黄土塬区旱作果园的复合经营范式

doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2018.05.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旱作果园中进行间作，尤其苹果产出前的间作，是黄土塬区果业发展中较为普遍的复合经营形式。为强调以果为主以及建立良好的控制性间作制度，通过典型塬区面上间作类型调查及实地对比测定主要作物种植影响下的苹果（Malus pumila）树高、地径、分枝性以及3 m深土壤剖面含水量，分析间作基础及有关间作适宜性，探讨规范化运作模式。结果表明，随果树生长发育，可划分3个不同间作时期（幼龄前期、幼龄后期和成龄期）。从幼龄后期开始对间作物选择趋于严格。浅根性低矮作物具有明显时空优势，西瓜（Citrullus vulgaris）、甘薯（Ipomoea batatas）间作果树生长优于小麦（Triticum aestivum）、玉米（Zea mays）间作。深根性高秆作物[小麦（Triticum aestivum）、玉米（Zea mays）、油菜（Brassica campestris）、谷（Setaria italica）]中，玉米抑制果树生长影响较低，小麦仅以留存树盘间作致使约65%的果树植株不发生分枝。不同间作物之间的耗水性有所差异，其中小麦耗水深度可达3 m，玉米1 m，大豆0.4 m，白三叶草（Trifolium repens）1.6 m；小麦及5~9年生白三叶草年内土壤水分消耗得不到补充恢复。浅根性低矮作物地下竞争较弱，但白三叶草竞争不可忽视。生态位分离是间作关键，尤其是深根性高秆作物以及与果树根系重置的浅根性作物。小麦收获后不宜复种及连作，白三叶草衰败时有必要及早翻耕处理。间作需要重视养地作物，综合考虑生态位分离、轮作、适当产量或收益、果树衰败等方面因素。

关键词: 黄土塬地, 旱作农业, 苹果园, 复合经营, 间作制度

Abstract:

Intercropping in non-irrigated apple orchards, especially before prominent fruit production, is an agroforestry style fairly prevailing in tableland areas of the Loess Plateau owing to the large-scale expansion of apple cultivation. In order to emphatically take apple trees as principal components in orchard management and set up favorable intercropping system, the overall investigation of intercropping types was carried out in the typical tableland areas in the boundary of Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province, and in some representatively selected orchards, the height, basal diameter, branching activity of apple trees and the soil moisture of 3-meter-deep profiles under the growth influence of the intercrops were comparatively determined with control as well. Through those the intercropping principles and the suitability of related intercropping practices were analyzed. Meanwhile the intercropping normalization operation was dealt with out of both the actual situation and the growth process of apple trees. The results indicated that based on the growth change of fruit trees, 3 different intercropping periods were discriminated as follows:early young stage, late young stage, and adult stage. From the beginning of the late young stage on, it became strict to select intercrops, which were strikingly required to possess the characteristic of shade tolerance. Dwarf crops with shallow roots were obviously superior in time and space. The growth of fruit trees under watermelon or sweet potato intercropping was better than under wheat or maize intercropping. Among the high-stalk crops with deep roots (wheat, maize, rape, and millet), the inhibition effect of maize on the growth of fruit trees was lower. Wheat intercropping in just keeping empty the ground patch around each fruit tree resulted in the no-branching proportion of about 65%. There were the differences of water consumptivity between different intercrops, of which the water consumption depth of wheat was down to 3 m, maize 1 m, soybean 0.4 m, and white clover 1.6 m. Soil water consumption within the year didn't obtain rehabilitative offset in wheat or white clover growing for 5-9 years old. The competitive relationships of intercrops with fruit trees can be shown according to the growth of fruit trees and the soil moisture consumption by intercrops. The underground competition of dwarf crops with shallow roots is relatively weak, but white clover is an exception in particular, its competition shouldn't be ignored. Ecological niche separation is the key to intercropping, especially for high-stalk crops with deep roots and shallow-root crops which will have some inevitable root overlap to fruit trees. It is inadvisable to implement double cropping or continuous cropping after wheat harvest. It is necessary to plough as soon as early for white clover in decline. Intercropping proceeding would need to pay attention to soil fertility maintaining crops, and to comprehensively take account of such aspects as ecological niche separation, rotation cropping, proper crop yield, fruit tree decline, etc.

Key words: loess tableland, rainfed farming, apple orchard, agroforestry, intercropping system

中图分类号:

王晗生. 黄土塬区旱作果园的复合经营范式[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2018, 34(5): 408-418.

WANG Han-sheng. Agroforestry Paradigm Concerning Non-Irrigated Apple Orchards in Tableland Areas of the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2018, 34(5): 408-418.

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