong-xue, LIU Lin-fei, et al. Health Assessment of the Stream Ecosystem in the North Canal River Basin, Beijing, China[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(6):2576-2587.]
[2] 朱卫红, 曹光兰, 李莹, 等. 图们江流域河流生态系统健康评价[J]. 生态学报, 2014, 34(14):3969-3977. [ZHU Wei-hong, CAO Guang-lan, LI Ying, et al. Research on the Health Assessment of River Ecosystem in the Area of Tumen River Basin[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2014, 34(14):3969-3977.]
[3] 郝利霞, 孙然好, 陈利顶.海河流域河流生态系统健康评价[J]. 环境科学, 2014, 35(10):3692-3701. [HAO Li-xia, SUN Ran-hao, CHEN Li-ding.Health Assessment of River Ecosystem in Haihe River Basin, China[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(10):3692-3701.]
[4] 周涛, 程天雨, 虞宁晓, 等. 乌江中上游梯级水库氮磷滞留效应[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018, 37(3):707-713. [ZHOU Tao, CHENG Tianyu, YU Ning-xiao, et al. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Retention in Cascade Reservoirs along the Upper Reaches of Wujiang River[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2018, 37(3):707-713.]
[5] 杨梦迪, 崔高仰, 李亲凯, 等. 梯级水库群水体碳、硫元素循环及耦合效应:以嘉陵江为例[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018, 37(3):651-660. [YANG Meng-di, CUI Gao-yang, LI Qin-kai, et al. The Cycle and Coupling Effect of Carbon and Sulfur in Cascade Reservoirs:A Case Study of Jialing River[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2018, 37(3):651-660.]
[6] 王立嘉, 王宝利, 肖晶, 等. 三岔河梯级水库生源要素的时空变化特征[J]. 地球与环境, 2019, 47(6):844-850. [WANG Li-jia, WANG Bao-li, XIAO Jing, et al. Spatio-temporal Variations of Nutrients in Cascade Reservoirs along the Shancha River[J]. Earth and Environment, 2019, 47(6):844-850.]
[7] 汪朝辉, 谭勇, 李喆, 等. 丹江口水库典型库湾及支流富营养化评价研究[J]. 人民长江, 2012, 43(8):61-64, 75. [WANG Zhao-hui, TAN Yong, LI Zhe, et al. Assessment on Eutrophication in Typical Bays and Tributaries of Danjiangkou Reservoir[J]. Yangtze River, 2012, 43(8):61-64, 75.]
[8] 李玲, 覃春丽.三峡梯级电站水体溶解氧的累积影响分析[J]. 水力发电学报, 2012, 31(1):189-194. [LI Ling, QIN Chun-li.Cumulative Impact of Three Gorges Cascade Hydropower Stations on Dissolved Oxygen[J]. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2012, 31(1):189-194.]
[9] 刘鹄, 孟婷, 程文, 等. 汤浦水库沉积物碳、氮、磷的分布与评价[J]. 水土保持通报, 2017, 37(2):333-338. [LIU Hu, MENG Ting, CHENG Wen, et al. Spatial Distribution and Pollution Evaluation of Sediment Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Tangpu Reservoir[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 37(2):333-338.]
[10] WITHERS P J A, JARVIE H P.Delivery and Cycling of Phosphorus in Rivers:A Review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2008, 400(1/2/3):379-395.
[11] 毛战坡, 王雨春, 彭文启, 等. 筑坝对河流生态系统影响研究进展[J]. 水科学进展, 2005, 16(1):134-140. [MAO Zhan-po, WANG Yu-chun, PENG Wen-qi, et al. Advances in Effects of Dams on River Ecosystem[J]. Advances in Water Science, 2005, 16(1):134-140.]
[12] 李瑞兴, 袁林江, 刘玉洪, 等. 不同填料对近海域污染水体中磷的吸附效果研究[J]. 环境工程, 2016, 34(7):33-37. [LI Rui-xing, YUAN Lin-jiang, LIU Yu-hong, et al. Study on the Phosphate-Removing Ability of Different Filter Media in Treating Polluted Coastal Water[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2016, 34(7):33-37.]
[13] 郝文超, 王从锋, 杨正健, 等. 氧化还原循环过程中沉积物磷的形态及迁移转化规律[J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(2):640-648. [HAO Wen-chao, WANG Cong-feng, YANG Zheng-jian, et al. Speciation and Transformation of Phosphorus in Sediments during the Redox Cycle[J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(2):640-648.]
[14] 王昱, 刘娟娟, 冯起, 等. 黑河流域底栖动物群落结构及水质评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(3):1305-1319. [WANG Yu, LIU Juan-juan, FENG Qi, et al. Macrobenthos Community Structure and Water Quality Evaluation of Heihe River Basin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(3):1305-1319.]
[15] 王建国, 于洪贤, 马成学, 等. 哈尔滨西泉眼水库夏季浮游植物群落结构动态特征[J]. 湖泊科学, 2015, 27(4):667-678. [WANG Jian-guo, YU Hong-xian, MA Cheng-xue, et al. Ecological Factors and Phytoplankton Community Structure in Xiquanyan Reservoir, Harbin, P.R.China[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2015, 27(4):667-678.]
[16] 丁永建, 叶佰生, 刘时银.祁连山中部地区40a来气候变化及其对径流的影响[J]. 冰川冻土, 2000, 22(3):193-199. [DING Yong-jian, YE Bai-sheng, LIU Shi-yin.Impact of Climate Change on the Alpine Streamflow during the Past 40 a in the Middle Part of the Qilian Mountains, Northwestern China[J]. Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology, 2000, 22(3):193-199.]
[17] 郜银梁, 陈军锋, 张成才, 等. 黑河中游灌区水化学空间变异特征[J]. 干旱区地理, 2011, 34(4):575-583. [GAO Yin-liang, CHEN Jun-feng, ZHANG Cheng-cai, et al. Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Irrigation Area in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin[J]. Arid Land Geography, 2011, 34(4):575-583.]
[18] 柴发熹.黑河流域生态环境保护和建设[J]. 生态经济, 2002, 18(9):69-71. [CHAI Fa-xi.The Conservation and Construction of Ecological Environment in the Heihe River Valley[J]. Ecological Economy, 2002, 18(9):69-71.]
[19] 余志山, 白福, 李文鹏.黑河流域中游地区水资源演变特征及成因分析[J]. 中国农村水利水电, 2007(6):1-3, 7. [YU Zhi-shan, BAI Fu, LI Wen-peng.Characteristic and Cause Analysis of Water Resources Evolution in the Middle Reaches of the Black River Basin[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower, 2007(6):1-3, 7.]
[20] 郭巧玲, 杨云松, 畅祥生, 等. 1957-2008年黑河流域径流年内分配变化[J]. 地理科学进展, 2011, 30(5):550-556. [GUO Qiao-ling, YANG Yun-song, CHANG Xiang-sheng, et al. Annual Variation of Heihe River Runoff during 1957-2008[J]. Progress in Geography, 2011, 30(5):550-556.]
[21] 杜彦良, 彭文启, 刘畅.分层湖库溶解氧时空特性研究进展[J]. 水利学报, 2019, 50(8):990-998. [DU Yan-liang, PENG Wen-qi, LIU Chang.A Review of Dissolved Oxygen Variation and Distribution in the Stratified Lakes or Reservoirs[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2019, 50(8):990-998.]
[22] 吴金浩, 刘桂英, 王年斌, 等. 辽东湾北部海域表层沉积物氧化还原电位及其主要影响因素[J]. 沉积学报, 2012, 30(2):333-339. [WU Jin-hao, LIU Gui-ying, WANG Nian-bin, et al. The Eh in Surface Sediments in the Northern of Liaodong Bay and Its Main Influencing Factors[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2012, 30(2):333-339.]
[23] HART D D, POFF N L.A Special Section on Dam Removal and River Restoration[J]. BioScience, 2002, 52(8):653-655.
[24] 李干蓉, 刘丛强, 陈椽, 等. 猫跳河流域梯级水库夏-秋季节溶解无机碳(DIC)含量及其同位素组成的分布特征[J]. 环境科学, 2009, 30(10):2891-2897. [LI Gan-rong, LIU Cong-qiang, CHEN Chuan, et al. Dissolve Inorganic Carbon and Its Carbon Isotope Composition in Cascade Reservoir of the Maotiao River during Summer and Autumn[J]. Environmental Science, 2009, 30(10):2891-2897.]
[25] TAOUFIK M, DAFIR J E.A Study of Water Quality in Lower Oum Rabiaa Basin, Morocco:Speciation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus[J]. Water Quality Research Journal, 2005, 40(1):120-129.
[26] 潘延安, 雷沛, 张洪, 等. 重庆园博园龙景湖新建初期内源氮磷分布特征及扩散通量估算[J]. 环境科学, 2014, 35(5):1727-1734. [PAN Yan-an, LEI Pei, ZHANG Hong, et al. Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Sediments and Estimation of the Nutrients Fluxes in Longjinghu Lake, Chongqing City, during the Initial Impoundment Period[J]. Environmental Science, 2014, 35(5):1727-1734.]
[27] 左乐, 吕昌伟, 何江, 等. 微生物对冰封期湖泊沉积物中有机磷降解释放的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2015, 36(12):4501-4508. [ZUO Le, LU Chang-wei, HE Jiang, et al. Impacts of Microorganisms on Degradation and Release Characteristics of Organic Phosphorus in Lake Sediments during Freezing Season[J]. Environmental Science, 2015, 36(12):4501-4508.]
[28] 王昱, 卢世国, 刘娟娟, 等. 春季枯水期黑河水体理化性质的空间分布特征[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2019, 35(4):433-441. [WANG Yu, LU Shi-guo, LIU Juan-juan, et al. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Water in the Heihe River during Low Water Periods in Spring[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2019, 35(4):433-441.]
[29] 田磊, 任建华.关于加强黑河流域青海源头区治理的思考[J]. 中国水土保持, 2010(11):32-34. [TIAN Lei, REN Jian-hua.Strengthening Management of Headwater Region of Heihe River Basin in Qinghai Province[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2010(11):32-34.]
[30] 张帅, 李大鹏, 丁玉琴, 等. 过氧化钙复合片剂对水体修复和底泥磷控制的作用[J]. 环境科学, 2020, 41(6):2706-2713. [ZHANG Shuai, LI Da-peng, DING Yu-qin, et al. Effect of Calcium Peroxide Composite Tablets on Water Remediation and Phosphorus Control in Sediment[J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(6):2706-2713.]
[31] 郭嘉, 韦玮, 于一雷, 等. 乌梁素海湿地富营养化研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志, 2015, 34(11):3244-3252. [GUO Jia, WEI Wei, YU Yi-lei, et al. Research Progress on the Eutrophication of Wuliangsuhai Wetland[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2015, 34(11):3244-3252.]
[32] 安敏, 文威, 孙淑娟, 等. pH和盐度对海河干流表层沉积物吸附解吸磷(P)的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2009, 29(12):2616-2622. [AN Min, WEN Wei, SUN Shu-juan, et al. Effects of pH and Salinity on Phosphorus Sorption and Desorption in the Surface Sediments of the Mainstream of the Haihe River[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2009, 29(12):2616-2622.]
[33] 李如忠, 叶舟, 高苏蒂, 等. 人为扰动背景下城郊溪流底质磷的生物-非生物吸收潜力分析[J]. 环境科学, 2017, 38(8):3235-3242. [LI Ru-zhong, YE Zhou, GAO Su-di, et al. Biotic and Abiotic Uptake of Phosphorus in Benthic Sediments of Suburban Streams under Intense Human Disturbance Scenario[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(8):3235-3242.]
[34] 崔双超, 丁爱中, 潘成忠, 等. 不同粒径泥沙理化特性对磷吸附过程的影响[J]. 环境工程学报, 2013, 7(3):863-868. [CUI Shuang-chao, DING Ai-zhong, PAN Cheng-zhong, et al. Effect of Sediment Physicochemical Properties on Phosphorus Sorption for Different Size Particles[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2013, 7(3):863-868.]
[35] 王昱, 连运涛, 冯起, 等. 筑坝拦截对黑河河道沉积物粒度空间分布的影响[J]. 湖泊科学, 2019, 31(5):1459-1467. [WANG Yu, LIAN Yun-tao, FENG Qi, et al. Effects of Dam Interception on the Spatial Distribution of Sediment Granularities in Heihe River[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2019, 31(5):1459-1467.]
[36] 郝媛媛, 孙国钧, 张立勋, 等. 黑河流域浮游植物群落特征与环境因子的关系[J]. 湖泊科学, 2014, 26(1):121-130. [HAO Yuan-yuan, SUN Guo-jun, ZHANG Li-xun, et al. Relationship between Community Characteristics of the Phytoplankton and Environmental Factors in Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2014, 26(1):121-130.]
[37] 陈洁, 许海, 詹旭, 等. 湖泊沉积物-水界面磷的迁移转化机制与定量研究方法[J]. 湖泊科学, 2019, 31(4):907-918. [CHEN Jie, XU Hai, ZHAN Xu, et al. Mechanisms and Research Methods of Phosphorus Migration and Transformation across Sediment-Water Interface[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2019, 31(4):907-918.]
[38] 何佳, 陈春瑜, 邓伟明, 等. 滇池水-沉积物界面磷形态分布及潜在释放特征[J]. 湖泊科学, 2015, 27(5):799-810. [HE Jia, CHEN Chun-yu, DENG Wei-ming, et al. Distribution and Release Characteristics of Phosphorus in Water-Sediment Interface of Lake Dianchi[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2015, 27(5):799-810.]
[39] 张焕焕, 毕春娟, 陈振楼, 等. 滴水湖水系中氮的污染特征及其影响因子[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(10):2646-2652. [ZHANG Huan-huan, BI Chun-juan, CHEN Zhen-lou, et al. Pollution Characteristics of Nitrogen and Its Influence Factors in Water and Sediments of Dishui Lake Water System[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014, 34(10):2646-2652.]
[40] 王雯雯, 王书航, 姜霞, 等. 蠡湖沉积物不同形态氮赋存特征及其释放潜力[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017, 37(1):292-301. [WANG Wen-wen, WANG Shu-hang, JIANG Xia, et al. Occurrence Characteristics and Release Potential of Nitrogen Fractions in Sediment of Lihu Lake[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017, 37(1):292-301.]
[41] 李欣, 纪道斌, 宋林旭, 等. 香溪河沉积物-水界面的营养盐交换特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2017, 30(8):1212-1220. [LI Xin, JI Dao-bin, SONG Lin-xu, et al. Characteristics of Nutrient Exchange at the Sediment-Water Interface in Xiangxi Bay[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017, 30(8):1212-1220.]
[42] 杨楠, 于会彬, 宋永会, 等. 白塔堡河上覆水与沉积物间隙水N、P分布特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2013, 26(7):728-735. [YANG Nan, YU Hui-bin, SONG Yong-hui, et al. Distribution of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Overlying Water and Pore Water of Sediment in Baitabuhe River[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2013, 26(7):728-735.]
[43] 刘国锋, 范成新, 张雷, 等. 藻源性黑水团环境效应Ⅲ:对水-沉积物界面处Fe-S-P循环的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(12):3199-3206. [LIU Guo-feng, FAN Cheng-xin, ZHANG Lei, et al. Environment Effects of Algae-Caused Black Spots Ⅲ:Impacts on Fe-S-P Cycle in Water-Sediment Interface[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014, 34(12):3199-3206.]
[44] NAKAMURA Y.Effect of Flow Velocity on Phosphate Release from Sediment[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1994, 30(10):263-272.
[45] RICHEY J S, MCDOWELL W H, LIKENS G E.Nitrogen Transformations in a Small Mountain Stream[J]. Hydrobiologia, 1985, 124(2):129-139.