Abstract: Using satellite remote sensing technology to monitor human activities in nature reserves has advantages of being real-time, efficient, objective and accurate. Remote sensing images can be used to interpret and extract the degree of human interference and its spatial-temporal distribution patterns, thus problems existing in management and protection can be discovered and evaluated timely to support the decision-making practice of local management, which is of great significance for scientifically evaluating and improving the effectiveness of management and conservation in nature reserves. Taking multi-time period Landsat and high-resolution satellite imagery as data sources, the human activities of Jiaozi Mountain nature reserve in 1992, 2000 and 2018 were extracted, including the residential area, farmland, transportation land, other construction land, and tourism land. Subsequently, the temporal and spatial patterns of human activities were analyzed with land cover transfer matrix and disturbance index. The results show that (1) The human disturbance in the nature reserve during each period changed to some extent, and the area ratio fluctuated from 1.563% in 1992 to 2.191% in 2000 and then fell to 1.412% in 2018. (2) Types and intensity of human disturbance dynamically varied over time with residential area and farmland dominated in 1992 and the ratio of tourism land, transportation land and other construction land increased in 2018. The human impact index increased from 6.64×10^-4 in 1992 to 7.90×10^-4 in 2000 and then decreased to 6.80×10^-4 in 2018. (3) The spatial patterns of human activities showed dynamic changes over time. During 1992 and 2018, there was still a small number of human activities in the core area, with obviously decreasing in the buffer zone and gradually expanding to the experimental area. The findings implied that the area of human activities and disturbances have been reduced overall since the nature reserve under different managing levels of municipal in 1992, provincial in 2000, and national in 2018. However, human interference is still severe in the nature reserve, the development of tourism and agriculture in recent years accounts for the main driving factors.

Key words: Jiaozi Mountain, nature reserve, human disturbance, remote sensing monitoring