新疆天池裸重唇鱼的食性分析及虹鳟入侵对其食性的影响

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2021.0586

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探究外来鱼虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)对天池自然保护区产生的环境风险，选择土著经济种和生态敏感种新疆裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus dybowskii)作为考察对象，采用生态位宽度指数、营养等级、空肠率、相似性指数、相关性检验和选择性指数，对比分析了两种鱼的营养生态位；利用入侵风险指数评估虹鳟的入侵风险。结果显示，虹鳟幼鱼与新疆裸重唇鱼的动物性食物种类出现频率呈显著正相关，Spearman秩相关检验系数为0.600(P<0.01)。两种鱼强烈竞争无脊椎动物，如摇蚊、桡足类、石蛾、蜉蝣目、端足目、蚬子和鞘翅目；新疆裸重唇鱼以藻类为主要食物(绿藻出现频率为81.82%)，不同于他人研究结论的"兼食藻类"(出现频率为15.6%)。虹鳟营养等级高于新疆裸重唇鱼(TLA，2.30>2.06)，而新疆裸重唇鱼的食物多样性指数(Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数，P<0.05)高于虹鳟，可能是虹鳟在动物食性上的竞争迫使新疆裸重唇鱼扩大了摄食范围，提高了藻类摄取。综合文献调研及野外考察中的多个因子得到，虹鳟的入侵风险指数为0.995 5，存在引入风险。研究表明，虹鳟在营养生态位上对土著鱼形成了生物入侵，并且在一定程度上改变了土著鱼的食性。据此提出不要盲目引种和放流虹鳟等外来物种进入天池保护区水系。研究结果可为该地区生物多样性保护方案的制定提供一定依据。

关键词: 新疆天池, 虹鳟, 新疆裸重唇鱼, 食性分析, 营养生态位

Abstract: Gymnodiptychus dybowskii, an ecologically sensitive local economic species, was chosen to assess the environmental risks caused by the introducing of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into the Tianchi Scenic Area. Niche breadth index, trophic level assignment (TLA), intestine emptying rate, similarity index, Spearman's ρ, and selectivity index were used to assess the trophic niche of the two species. Furthermore, the dangerous level of invasive rainbow trout was assessed by using an invasive species evaluation index. Results reflect that the occurrence frequency of entomic food between young rainbow trout and G. dybowskii was substantially overlapped, with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to be 0.600 (P<0.01). Chironomidae, Copepods, Caddisfly, Ephemeroptera, Amphipod, Clams, and Coleoptera were shown to be competing diets between the two fish species. Unlike earlier articles "ate Algae sometimes (Chlorophyta, 15.6%)" that were reported in other papers, G. dybowskii primarily foraged Algae (Chlorophyta, 81.82%). Rainbow trout was a top consumer in the food web and its trophic level was higher than that of G. dybowskii (TLA, 2.30 > 2.06). On the other hand, the higher diversity index in G. dybowskii than in rainbow trout (Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, P<0.05) might indicate that G. dybowskii was compelled to expand content species items, particularly hunting more algae. After reviewing articles and conducting field research, it is concluded that rainbow trout is a harmful introduced species with a risk score of 0.995 5. The finding demonstrates that rainbow trout encroaches the trophic niches of local species, forcing native species to adjust their diet composition to a certain degree. As a result, activities such as importing and releasing alien species (such as rainbow trout) into Tianchi nature reserve are not recommended and this study also offers protective measures for the protection of endemic biodiversity.

Key words: Tianchi in Xinjiang, rainbow trout, Gymnodiptychus dybowskii, feeding habits analysis, trophic niche

中图分类号:

X176
S932

张媛媛, 苏辉明, 刘凯, 黄成. 新疆天池裸重唇鱼的食性分析及虹鳟入侵对其食性的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2022, 38(9): 1157-1164.

ZHANG Yuan-yuan, SU Hui-ming, LIU Kai, HUANG Cheng. Feeding Habits of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii and the Changes of Its Food Type Caused by the Introducing of Rainbow Trout[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2022, 38(9): 1157-1164.

参考文献 39

[1]	郭焱,张人铭,蔡林钢.新疆鱼类志[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆科学技术出版社,2012:96-98.
[2]	蔡林钢,牛建功,李红,等.巩乃斯河新疆裸重唇鱼和斑重唇鱼产卵场微环境研究[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(1):144-148.[CAI Lin-gang,NIU Jian-gong,LI Hong, et al.Study on Micro-environment at the Spawning Fields of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii and Diptychus maculates in the Kunes River[J].Arid Zone Research,2013,30(1):144-148.]
[3]	王琪.新疆阜康:完善抽水蓄能电站规划全面促进区域生态环境保护可持续发展[J].区域治理,2019(35):111-113.
[4]	王德忠.新疆的裂腹鱼亚科鱼类研究[J].干旱区研究,1998,15(4):26-32.[WANG De-zhong.The Schiz.Othoracinae Fishs in Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research,1998,15(4):26-32.]
[5]	牟振波.二十一世纪前十年全球鲑科鱼类养殖状况[J].水产学杂志,2013,26(2):59-62.[MOU Zhen-bo.Global Salmonids Farming in the First Decade of the 21st Century[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2013,26(2):59-62.]
[6]	张遥,巩伦江.新疆阜康市鲑鳟鱼类良种场一期建成投入使用[J].渔业致富指南,2013(15):12.
[7]	LOWE S,BROWNE M,BOUDJELAS S, et al.100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species:A Selection from the Global Invasive Species Database[M].Auckland:Invasive Species Specialist Group,2000:6-7.
[8]	LINTERMANS M.Recolonization by the Mountain Galaxias Galaxias olidus of a Montane Stream after the Eradication of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Marine and Freshwater Research,2000,51(8):799-804.
[9]	BUORO M,OLDEN J D,CUCHEROUSSET J.Global Salmonidae Introductions Reveal Stronger Ecological Effects of Changing Intraspecific Compared to Interspecific Diversity[J].Ecology Letters,2016,19(11):1363-1371.
[10]	郭焱,马明宝.虹鳟养殖技术之二:新疆天然水域虹鳟增养殖前景分析[J].中国水产,2007(11):39-40.
[11]	李凡,丛旭日,张孝民.莱州湾4种大型甲壳类的空间与营养生态位[J].水产学报,2021,45(8):1384-1394.[LI Fan,CONG Xu-ri,ZHANG Xiao-min.Niches of Four Large Crustacean Species in Laizhou Bay[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2021,45(8):1384-1394.]
[12]	张亚洲,张琳琳,印瑞,等.浙江乐清湾浮游动物空间生态位[J].应用生态学报,2021,32(1):342-348.[ZHANG Ya-zhou,ZHANG Lin-lin,YIN Rui, et al.Spatial Niches of Dominant Zooplankton Species in Yueqing Bay,Zhejiang Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2021,32(1):342-348.]
[13]	DE CARVALHO D R,FLECKER A S,ALVES C B M, et al.Trophic Responses to Aquatic Pollution of Native and Exotic Livebearer Fishes[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,681:503-515.
[14]	HYSLOP E J.Stomach Contents Analysis:A Review of Methods and Their Application[J].Journal of Fish Biology,1980,17(4):411-429.
[15]	谷先坤,张彤晴,李大命,等.江苏典型水域湖鲚食性对比分析[J].生态学杂志,2019,38(10):3115-3122.[GU Xian-kun,ZHANG Tong-qing,LI Da-ming, et al.Feeding Characteristics of Coilia nasus taihuensis in Typical Waters of Jiangsu Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2019,38(10):3115-3122.]
[16]	李忠炉,张文旋,何雄波,等.南海北部湾秋季蓝圆鲹与竹筴鱼的摄食生态及食物竞争[J].广东海洋大学学报,2019,39(3):79-86.[LI Zhong-lu,ZHANG Wen-xuan,HE Xiong-bo, et al.Feeding Ecology and Feeding Competition between Decapterus maruadsi and Trachurus japonicus in Autumn in the Beibu Gulf,South China Sea[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2019,39(3):79-86.]
[17]	张志明,谢从新,丁慧萍,等.额尔齐斯河东方欧鳊食性研究[J].水生态学杂志,2019,40(1):79-85.[ZHANG Zhi-ming,XIE Cong-xin,DING Hui-ping, et al.Study on the Feeding Habits of Bream Abramis brama from the Irtysh River[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2019,40(1):79-85.]
[18]	SORENSEN T.A Method of Establishing Groups of Equal Amplitude in Plant Sociology Based on Similarity of Species and Its Application to Analyses of the Vegetation on Danish Commons[J].Biologiske Skrifter,1948,5:1-34.
[19]	DENIS J,VALLET C,COURCOT L, et al.Feeding Strategy of Downs Herring Larvae (Clupea harengus L.) in the English Channel and North Sea[J].Journal of Sea Research,2016,115:33-46.
[20]	张波,李忠义,金显仕.许氏平鲉的食物组成及其食物选择性[J].中国水产科学,2014,21(1):134-141.[ZHANG Bo,LI Zhong-yi,JIN Xian-shi.Food Composition and Prey Selectivity of Sebastes schlegeli[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2014,21(1):134-141.]
[21]	窦寅,吴军,黄成.外来鱼类入侵风险评估体系及方法[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(1):12-16.[DOU Yin,WU Jun,HUANG Cheng.Risk Assessment System and Method for Invasion of Alien Fishes[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(1):12-16.]
[22]	郭焱,蔡林钢,马燕武.虹鳟在赛里木湖生长发育的初步研究[J].水产学杂志,2007,20(2):1-6.[GUO Yan,CAI Lin-gang,MA Yan-wu.Preliminary Study on the Growth and Developing of Rainbow Trout(Oncohrynchus mykiss)in the Lake of Sailimu[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2007,20(2):1-6.]
[23]	牛玉娟.伊犁河新疆裸重唇鱼个体生物学研究[D].阿拉尔:塔里木大学,2015.[NIU Yu-juan.Study on the Biology of Gymnodiptychus dybowskii Kessler in the Ili River[D].Ala'er:Tarim University,2015.]
[24]	LUN A,SUSAN M,TORRE S, et al.Rainbow Trout and Gymnodiptychus dybowskii[DB/OL].(2021-08-31)[2021-09-26].https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/search.php.
[25]	郦珊,陈家宽,王小明.淡水鱼类入侵种的分布、入侵途径、机制与后果[J].生物多样性,2016,24(6):672-685.[LI Shan,CHEN Jia-kuan,WANG Xiao-ming.Global Distribution,Entry Routes,Mechanisms and Consequences of Invasive Freshwater Fish[J].Biodiversity Science,2016,24(6):672-685.]
[26]	CAIOLA N,SOSTOA A.Possible Reasons for the Decline of Two Native Toothcarps in the Iberian Peninsula:Evidence of Competition with the Introduced Eastern Mosquitofish[J].Journal of Applied Ichthyology,2005,21(4):358-363.
[27]	THIBAULT I,DODSON J.Impacts of Exotic Rainbow Trout on Habitat Use by Native Juvenile Salmonid Species at an Early Invasive Stage[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2013,142(4):1141-1150.
[28]	BAXTER C V,FAUSCH K D,MURAKAMI M, et al.Fish Invasion Restructures Stream and Forest Food Webs by Interrupting Reciprocal Prey Subsidies[J].Ecology,2004,85(10):2656-2663.
[29]	郭家彤,王腾,陈得仿,等.大亚湾黑棘鲷的摄食习性[J].中国水产科学,2021,28(8):1041-1050.[GUO Jia-tong,WANG Teng,CHEN De-fang, et al.Feeding Habits of Acanthopagrus schlegeli in the Daya Bay[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2021,28(8):1041-1050.]
[30]	徐超,王思凯,赵峰,等.长江口水生动物食物网营养结构及其变化[J].水生生物学报,2019,43(1):155-164.[XU Chao,WANG Si-kai,ZHAO Feng, et al.Trophic Structure of Food Web and Its Variation on Aquatic Animals in the Yangtze Estuary[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2019,43(1):155-164.]
[31]	TAGLIAFERRO M,KELLY S P,PASCUAL M.First Study of Food Webs in a Large Glacial River:The Trophic Role of Invasive Trout[J/OL].Neotropical Ichthyology,2020,18(3).[2021-09-26].https://www.scielo.br/j/ni/a/v8cb6NGybdqxfjcyWBb9zht/?lang=en.
[32]	王迪,吴军,窦寅,等.江苏水产养殖鱼类外来物种调查及其生物入侵风险初探[J].江西农业学报,2008,20(11):99-102.[WANG Di,WU Jun,DOU Yin, et al.Investigation of Exotic Cultured Fishes in Jiangsu Province and Primary Evaluation of Their Invasive Risk[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2008,20(11):99-102.]
[33]	刘孝华.虹鳟鱼的生物学特性及人工养殖技术[J].江苏农业科学,2007(1):135-137.
[34]	TANIGUCHI Y,FAUSCH K D,NAKANO S.Size-structured Interactions between Native and Introduced Species:Can Intraguild Predation Facilitate Invasion by Stream Salmonids?[J].Biological Invasions,2002,4(3):223-233.
[35]	董杨,申志新,王海桂,等.海南省外来淡水生物入侵现状、危害及防控策略[J].水生态学杂志,2020,41(3):85-91.[DONG Yang,SHEN Zhi-xin,WANG Hai-gui, et al.Invasion Status,Harm,and a Prevention-control Strategy for Exotic Freshwater Organisms in Hainan Province[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2020,41(3):85-91.]
[36]	李兴义,罗小龙.新疆昌吉市渔业发展现状及对策[J].渔业致富指南,2021(12):22-25.
[37]	赵长兰.新疆冷水鱼环保网箱养殖现状及其技术[J].中国水产,2018(12):99-102.[ZHAO Chang-lan.Current Situation and Technology of Cage Culture of Cold Water Fish in Xinjiang[J].China Fisheries,2018(12):99-102.]
[38]	刘妮.玫瑰高原鳅食性分析[D].重庆:西南大学,2020.[LIU Ni.Analysis of the Diet of Triplophysa rosa (Teleostei,Cypriniformes)[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2020.]
[39]	马宝珊.异齿裂腹鱼个体生物学和种群动态研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.[MA Bao-shan.Study on the Biology and Population Dynamics of Schizothorax o'connori[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011.]