工程纳米材料抵抗作物病害的研究进展

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2023.0105

Abstract

Abstract: Nanotechnology is expected to alleviate the food crisis caused by population growth to a certain extent, and the slow-release, high-efficiency and low-dose properties of nano-scale agrochemicals (e.g. nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides) reduce negative environmental impacts caused by traditional agricultural chemicals. This review article focuses on the intrinsic mechanisms of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) to control crop diseases through direct and indirect pathways. The article focuses on ENMs to resist oxidative stress caused by pathogen invasion in plants by regulating plant nutrition, inducing antioxidant enzyme activity and improving plant photosynthesis. In addition, it is also demonstrated that ENMs induced plant systematic acquired resistance (SAR) to enhance their disease resistance. In conclusion, an in-depth exploration of the disease resistance mechanism of ENMs can effectively improve plant disease management, achieve an increase in crop yield and quality, and greatly reduce the negative impact of traditional agrochemicals on the agro-ecological environment.

Key words: engineering nanomaterials, plant diseases, systematic acquired resistance, antioxidant defense system, photosynthesis

CLC Number:

X592

SUN Min, HAO Yi, XU Xin-xin, SHANG He-ping, MA Chuan-xin. Research Progress of Engineered Nanomaterials against Crop Diseases[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2024, 40(2): 157-167.

References

[1] SU Y M,ASHWORTH V,KIM C, et al.Delivery,Uptake,Fate,and Transport of Engineered Nanoparticles in Plants:A Critical Review and Data Analysis[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2019,6(8):2311-2331.
[2] 陈娟妮,蔡璘,李石力,等.纳米技术在植物病害防控中应用的研究进展[J].植物保护学报,2019,46(1):142-150.[CHEN Juan-ni,CAI Lin,LI Shi-li, et al.Progress in Application of Nanotechnology on Plant Diseases Management in Agriculture[J].Journal of Plant Protection,2019,46(1):142-150.]
[3] SATTI S H,RAJA N I,JAVED B, et al.Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Elicited Agro-morphological and Physicochemical Modifications in Wheat Plants to Control Bipolaris sorokiniana[J].PLoS One,2021,16(2):e0246880.
[4] ELMER W H,WHITE J C.The Use of Metallic Oxide Nanoparticles to Enhance Growth of Tomatoes and Eggplants in Disease Infested Soil or Soilless Medium[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2016,3(5):1072-1079.
[5] ELMER W,WHITE J C.The Future of Nanotechnology in Plant Pathology[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2018,56:111-133.
[6] BRUNEL F,EL GUEDDARI N E,MOERSCHBACHER B M.Complexation of Copper(Ⅱ) with Chitosan Nanogels:Toward Control of Microbial Growth[J].Carbohydrate Polymers,2013,92(2):1348-1356.
[7] DIZAJ S M,LOTFIPOUR F,BARZEGAR-JALALI M, et al.Antimicrobial Activity of the Metals and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles[J].Materials Science & Engineering C,Materials for Biological Applications,2014,44:278-284.
[8] OCSOY I,GULBAKAN B,CHEN T, et al.DNA-guided Metal-nanoparticle Formation on Graphene Oxide Surface[J].Advanced Materials,2013,25(16):2319-2325.
[9] HAJIPOUR M J,FROMM K M,AKBAR A A, et al.Antibacterial Properties of Nanoparticles[J].Trends in Biotechnology,2012,30(10):499-511.
[10] ADISA I O,PULLAGURALA V L R,PERALTA-VIDEA J R, et al.Recent Advances in Nano-enabled Fertilizers and Pesticides:A Critical Review of Mechanisms of Action[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2019,6(7):2002-2030.
[11] AZAM A,AHMED A S,OVES M, et al.Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Against Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria:A Comparative Study[J].International Journal of Nanomedicine,2012,7:6003-6009.
[12] CARRÉ G,HAMON E,ENNAHAR S, et al.TiO₂ Photocatalysis Damages Lipids and Proteins in Escherichia coli[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2014,80(8):2573-2581.
[13] 林英,司春灿,黄莉萍,等.纳米技术在作物病害防治中的应用研究进展[J].江苏农业科学,2017,45(11):11-15.[LIN Ying,SI Chun-can,HUANG Li-ping, et al.Research Progress on the Application of Nanotechnology in Crop Disease Control[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2017,45(11):11-15.]
[14] MARAMBIO-JONES C,HOEK E M V.A Review of the Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanomaterials and Potential Implications for Human Health and the Environment[J].Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2010,12(5):1531-1551.
[15] PARK H J,KIM J Y,KIM J, et al.Silver-ion-mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Affecting Bactericidal Activity[J].Water Research,2009,43(4):1027-1032.
[16] CARLSON C,HUSSAIN S M,SCHRAND A M, et al.Unique Cellular Interaction of Silver Nanoparticles:Size-dependent Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2008,112(43):13608-13619.
[17] OCSOY I,PARET M L,OCSOY M A, et al.Nanotechnology in Plant Disease Management:DNA-directed Silver Nanoparticles on Graphene Oxide as an Antibacterial Against Xanthomonas perforans[J].ACS Nano,2013,7(10):8972-8980.
[18] WU F,HARPER B J,CRANDON L E, et al.Assessment of Cu and CuO Nanoparticle Ecological Responses Using Laboratory Small-scale Microcosms[J].Environmental Science Nano,2020,7(1):105-115.
[19] KELLER A A,ADELEYE A S,CONWAY J R, et al.Comparative Environmental Fate and Toxicity of Copper Nanomaterials[J].NanoImpact,2017,7:28-40.
[20] KAWEETEERAWAT C,CHANG C H,ROY K R, et al.Cu Nanoparticles Have Different Impacts in Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus brevis than Their Microsized and Ionic Analogues[J].ACS Nano,2015,9(7):7215-7225.
[21] CHEN J N,MAO S Y,XU Z F, et al.Various Antibacterial Mechanisms of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Against Soilborne Ralstonia solanacearum[J].RSC Advances,2019,9(7):3788-3799.
[22] DIVYA K,THAMPI M,VIJAYAN S, et al.Induction of Defence Response in Oryza sativa L. Against Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) by Chitosan Nanoparticles[J].Microbial Pathogenesis,2020,149:104525.
[23] 丁伟,刘颖.植物医学的新概念:免疫调控[J].植物医生,2019,32(5):1-8.[DING Wei,LIU Ying.Immunoregulation:A New Concept of Phytomedicine[J].Plant Doctor,2019,32(5):1-8.]
[24] 周建明,朱群,白永延.高等植物防卫反应的信号传导[J].植物学通报,1999,34(3):228.[ZHOU Jian-ming,ZHU Qun,BAI Yong-yan.Signal Transduction of Defense Responses of Higher Plant[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,1999,34(3):228.]
[25] VLOT A C,DEMPSEY D A,KLESSIG D F.Salicylic Acid,a Multifaceted Hormone to Combat Disease[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2009,47:177-206.
[26] AN C F,MOU Z L.Salicylic Acid and Its Function in Plant Immunity[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2011,53(6):412-428.
[27] RYALS J,UKNES S,WARD E.Systemic Acquired Resistance[J].Plant Physiology,1994,104(4):1109-1112.
[28] RYALS J A,NEUENSCHWANDER U H,WILLITS M G, et al.Systemic Acquired Resistance[J].The Plant Cell,1996,8(10):1809-1819.
[29] KESSMANN H,STAUB T,HOFMANN C, et al.Induction of Systemic Acquired Disease Resistance in Plants by Chemicals[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,1994,32:439-459.
[30] EL-SHETEHY M,MORADI A,MACERONI M, et al.Silica Nanoparticles Enhance Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis Plants[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2021,16(3):344-353.
[31] CAO X S,WANG C X,LUO X, et al.Elemental Sulfur Nanoparticles Enhance Disease Resistance in Tomatoes[J].ACS Nano,2021,15(7):11817-11827.
[32] JONES J D,DANGL J L.The Plant Immune System[J].Nature,2006,444(7117):323-329.
[33] SERVIN A,ELMER W,MUKHERJEE A, et al.A Review of the Use of Engineered Nanomaterials to Suppress Plant Disease and Enhance Crop Yield[J].Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2015,17(2):92.
[34] 杜秀敏,殷文璇,赵彦修,等.植物中活性氧的产生及清除机制[J].生物工程学报,2001,17(2):121-125.[DU Xiu-min,YIN Wen-xuan,ZHAO Yan-xiu, et al.The Production and Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants[J].Chinese Journal of Biotechnology,2001,17(2):121-125.]
[35] APEL K,HIRT H.Reactive Oxygen Species:Metabolism,Oxidative Stress,and Signal Transduction[J].Annual Review of Plant Biology,2004,55:373-399.
[36] NOCTOR G,FOYER C H.Ascorbate and Glutathione:Keeping Active Oxygen under Control[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1998,49:249-279.
[37] ALSCHER R G,ERTURK N,HEATH L S.Role of Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) in Controlling Oxidative Stress in Plants[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2002,53(372):1331-1341.
[38] SEN R S,DENG X W.The Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Combating Oxidative Stress in Higher Plants[J].The Botanical Review,2000,66(1):89-98.
[39] 王玲平,周生茂,戴丹丽,等.植物酚类物质研究进展[J].浙江农业学报,2010,22(5):696-701.[WANG Ling-ping,ZHOU Sheng-mao,DAI Dan-li, et al.Progress in Plant Phenolic Compounds[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2010,22(5):696-701.]
[40] 华晓雨,陶爽,孙盛楠,等.植物次生代谢产物-酚类化合物的研究进展[J].生物技术通报,2017,33(12):22-29.[HUA Xiao-yu,TAO Shuang,SUN Sheng-nan, et al.Research Progress on Phenolic Compounds of Plant Secondary Metabolites[J].Biotechnology Bulletin,2017,33(12):22-29.]
[41] RAMIREZ-TORTOSA C,ANDERSENØ M,GARDNER P T, et al.Anthocyanin-rich Extract Decreases Indices of Lipid Peroxidation and DNA Damage in Vitamin E-depleted Rats[J].Free Radical Biology and Medicine,2001,31(9):1033-1037.
[42] MALINOVSKY F G,FANGEL J U,WILLATS W G.The Role of the Cell Wall in Plant Immunity[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2014,5:178.
[43] 孟澍雨,高俊山,张玉琼,等.植物诱导抗病技术在病害防治领域的应用[J].生物学杂志,2018,35(3):92-98.[MENG Shu-yu,GAO Jun-shan,ZHANG Yu-qiong, et al.The Application of Plant Induced Resistance Technology in Disease Control[J].Journal of Biology,2018,35(3):92-98.]
[44] QUITERIO-GUTIÉRREZ T,ORTEGA-ORTIZ H,CADENAS-PLIEGO G, et al.The Application of Selenium and Copper Nanoparticles Modifies the Biochemical Responses of Tomato Plants under Stress by Alternaria solani[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2019,20(8):1950.
[45] YOUSSEF K,ROBERTO S R.Chitosan/Silica Nanocomposite-based Formulation Alleviated Gray Mold through Stimulation of the Antioxidant System in Table Grapes[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2021,168:242-250.
[46] SHEN Y,BORGATTA J,MA C X, et al.Copper Nanomaterial Morphology and Composition Control Foliar Transfer through the Cuticle and Mediate Resistance to Root Fungal Disease in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2020,68(41):11327-11338.
[47] MA C X,BORGATTA J,HUDSON B G, et al.Advanced Material Modulation of Nutritional and Phytohormone Status Alleviates Damage from Soybean Sudden Death Syndrome[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2020,15:1033-1042.
[48] MA C X,BORGATTA J,DE LA TORRE-ROCHE R, et al.Time-dependent Transcriptional Response of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to Cu Nanoparticle Exposure Upon Infection with Fusarium oxysporum F.sp. lycopersici[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering,2019,7(11):10064-10074.
[49] LOWRY G V,AVELLAN A,GILBERTSON L M.Opportunities and Challenges for Nanotechnology in the Agri-tech Revolution[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2019,14:517-522.
[50] BHADURI D,RAKSHIT R,CHAKRABORTY K.Primary and Secondary Nutrients:A Boon to Defense System Against Plant Diseases[J].International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management,2014,5(3):461.
[51] SHANG H P,MA C X,LI C Y, et al.Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles Suppress Gibberella fujikuroi Infection in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Multiple Mechanisms:Contact-mortality,Nutritional Modulation and Phytohormone Regulation[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2020,7(9):2632-2643.
[52] SUN L L,WANG Y B,WANG R L, et al.Physiological,Transcriptomic,and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Modulate Plant Growth in Tomato[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2020,7(11):3587-3604.
[53] BERENS M L,BERRY H M,MINE A, et al.Evolution of Hormone Signaling Networks in Plant Defense[J].Annual Review of Phytopathology,2017,55:401-425.
[54] BARI R,JONES J D G.Role of Plant Hormones in Plant Defence Responses[J].Plant Molecular Biology,2009,69(4):473-488.
[55] 王志卫,贝学军,朱世平,等.植物激素在植物抗病过程中的作用研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(15):9035-9038,9041.[WANG Zhi-wei,BEI Xue-jun,ZHU Shi-ping, et al.Recent Advances in Phytohormone Regulated Plant Resistance to Pathogens[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(15):9035-9038,9041.]
[56] 丁丽娜,杨国兴.植物防御激素介导的信号途径间的交叉对话[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(5):1066-1072.[DING Li-na,YANG Guo-xing.Cross-talk between Defence Phytohormones-mediated Signaling Pathway[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,2016,36(5):1066-1072.]
[57] HAO Y,YUAN W,MA C X, et al.Engineered Nanomaterials Suppress Turnip mosaic Virus Infection in Tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana)[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2018,5(7):1685-1693.
[58] HAO Y,FANG P H,MA C X, et al.Engineered Nanomaterials Inhibit Podosphaera pannosa Infection on Rose Leaves by Regulating Phytohormones[J].Environmental Research,2019,170:1-6.
[59] ADEEL M,FAROOQ T,WHITE J C, et al.Carbon-based Nanomaterials Suppress Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Infection and Induce Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2021,404:124167.
[60] KUMARI M,PANDEY S,BHATTACHARYA A, et al.Protective Role of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Early Blight Disease in Solanum lycopersicum[J].Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2017,121:216-225.
[61] GORCZYCA A,POCIECHA E,KASPROWICZ M, et al.Effect of Nanosilver in Wheat Seedlings and Fusarium culmorum Culture Systems[J].European Journal of Plant Pathology,2015,142(2):251-261.
[62] ARNON D I,TSUJIMOTO H Y,MCSWAIN B D.Photosynthetic Phosphorylation and Electron Transport[J].Nature,1965,207:1367-1372.
[63] STIRBET A,LAZÁR D,GUO Y, et al.Photosynthesis:Basics,History and Modelling[J].Annals of Botany,2020,126(4):511-537.
[64] LIU Y L,YUE L,WANG Z Y, et al.Processes and Mechanisms of Photosynthesis Augmented by Engineered Nanomaterials[J].Environmental Chemistry,2019,16(6):430.
[65] ZHENG L,SU M Y,LIU C, et al.Effects of Nanoanatase TiO₂ on Photosynthesis of Spinach Chloroplasts under Different Light Illumination[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2007,119(1):68-76.
[66] ZE Y G,LIU C,WANG L, et al.The Regulation of TiO₂ Nanoparticles on the Expression of Light-harvesting Complex Ⅱ and Photosynthesis of Chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2011,143(2):1131-1141.
[67] LI Y D,PAN X Q,XU X K, et al.Carbon Dots as Light Converter for Plant Photosynthesis:Augmenting Light Coverage and Quantum Yield Effect[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2021,410:124534.
[68] GAO F Q,HONG F S,LIU C, et al.Mechanism of Nano-anatase TiO₂ on Promoting Photosynthetic Carbon Reaction of Spinach[J].Biological Trace Element Research,2006,111(1):239-253.
[69] LI H,HUANG J,LIU Y, et al.Enhanced RuBisCO Activity and Promoted Dicotyledons Growth with Degradable Carbon Dots[J].Nano Research,2019,12(7):1585-1593.
[70] LU K,SHEN D L,DONG S P, et al.Uptake of Graphene Enhanced the Photophosphorylation Performed by Chloroplasts in Rice Plants[J].Nano Research,2020,13(12):3198-3205.
[71] TIWARI M,SHARMA N C,FLEISCHMANN P, et al.Nanotitania Exposure Causes Alterations in Physiological,Nutritional and Stress Responses in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2017,8:633.
[72] PARRY M A J,ANDRALOJC P J,SCALES J C, et al.Rubisco Activity and Regulation as Targets for Crop Improvement[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2013,64(3):717-730.
[73] LI H,HUANG J,LU F, et al.Impacts of Carbon Dots on Rice Plants:Boosting the Growth and Improving the Disease Resistance[J].ACS Applied Bio Materials,2018,1(3):663-672.
[74] 李晶,郭亮,崔海信,等.纳米农药在植物中的吸收转运研究进展[J].植物学报,2020,55(4):513-528.[LI Jing,GUO Liang,CUI Hai-xin, et al.Research Progress on Uptake and Transport of Nanopesticides in Plants[J].Chinese Bulletin of Botany,2020,55(4):513-528.]
[75] Lü J T,CHRISTIE P,ZHANG S Z.Uptake,Translocation,and Transformation of Metal-based Nanoparticles in Plants:Recent Advances and Methodological Challenges[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2019,6(1):41-59.
[76] EICHERT T,KURTZ A,STEINER U, et al.Size Exclusion Limits and Lateral Heterogeneity of the Stomatal Foliar Uptake Pathway for Aqueous Solutes and Water-suspended Nanoparticles[J].Physiologia Plantarum,2008,134(1):151-160.
[77] AVELLAN A,YUN J,ZHANG Y L, et al.Nanoparticle Size and Coating Chemistry Control Foliar Uptake Pathways,Translocation,and Leaf-to-rhizosphere Transport in Wheat[J].ACS Nano,2019,13(5):5291-5305.
[78] SCHWAB F,ZHAI G S,KERN M, et al.Barriers,Pathways and Processes for Uptake,Translocation and Accumulation of Nanomaterials in Plants:Critical Review[J].Nanotoxicology,2016,10(3):257-278.
[79] LI W C,FAN R Y,ZHOU H J, et al.Improving the Utilization Rate of Foliar Nitrogen Fertilizers by Surface Roughness Engineering of Silica Spheres[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2020,7(11):3526-3535.
[80] BORGATTA J,MA C X,HUDSON-SMITH N, et al.Copper Based Nanomaterials Suppress Root Fungal Disease in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus):Role of Particle Morphology,Composition and Dissolution Behavior[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering,2018,6(11):14847-14856.
[81] ZHANG P,GUO Z L,ZHANG Z Y, et al.Nanomaterial Transformation in the Soil-plant System:Implications for Food Safety and Application in Agriculture[J].Small,2020,16(21):e2000705.
[82] DE LA TORRE-ROCHE R,CANTU J,TAMEZ C, et al.Seed Biofortification by Engineered Nanomaterials:A Pathway to Alleviate Malnutrition?[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2020,68(44):12189-12202.
[83] SAVASSA S M,CASTILLO-MICHEL H,PRADAS DEL REAL A E, et al.Ag Nanoparticles Enhancing Phaseolus vulgaris Seedling Development:Understanding Nanoparticle Migration and Chemical Transformation across the Seed Coat[J].Environmental Science:Nano,2021,8(2):493-501.

Research Progress of Engineered Nanomaterials against Crop Diseases

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 11

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	LI Rui-jie, TU Chen, YANG Jie, FENG Yu-dong, FAN Qiao-hui, LUO Yong-ming. Effects of Microplastics on Growth and Physiology of Wheat under Different Temperature and Humidity Conditions [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2023, 39(5): 608-616.
[2]	ZHANG Chun-yu, WANG Hai-juan, WANG Hong-bin. Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to Heavy Metals Mediated by Gibberellic Acid [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2020, 36(2): 137-144.
[3]	GAO Fen, ZHANG Yi-min, YANG Fei, MA Meng-jie, GAO Yue-xiang, WU Dan, DING Yi-rui. Growth and Photosynthetic Fluorescence Characteristics Responses of Four Submersed Macrophytes to Rising Water Level [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2017, 33(4): 341-348.
[4]	CHEN Jin-Pu, FAN Wei-Guo, YANG Hong-Qiang, BI Run-Xia, YANG Jian-Qiang. Effect of Foliage Application of MnSO₄ and FeSO₄ on Photosynthesis of Shimenzaoshuo Chestnut [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2014, 30(1): 119-123.
[5]	DING Zheng-Feng, SHI Yang-Bai, LI Xiao-Xuan, WANG Xiao-Feng, XUE Hui, BIAN Wen-Ji. Toxic Effects of Fenvalerate on Odontobutis potamophila Juveniles [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2013, 29(3): 357-363.
[6]	JIANG Lei;CHEN Shu-yi;YIN Da-qiang. Effects of Tetracycline on Photosynthesis and Antioxidant Enzymes of Microcystis aeruginosa [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2010, 26(6): 564-567.
[7]	LI Xue-Mei, ZHANG Li-Hong, MA Lian-Ju, Chen-Qiang, WANG Lan-Lan. Effects of duration of UV-C Radiation on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Activity of Antioxidant Enzyme in Pea Seedlings [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2006, 22(1): 34-37.
[8]	ZHANG Cheng-Jun, GUO Jia-Qiu, CHEN Guo-Xiang, XIE Heng-Cai. Effects of high temperature and/or drought on growth and secondary metabolites in Ginkgo biloba leaves [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2005, 21(3): 11-15.
[9]	MENG Fan-Ping, WU Fang-Zheng. Effect of Fluoride on Physiological and Biochemical Processes of Plants [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 1996, 12(1): 42-46.
[10]	WANG Chang-Yong, ZHONG Chong-Xin, QIN Pei. Seasonal changes of photosynthesis rates and its effects on pri-mary production for Spartina [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 1994, 10(3): 14-17.
[11]	SHAN Zheng-Jun, CAI Dao-Ji, CHEN Zu-Yi. Influence of Herbicides on Plant Physiology:Photosynthesis and Fertilizer Absorption Ability [J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 1993, 9(2): 47-49,68.