湿地保护对农户生计结果的影响及作用机制:基于自然保护区问卷调查的实证研究

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2022.0619

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 准确评估生态环境保护对居民生计结果的影响及作用机制，对解决保护与发展的矛盾具有重要意义。基于可持续生计模型，构建湿地保护背景下农户生计结果的分析框架，利用云南省大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区农户问卷调查数据，采用偏微分最小二乘法的结构方程模型，分析农户参与湿地保护对生计结果的影响机制。结果表明，农户参与湿地保护对家庭收入的直接效应为负，并通过"湿地保护-生计资本-生计策略-家庭收入"链条产生正向间接影响，但间接影响效应低于直接影响效应，因此农户参与湿地保护对家庭收入的总效应显著为负。农户参与湿地保护对家庭减贫和主观福祉的直接效应均为正，并通过"湿地保护-生计资本-生计策略-家庭减贫/主观福祉"链条产生正向间接影响，因此农户参与湿地保护对家庭减贫和主观福祉的总效应显著为正。相较部分退耕农户样本，湿地保护对生计结果的影响效应和显著性在全部退耕农户样本中表现更明显。基于此，针对农户生计选择和区域可持续发展提出相关建议：增强湿地保护政策与当地居民生计发展的结合力度，有效促进农户生计资本积累；积极推广经济林木种植和生态养殖业，推动集约化发展，促进农业转型；合理规划和发展生态旅游，鼓励外出务工，引入生态产业、养老产业等产业模式，号召年轻群体回乡创业等为农户提供多种就业机会，促进生计多样化发展。

关键词: 湿地保护, 可持续生计, 生计结果, 结构方程模型

Abstract: Accurately evaluating the impact and mechanism of ecological environmental protection on residents' livelihoods is of great significance for solving the conflicts between protection and development. Based on the sustainable livelihood model, this paper constructs the analysis framework of farmers' livelihood outcomes from the background of wetland conservation. Questionnaire survey data of farmers in the Dashanbao Black-necked Crane Nature Reserve in Yunnan Province were collected to estimate the influence mechanism of wetland conservation on rural households' livelihood outcomes by using the Structural Equation Model based on the partial differential least squares method. According to the results, participation in wetland conservation has a direct and negative impact on households' income, but a positive and indirect effect through the chain of "wetland conservation-livelihood capital-livelihood strategy-household income". Comparatively, the indirect effect is lower than the direct effect. Therefore, the total effect is significantly negative. Moreover, participation in wetland conservation has a direct and positive impact on households' poverty alleviation and subjective well-being, and a positive and indirect effect through the chain of "wetland conservation-livelihood capital-livelihood strategy-poverty alleviation/subjective well-being". Therefore, the total effect is significantly positive. Compared with samples partially participating in wetland restoration, the impact of wetland conservation on the livelihood outcomes is more obvious in samples returning all farmland to wetland. Based on the findings, this study proposes the following three practical suggestions regarding farmers' livelihood selection and regional sustainable development. Firstly, policymakers should promote the combination of wetland conservation policy and the livelihood development of local residents, and effectively increase the accumulation of their livelihood capital. Secondly, decision-makers should actively promote economic forest planting and ecological livestock breeding to achieve intensive development and agricultural transformation. Finally, the government should plan and develop eco-tourism, encourage migrant working, introduce ecological, pension, and other industrial models, call on young people to return to their hometown for entrepreneurial activities to provide a variety of employment opportunities for the local farmers, and promote the diversification of their livelihood strategies.

Key words: wetland conservation, sustainable livelihood, livelihood outcome, structural equation model

中图分类号:

X22
F323.8

武照亮, 曹虎, 靳敏. 湿地保护对农户生计结果的影响及作用机制:基于自然保护区问卷调查的实证研究[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2023, 39(7): 885-895.

WU Zhao-liang, CAO Hu, JIN Min. Influence Mechanism of Wetland Conservation on the Livelihood Outcomes of Farmers': An Empirical Study Based on the Survey of Rural Households in Natural Reserves[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2023, 39(7): 885-895.

参考文献 33

[1]	黎洁, 李亚莉, 邰秀军, 等.可持续生计分析框架下西部贫困退耕山区农户生计状况分析[J].中国农村观察, 2009(5):29-38, 96.[LI Jie, LI Ya-li, TAI Xiu-jun, et al.On the Rural Households Livelihood in the Western Poor Areas after the Slopping Land Conversion Program within the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework from the Rural Households Survey in the Zhouzhi County, Shanxi Province[J].China Rural Survey, 2009(5):29-38, 96.]
[2]	KATES R W, CLARK W C, CORELL R, et al.Sustainability Science[J].Science, 2001, 292(5517):641-642.
[3]	CHAMBERS R, CONWAY G.Sustainable Rural Livelihoods:Practical Concepts for the 21st Century[R].Brighton, UK:Institute of Development Studies, 1992.
[4]	DFID.Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets[R].London:Department for International Development, 1999.
[5]	李琳一, 李小云.浅析发展学视角下的农户生计资产[J].农村经济, 2007(10):100-104.[LI Lin-yi, LI Xiao-yun.Analysis of Farmers' Livelihood Assets from the Perspective of Development Science[J].Rural Economy, 2007(10):100-104.]
[6]	黄志刚, 陈晓楠.生计资本对农户移民满意度影响分析:以陕西南部地区为例[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2018, 32(11):47-52.[HUANG Zhi-gang, CHEN Xiao-nan.Livelihood Capitals and the Migration Satisfaction of Rural Households:A Case in Southern Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2018, 32(11):47-52.]
[7]	HAHN M B, RIEDERER A M, FOSTER S O.The Livelihood Vulnerability Index:A Pragmatic Approach to Assessing Risks from Climate Variability and Change:A Case Study in Mozambique[J].Global Environmental Change, 2009, 19(1):74-88.
[8]	刘伟, 徐洁, 黎洁.陕南易地扶贫搬迁农户生计脆弱性研究[J].资源科学, 2018, 40(10):2002-2014.[LIU Wei, XU Jie, LI Jie.Livelihood Vulnerability of Rural Households under Poverty Alleviation Relocation in Southern Shaanxi, China[J].Resources Science, 2018, 40(10):2002-2014.]
[9]	吴孔森, 刘倩, 张戬, 等.干旱环境胁迫下民勤绿洲农户生计脆弱性与适应模式[J].经济地理, 2019, 39(12):157-167.[WU Kong-sen, LIU Qian, ZHANG Jian, et al.Farmers' Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation Model in Minqin Oasis under the Arid Environment Stress[J].Economic Geography, 2019, 39(12):157-167.]
[10]	SMITH D R, GORDON A, MEADOWS K, et al.Livelihood Diversification in Uganda:Patterns and Determinants of Change across Two Rural Districts[J].Food Policy, 2001, 26(4):421-435.
[11]	洪舒蔓, 郭玉坤, 龚碧凯.民族贫困区农户生计多样化及对耕地利用的影响:以武陵山区永顺县为例[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 54(3):308-314.[HONG Shu-man, GUO Yu-kun, GONG Bi-kai.Livelihood Diversity of Farm Household and Impact on the Use of Cultivated Land in Minority and Poverty-stricken Areas in Yongshun County, Wuling Mountain[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science), 2018, 54(3):308-314.]
[12]	王洒洒, 杨雪燕, 罗丞.价格上涨压力下农村留守妇女的生计策略:生计多样化[J].中国农村观察, 2014(5):38-48, 92, 94.[WANG Sa-sa, YANG Xue-yan, LUO Cheng.The Rural Left-behind Women's Livelihoods Strategy under the Pressure of Price Rising:Livelihood Diversification[J].China Rural Survey, 2014(5):38-48, 92, 94.]
[13]	赵文娟, 杨世龙, 王潇.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究:以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J].资源科学, 2016, 38(1):136-143.[ZHAO Wen-juan, YANG Shi-long, WANG Xiao.The Relationship between Livelihood Capital and Livelihood Strategy Based on Logistic Regression Model in Xinping County of Yuanjiang Dry-hot Valley[J].Resources Science, 2016, 38(1):136-143.]
[14]	刘璐璐, 李锋瑞.黄土高原退耕农户生计资本对生计策略的影响:以甘肃会宁县为例[J].中国沙漠, 2020, 40(1):233-244.[LIU Lu-lu, LI Feng-rui.Impact of Rural Households' Livelihood Capital on Livelihood Strategy in the Loess Plateau:A Case Study of Huining County, Gansu Province, China[J].Journal of Desert Research, 2020, 40(1):233-244.]
[15]	何仁伟, 方方, 刘运伟.贫困山区农户人力资本对生计策略的影响研究:以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[J].地理科学进展, 2019, 38(9):1282-1293.[HE Ren-wei, FANG Fang, LIU Yun-wei.Influence of Human Capital on the Livelihood Strategy of Farming Households in Poor Mountainous Areas:A Case Study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China[J].Progress in Geography, 2019, 38(9):1282-1293.]
[16]	李树茁, 梁义成, MARCUS W. FELDMAN, 等.退耕还林政策对农户生计的影响研究:基于家庭结构视角的可持续生计分析[J].公共管理学报, 2010, 7(2):1-10, 122.[LI Shu-zhuo, LIANG Yi-cheng, FELDMAN M W, et al.The Impact of Grain for Green Program on Rural Livelihoods in China:Sustainable Livelihoods Analysis in a Perspective of Household Composition[J].Journal of Public Management, 2010, 7(2):1-10, 122.]
[17]	毕兴, 张林, 粟海军, 等.自然保护区生态旅游对农户可持续生计的影响[J].林业经济问题, 2020, 40(5):464-472.[BI Xing, ZHANG Lin, SU Hai-jun, et al.Research on Farmers' Sustainable Livelihoods Impacted by Ecotourism in Nature Reserves[J].Issues of Forestry Economics, 2020, 40(5):464-472.]
[18]	苏娟.贵州省退耕还林地区农户生计研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2007.[SU Juan.Study on Household Livelihood from Grain for Green Programe in Guizhou Province[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2007.]
[19]	苏芳.生态补偿对农户可持续生计的影响:以黑河流域张掖市为例[D].兰州:中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所, 2009.[SU Fang.The Impact of Ecological Compensation on Farmers' Sustainable Livelihood:A Case Study of Zhangye City in Heihe River Basin[D].Lanzhou:Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2009.]
[20]	于秀波, 张琛, 潘明麒.退田还湖后替代生计的经济评估研究:以洞庭湖西畔山洲垸为例[J].长江流域资源与环境, 2006, 15(5):632-637.[YU Xiu-bo, ZHANG Chen, PAN Ming-qi.Economic Assessment of Alternative Livelihood in the Context of Wetland Restoration:A Case Study of Xipanshanzhou Polder, Dongting Lake, China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2006, 15(5):632-637.]
[21]	段伟.保护区生物多样性保护与农户生计协调发展研究[D].北京:北京林业大学, 2016.[DUAN Wei.The Study on Harmonious Development between Biodiversity Conservation of Protection Area and Rural Livelihoods[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2016.]
[22]	张东生.沙化土地封禁保护对农户可持续生计的影响研究:以敦煌市为例[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2016.[ZHANG Dong-sheng.The Research into the Influence of Desertification Land's Sealing Protection on Farmers Sustainable Livelihood:A Case Study of Dunhuang City[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University, 2016.]
[23]	马海寿.当代新疆昌吉地区回族生计方式变迁研究:以庄浪户村为例[D].兰州:兰州大学, 2010.[MA Hai-shou.A Study on the Changes of Hui People's Livelihood in Changji, Xinjiang:A Case Study of Zhuanglanghu Village[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University, 2010.]
[24]	张春丽, 佟连军, 刘继斌.湿地退耕还湿与替代生计选择的农民响应研究:以三江自然保护区为例[J].自然资源学报, 2008, 23(4):568-574.[ZHANG Chun-li, TONG Lian-jun, LIU Ji-bin.Response of Farmers to Conversion of Cultivated Land to Wetland and Substitute Livelihood:A Case of Sanjiang Reserve[J].Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(4):568-574.]
[25]	CLEMENTS T, SUON S, WILKIE D S, et al.Impacts of Protected Areas on Local Livelihoods in Cambodia[J].World Development, 2014, 64:S125-S134.
[26]	杨悦, 员学锋, 马超群, 等.秦巴山区农户生计与乡村发展耦合协调分析:以陕西省洛南县为例[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2021, 37(4):448-455.[YANG Yue, YUAN Xue-feng, MA Chao-qun, et al.Coupling Coordination Analysis of Farmers' Livelihoods and Rural Development in the Qinling-Daba Mountains:A Case Study of Luonan County in Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2021, 37(4):448-455.]
[27]	于元赫, 吴健.云南拉市海流域退耕还湿对农户的增收效应[J].中国环境科学, 2022, 42(2):982-992.[YU Yuan-he, WU Jian.Rural Households Income-enhancing Effect of Wetland Restoration Based on the Lashihai Watershed, Yunnan[J].China Environmental Science, 2022, 42(2):982-992.]
[28]	谢金华, 杨钢桥, 许玉光, 等.农地整治对农户收入和福祉的影响机理与实证分析[J].农业技术经济, 2020(12):38-54.[XIE Jin-hua, YANG Gang-qiao, XU Yu-guang, et al.Influence Mechanism and Empirical Analysis of Rural Land Consolidation on the Income and Welfare of Rural Households[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2020(12):38-54.]
[29]	段伟, 赵正, 马奔, 等.保护区周边农户对生态保护收益及损失的感知分析[J].资源科学, 2015, 37(12):2471-2479.[DUAN Wei, ZHAO Zheng, MA Ben, et al.Perceptions of Rural Household Surrounding the Protection Area on Protection Benefits and Losses[J].Resources Science, 2015, 37(12):2471-2479.]
[30]	胡乃娟, 王羽涛, 陶宝瑞, 等.生态认知、外部环境对稻虾共作模式农户农资投入减量化行为的影响:基于江苏省589个农户的调研数据[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2021, 37(8):983-991.[HU Nai-juan, WANG Yu-tao, TAO Bao-rui, et al.The Influence of Ecological Cognition and External Environment on the Agricultural Input Reduction Behavior of Rice and Crayfish Co-cropping Farmers:Based on the Survey Data of 589 Farmers in Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2021, 37(8):983-991.]
[31]	黄志刚, 黎洁, 王静.贫困区农户生计资本组合对收入影响的优化效应分析:基于陕西778份农户调查数据[J].农业技术经济, 2021(7):79-91.[HUANG Zhi-gang, LI Jie, WANG Jing.Optimization Analysis of the Combination Effect of Livelihood Capitals on Family Income in Poverty Areas:Based on 778 Rural Households' Survey Data in Shaanxi Province, China[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2021(7):79-91.]
[32]	王文略, 朱永甜, 黄志刚, 等.风险与机会对生态脆弱区农户多维贫困的影响:基于形成型指标的结构方程模型[J].中国农村观察, 2019(3):64-80.[WANG Wen-lue, ZHU Yong-tian, HUANG Zhi-gang, et al.The Impact of Risks and Opportunities on Multidimensional Poverty of Farmers in Ecologically Vulnerable Areas:An Analysis Based on a Structural Equation Model with Formative Indicators[J].China Rural Survey, 2019(3):64-80.]
[33]	管睿, 余劲.生计恢复力、抱负水平与农户风险投资行为[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2021(4):69-78, 180.[GUAN Rui, YU Jin.Livelihood Resilience, Aspiration Level and Farmers' Risk Investment Behavior[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 2021(4):69-78, 180.]