溶解有机质的光化学行为及其环境效应

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2018.0319

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

溶解有机质（DOM）是环境水体中广泛存在的一类重要光化学活性物质，也是生态系统能量和物质循环的重要纽带。DOM通常具有多种发色团，能吸收辐射至地表的太阳光发生光漂白和光矿化，生成如三线态DOM（³DOM^*）、H₂O₂、单线态氧（¹O₂）和羟基自由基（HO^·）等多种活性物质，进而对污染物环境转化过程、微生物生理活动和水环境质量等产生重要影响。DOM的来源、组成、结构和性质极为复杂，这决定了其环境光化学行为及效应的多样性和复杂性，对此的认识至今仍缺乏系统性，并处于不断发展之中。鉴于此，笔者综述了近年来国内外关于DOM光化学行为及其重要环境效应的研究，并提出拓宽DOM研究对象、建立DOM结构-光化学活性关系模型、考察环境因子影响DOM光化学效应及其机制等建议。

关键词: 溶解有机质, 环境行为, 光化学转化, 环境效应, 活性物质

Abstract:

Dissolved organic matter (DOM)is a photochemically active material widely found in the water environments and regulates energy and material flows in ecosystems. Containing a variety of chromophores,DOM irradiated with sunlight can be photobleached and photomineralized and generate various reactive species,such as ³DOM^*,H₂O₂,¹O₂,and HO^·. These photochemical transformation processes tend to alter the microbial activity,pollutants transformation,and water quality. The source,composition,structure and properties of DOM are extremely complex,which leads to complicated photochemical behaviors and effects of DOM. To date,the relevant understanding is still lacking but constantly evolving. Here,the research advances on the photochemical behaviors of DOM and its important environmental effects were reviewed. To broaden the research object of DOM,to establish the DOM structure-photochemical reactivity relationship models,and to elucidate the influence of environmental factors on DOM photochemical effects and its mechanism were also proposed.

Key words: dissolved organic matter(DOM), environmental behavior, photochemical transformation, environmental effect, reactive species

中图分类号:

X142

任东, 陈芳, 蒲红玉, 张杨, 李友平. 溶解有机质的光化学行为及其环境效应[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2019, 35(5): 563-572.

REN Dong, CHEN Fang, PU Hong-yu, ZHANG Yang, LI You-ping. Photochemical Behaviors and Environmental Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2019, 35(5): 563-572.

参考文献

[1] LEENHEER J A,CROUÉ J P. Peer Reviewed:Characterizing Aquatic Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37 (1):18A-26A.
[2] 何伟,白泽琳,李一龙,等. 水生生态系统中溶解性有机质表生行为与环境效应研究[J]. 中国科学:地球科学,2016,46 (3):341-355.
[3] MASSICOTTE P,ASMALA E,STEDMON C,et al. Global Distribution of Dissolved Organic Matter Along the Aquatic Continuum:Across Rivers,Lakes and Oceans[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:180-191.
[4] REN Z L,TELLA M,BRAVIN M N,et al. Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter Composition on Metal Speciation in Soil Solutions[J]. Chemical Geology,2015,398:61-69.
[5] LUO H W,YIN X P,JUBB A M,et al. Photochemical Reactions Between Mercury (Hg)and Dissolved Organic Matter Decrease Hg Bioavailability and Methylation[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017,220 (Part B):1359-1365.
[6] LIU X Y,CHEN W,QIAN C,et al. Interaction Between Dissolved Organic Matter and Long-Chain Ionic Liquids:A Microstructural and Spectroscopic Correlation Study[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51 (9):4812-4820.
[7] TIMKO S A,ROMERA-CASTILLO C,JAFFÉ R,et al. Photo-Reactivity of Natural Dissolved Organic Matter From Fresh to Marine Waters in the Florida Everglades,USA[J]. Environmental Science:Processes and Impacts,2014,16 (4):866-878.
[8] MCNEILL K,CANONICA S. Triplet State Dissolved Organic Matter in Aquatic Photochemistry:Reaction Mechanisms,Substrate Scope,and Photophysical Properties[J]. Environmental Science:Processes & Impacts,2016,18 (11):1381-1399.
[9] JANSSEN E M,ERICKSON P R,MCNEILL K. Dual Roles of Dissolved Organic Matter as Sensitizer and Quencher in the Photooxidation of Tryptophan[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48 (9):4916-4924.
[10] REN D,HUANG B,YANG B Q,et al. Photobleaching Alters the Photochemical and Biological Reactivity of Humic Acid Towards 17α-Ethynylestradiol[J]. Environmental Pollution,2017,220 (Part B):1386-1393.
[11] CHU C H,ERICKSON P R,LUNDEEN R A,et al. Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Transformations of Cysteine With Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50 (12):6363-6373.
[12] 吴丰昌,王立英,黎文,等. 天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性[J]. 湖泊科学,2008,20 (1):1-12.[WU Feng-chang, WANG Li-ying,LI Wen,et al. Natural Organic Matter and Its Significance in Terrestrial Surface Environment[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2008,20 (1):1-12.]
[13] HESSEN D O,TRANVIK L. Aquatic Humic Substances:Ecology and Biogeochemistry[M]. Berlin,Germany:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,2010:25-30.
[14] 吕丽莎,赵卫红,苗辉. 三维荧光结合平行因子分析在东海溶解有机物研究中的应用[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33 (3):653-658.[LÜ Li-sha,ZHAO Wei-hong,MIAO Hui. Application of Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectrum Combined With Parallel Factor Analysis in Dissolved Organic Matter in East China Sea[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33 (3):653-658.]
[15] ZHAO C,WANG Z H,WANG C Y,et al. Photocatalytic Degradation of DOM in Urban Stormwater Runoff With TiO₂ Nanoparticles Under UV Light Irradiation:EEM-PARAFAC Analysis and Influence of Co-Existing Inorganic Ions[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018,243 (Part A):177-188.
[16] HUANG H P,CHOW C W K,JIN B. Characterisation of Dissolved Organic Matter in Stormwater Using High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,42:236-245.
[17] 戴春燕,吴静,向熙,等. 工业废水为主的城市污水的荧光指纹特征[J]. 光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33 (2):414-417.[DAI Chun-yan,WU Jing,XIANG Xi,et al. Fluorescence Properties of Municipal Wastewater With Industrial Wastewater as Major Components[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33 (2):414-417.]
[18] REN D,HUANG B,YANG B Q,et al. Mitigating 17α-Ethynylestradiol Water Contamination Through Binding and Photosensitization by Dissolved Humic Substances[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,327:197-205.
[19] WANG B B,LIU X T,CHEN J M,et al. Composition and Functional Group Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)in Activated Sludge:The Impacts of Polymerization Degree of Proteinaceous Substrates[J]. Water Research, 2018,129:133-142.
[20] CHEN Z Q,LI M,WEN Q X,et al. Evolution of Molecular Weight and Fluorescence of Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM) During Oxidation Processes Revealed by Advanced Spectrographic and Chromatographic Tools[J]. Water Research,2017,124:566-575.
[21] 任东,杨小霞,马晓冬,等. DOM结构特征及其对17β-雌二醇光降解的影响[J]. 中国环境科学,2015,35 (5):1375-1383.[REN Dong,YANG Xiao-xia,MA Xiao-dong,et al. Structural Characteristics of DOM and Its Effects on the Photodegradation of 17β-Estradiol[J]. China Environmental Science,2015,35 (5):1375-1383.]
[22] BATISTA A P S,TEIXEIRA A C S,COOPER W J,et al. Correlating the Chemical and Spectroscopic Characteristics of Natural Organic Matter With the Photodegradation of Sulfamerazine[J]. Water Research,2016,93:20-29.
[23] SHARPLESS C M, BLOUGH N V. The Importance of Charge-Transfer Interactions in Determining Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM)Optical and Photochemical Properties[J]. Environmental Science:Processes and Impacts,2014,16 (4):654-671.
[24] MOSTAFA S N,ROSARIO-ORTIZ F L. Singlet Oxygen Formation From Wastewater Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47 (15):8179-8186.
[25] HELMS J R,STUBBINS A,RITCHIE J D,et al. Absorption Spectral Slopes and Slope Ratios as Indicators of Molecular Weight, Source,and Photobleaching of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Limnology and Oceanography,2008,53 (3):955-969.
[26] BITTAR T B,STUBBINS A,VIEIRA A H,et al. Characterization and Photodegradation of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)From a Tropical Lake and Its Dominant Primary Producer,the Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa[J]. Marine Chemistry,2015,177 (Part 2):205-217.
[27] CHEN C L,WANG X K,JIANG H,et al. Direct Observation of Macromolecular Structures of Humic Acid by AFM and SEM[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,2007,302 (1/2/3):121-125.
[28] REN D,HUANG B,BI T,et al. Effects of pH and Dissolved Oxygen on the Photodegradation of 17α-Ethynylestradiol in Dissolved Humic Acid Solution[J]. Environmental Science:Processes and Impacts,2016,18 (1):78-86.
[29] POULIN B A,RYAN J N,AIKEN G R. Effects of Iron on Optical Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48 (17):10098-10106.
[30] GAO Y,YAN M Q,KORSHIN G V. Effects of Ionic Strength on the Chromophores of Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49 (10):5905-5912.
[31] HUR J,LEE B M,SHIN K H. Spectroscopic Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter Isolates From Sediments and the Association With Phenanthrene Binding Affinity[J]. Chemosphere, 2014,111:450-457.
[32] BOYLE E S,GUERRIERO N,THIALLET A,et al. Optical Properties of Humic Substances and CDOM:Relation to Structure[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2009,43 (7):2262-2268.
[33] ANDREW A A,DEL VECCHIO R,SUBRAMANIAM A,et al.Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM)in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean:Optical Properties and Their Relation to CDOM Structure and Source[J]. Marine Chemistry,2013,148:33-43.
[34] ISHⅡ S K L,BOYER T H. Behavior of Reoccurring PARAFAC Components in Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in Natural and Engineered Systems:A Critical Review[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46 (4):2006-2017.
[35] STUBBINS A,LAPIERRE J F,BERGGREN M,et al. What's in an EEM? Molecular Signatures Associated With Dissolved Organic Fluorescence in Boreal Canada[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48 (18):10598-10606.
[36] TIMKO S A,GONSIOR M,COOPER W J. Influence of pH on Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter Photo-Degradation[J]. Water Research,2015,85:266-274.
[37] PARKER K M,PIGNATELLO J J,MITCH W A. Influence of Ionic Strength on Triplet-State Natural Organic Matter Loss by Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer Pathways[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47 (19):10987-10994.
[38] GOLDSTONE J V,PULLIN M J,BERTILSSON S,et al. Reactions of Hydroxyl Radical With Humic Substances:Bleaching,Mineralization,and Production of Bioavailable Carbon Substrates[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36 (3):364-372.
[39] HELMS J R,MAO J,STUBBINS A,et al. Loss of Optical and Molecular Indicators of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Matter During Long-Term Photobleaching[J]. Aquatic Sciences,2014,76 (3):353-373.
[40] HELMS J R,STUBBINS A,PERDUE E M,et al. Photochemical Bleaching of Oceanic Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Effect on Absorption Spectral Slope and Fluorescence[J]. Marine Chemistry,2013,155 (4):81-91.
[41] CORY R M,CRUMP B C,DOBKOWSKI J A,et al. Surface Exposure to Sunlight Stimulates CO₂ Release From Permafrost Soil Carbon in the Arctic[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013,110 (9):3429-3434.
[42] WHITE E M,KIEBER D J,SHERRARD J,et al. Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide Photoproduction Quantum Yields in the Delaware Estuary[J]. Marine Chemistry,2010,118 (1/2):11-21.
[43] YIN Y G,LIU J F,JIANG G B. Sunlight-Induced Reduction of Ionic Ag and Au to Metallic Nanoparticles by Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. ACS Nano,2012,6 (9):7910-7919.
[44] MCKAY G,COUCH K D,MEZYK S P,et al. Investigation of the Coupled Effects of Molecular Weight and Charge-Transfer Interactions on the Optical and Photochemical Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2016, 50 (15):8093-8102.
[45] BODHIPAKSHA L C,SHARPLESS C M,CHIN Y P,et al. Triplet Photochemistry of Effluent and Natural Organic Matter in Whole Water and Isolates From Effluent-Receiving Rivers[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49 (6):3453-3463.
[46] VIONE D,MINELLA M,MAURINO V,et al. Indirect Photochemistry in Sunlit Surface Waters:Photoinduced Production of Reactive Transient Species[J]. Chemistry:A European Journal,2014, 20 (34):10590-10606.
[47] VIONE D,BAGNUS D,MAURINO V,et al. Quantification of Singlet Oxygen and Hydroxyl Radicals Upon UV Irradiation of Surface Water[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters,2010,8 (2):193-198.
[48] ZEPP R G,SCHLOTZHAUER P F,SINK R M. Photosensitized Transformations Involving Electronic Energy Transfer in Natural Waters:Role of Humic Substances[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1985,19 (1):74-81.
[49] AL H F,VIONE D,CHIRON S,et al. Reactive Photoinduced Species in Estuarine Waters. Characterization of Hydroxyl Radical, Singlet Oxygen and Dissolved Organic Matter Triplet State in Natural Oxidation Processes[J]. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences,2010,9 (1):78-86.
[50] LATCH D E,MCNEILL K. Microheterogeneity of Singlet Oxygen Distributions in Irradiated Humic Acid Solutions[J]. Science, 2006,311 (5768):1743-1747.
[51] SHARPLESS C M,AESCHBACHER M,PAGE S E,et al. Photooxidation-Induced Changes in Optical,Electrochemical,and Photochemical Properties of Humic Substances[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48 (5):2688-2696.
[52] MOSTAFA S,ROSARIO-ORTIZ F L. Singlet Oxygen Formation From Wastewater Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2013,47 (15):8179-8186.
[53] DONG M M,ROSARIO-ORTIZ F. Photochemical Formation of Hydroxyl Radical From Effluent Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2013,48 (1):3788-3794.
[54] PETERSON B M,MCNALLY A M,CORY R M,et al. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Singlet Oxygen in Lake Superior[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46 (13):7222-7229.
[55] LEECH D M,SNYDER M T,WETZEL R G. Natural Organic Matter and Sunlight Accelerate the Degradation of 17β-Estradiol in Water[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2009,407 (6):2087-2092.
[56] VIONE D,FABBRI D,MINELLA M,et al. Effects of the Antioxidantt Moieties of Dissolved Organic Matter on Triplet-Sensitized Phototransformation Processes:Implications for the Photochemical Modeling of Sulfadiazine[J]. Water Research,2018,128:38-48.
[57] WENK J,VON GUNTEN U,CANONICA S. Effect of Dissolved Organic Matter on the Transformation of Contaminants Induced by Excited Triplet States and the Hydroxyl Radical[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45 (4):1334-1340.
[58] QIAN Y,YIN X P,LIN H,et al. Why Dissolved Organic Matter Enhances Photodegradation of Methylmercury[J]. Environmental Science and Technology Letters,2014,1 (10):426-431.
[59] XU H,COOPER W J,JUNG J,et al. Photosensitized Degradation of Amoxicillin in Natural Organic Matter Isolate Solutions[J]. Water Research,2011,45 (2):632-638.
[60] ZENG C,JI Y F,ZHOU L,et al. The Role of Dissolved Organic Matters in the Aquatic Photodegradation of Atenolol[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,239/240:340-347.
[61] REN D,HUANG B,XIONG D,et al. Photodegradation of 17α-Ethynylestradiol in Dissolved Humic Substances Solution:Kinetics,Mechanism and Estrogenicity Variation[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2017,54:196-205.
[62] CANONICA S,HELLRUNG B,WIRZ J. Oxidation of Phenols by Triplet Aromatic Ketones in Aqueous Solution[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A,2000,104 (6):1226-1232.
[63] HAAG W R,HOIGNE' J,GASSMAN E,et al. Singlet Oxygen in Surface Waters:Part Ⅰ:Furfuryl Alcohol as a Trapping Agent[J]. Chemosphere,1984,13 (5/6):631-640.
[64] PETASNE R G,ZIKA R G. Fate of Superoxide in Coastal Sea Water[J]. Nature,1987,325 (6104):516-518.
[65] ZEPP R G,BRAUN A M,HOIGNE J A,et al. Photoproduction of Hydrated Electrons From Natural Organic Solutes in Aquatic Environments[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1987,21 (5):485-490.
[66] GREBEL J E,PIGNATELLO J J,MITCH W A. Effect of Halide Ions and Carbonates on Organic Contaminant Degradation by Hydroxyl Radical-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Saline Waters[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44 (17):6822-6828.
[67] QU S,KOLODZIEJ E P,LONG S A,et al. Product-to-Parent Reversion of Trenbolone:Unrecognized Risks for Endocrine Disruption[J]. Science,2013,342 (6156):347-351.
[68] WENK J,AESCHBACHER M,SANDER M,et al. Photosensitizing and Inhibitory Effects of Ozonated Dissolved Organic Matter on Triplet-Induced Contaminant Transformation[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49 (14):8541-8549.
[69] MACMANUS-SPENCER L A,TSE M L,KLEIN J L,et al. Aqueous Photolysis of the Organic Ultraviolet Filter Chemical Octyl Methoxycinnamate[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2011,45 (9):3931-3937.
[70] SILVA C P,LIMA D L D,GROTH M B,et al. Effect of Natural Aquatic Humic Substances on the Photodegradation of Estrone[J]. Chemosphere,2016,145:249-255.
[71] VARELA M M,BODE A,GONZÁLEZ N,et al. Fate of Organic Matter in the Ría de Ferrol (Galicia,NW Spain):Uptake by Pelagic Bacteria vs. Particle Sedimentation[J]. Acta Oecologica, 2003,24:S77-S86.
[72] ENGEL A,THOMS S,RIEBESELL U,et al. Polysaccharide Aggregation as a Potential Sink of Marine Dissolved Organic Carbon[J]. Nature,2004,428 (6986):929-932.
[73] THORN K A,YOUNGER S J,COX L G. Order of Functionality Loss During Photodegradation of Aquatic Humic Substances[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39 (4):1416-1428.
[74] BUSHAW K L,ZEPP R G,TARR M A,et al. Photochemical Release of Biologically Available Nitrogen From Aquatic Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Nature,1996,381 (6581):404-407.
[75] ALLARD S,GALLARD H. Abiotic Formation of Methyl Iodide on Synthetic Birnessite:A Mechanistic Study[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2013,463/464:169-175.
[76] HAO Z N,YIN Y G,CAO D,et al. Probing and Comparing the Photobromination and Photoiodination of Dissolved Organic Matter by Using Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51 (10):5464-5472.
[77] HAO Z N,WANG J,YIN Y G,et al. Abiotic Formation of Organoiodine Compounds by Manganese Dioxide Induced Iodination of Dissolved Organic Matter[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018, 236:672-679.
[78] MYLON S E,RINCIOG C I,SCHMIDT N W,et al. Influence of Salts and Natural Organic Matter on the Stability of Bacteriophage MS2[J]. Langmuir,2010,26 (2):1035-1042.
[79] YUAN B,PHAM M,NGUYEN T H. Deposition Kinetics of Bacteriophage MS2 on a Silica Surface Coated With Natural Organic Matter in a Radial Stagnation Point Flow Cell[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42 (20):7628-7633.
[80] WALSHE G E,PANG L,FLURY M,et al. Effects of pH,Ionic Strength,Dissolved Organic Matter,and Flow Rate on the Co-Transport of MS2 Bacteriophages With Kaolinite in Gravel Aquifer Media[J]. Water Research,2010,44 (4):1255-1269.
[81] ROSADO-LAUSELL S L,WANG H,GUTIERREZ L,et al. Roles of Singlet Oxygen and Triplet Excited State of Dissolved Organic Matter Formed by Different Organic Matters in Bacteriophage MS2 Inactivation[J]. Water Research,2013,47 (14):4869-4879.
[82] KOHN T,GRANDBOIS M,MCNEILL K,et al. Association With Natural Organic Matter Enhances the Sunlight-Mediated Inactivation of MS2 Coliphage by Singlet Oxygen[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2007,41 (13):4626-4632.
[83] ROMERO O,STRAUB A P,KOHN T,et al. Role of Temperature and Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter on Inactivation Kinetics of Rotavirus and Bacteriophage MS2 by Solar Irradiation[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45 (24):10385-10393.
[84] ADEGBOYEGA N F,SHARMA V K,SISKOVA K,et al. Interactions of Aqueous Ag⁺ With Fulvic Acids:Mechanisms of Silver Nanoparticle Formation and Investigation of Stability[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47 (2):757-64. DOI:10.1021/es302305f.
[85] AKAIGHE N,MACCUSPIE R I,NAVARRO D A,et al. Humic Acid-Induced Silver Nanoparticle Formation Under Environmentally Relevant Conditions[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45 (9):3895-3901.
[86] YIN Y Y,SHEN M,ZHOU X X,et al. Photoreduction and Stabilization Capability of Molecular Weight Fractionated Natural Organic Matter in Transformation of Silver Ion to Metallic Nanoparticle[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48 (16):9366-9373.