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Table of Content

Volume 26 Issue 1
25 January 2010
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Advances and Prospect of Research on Environmental Criteria /Benchmarks and Enactment of Environmental Standards
ZHOU Qi-Xing
2010, 26(1):  1-8. 
Abstract ( 1400 )   PDF (605KB) ( 3595 )  
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To derive and develop environmental criteria/benchmarks is a challenging and intractable scientific conundrum. The enactment and revision of environmental standards is a long-term and arduous task. In this review, the conception and connotation of environmental criteria/benchmarks and standards were firstly expounded,and the old cognition in the past was rectified according to their recent international developments in this direction. It emphasizes that the environmental criterion/benchmark is not equal to the environmental quality criterion/benchmark,and environmental criteria/benchmarks should be comprised of environmental quality criteria/benchmarks and remediation/cleanup criteria/benchmarks for contaminated environment;correspondingly, environmental standards should include both environmental quality standards and remediation/cleanup standards for contaminated environment. On the basis of the new cognition, prominent accomplishments acquired in the field of environmental quality criteria/benchmarks at home and abroad have been summarized, some advanced modus operandies for environmental quality standards in France ( as a representative of west European countries) , Canada ( as a rep resentative of American countries) and Italy ( as a representative of midland European countries) were enumerated, and relevant p rogresses in research on remediation/cleanup criteria/benchmarks for contaminated environment and enactment of remediation / cleanup standards for contaminated environment are introduced. Future research on environmental criteria/benchmarks has been prospected.
Balance and Pollution Potential of Nitrogen in a Typical Rice-Based Agricultural Watershed of Yangtze River Delta Region
DU Wei, TI Chao-Pu, JIANG Xiao-San, CHEN Guo-Yan
2010, 26(1):  9-14. 
Abstract ( 1259 )   PDF (236KB) ( 2377 )  
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The Chenwu Town Reservoir Watershed of Jurong, Jiangsu Province, is a typical rice-based agricultural watershed in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Based on the data collected from stationary observation and field investigation of the rice-based agricultural watershed from May 2007 to April 2008, nitrogen flow was balanced for the analyses and prediction of pollution potential of the farmland nitrogen to the watershed. Results show that the total input of nitrogen was 1 589.1 t, while the total output of nitrogen was 1 168.4 t in the watershed during the period. Fertilizer application was the dominant source of nitrogen input, accounting for 67.2% , and harvest of crops was the majorway of nitrogen output, accounting for 46.7%。Balancing of input with output showed N surplus in both paddy fields and up land fields, of 20.5% and 52.4% , respectively, demonstrating low nitrogen use efficiency, being 33.6% and 34.9% , respectively. In paddy fields, about 47.8% of the N input was lost in gaseous form. The gaseous nitrogen and the remaining nitrogen in soil are ready pollutants to the air and waterbodies.
Relationship Between Landscape Stucture and Water Environment in Small Rural Watersheds
LI Yu-Feng, LIU Hong-Yu, HAO Jing-Feng, CAO Xiao, HU Jun-Na
2010, 26(1):  15-19. 
Abstract ( 886 )   PDF (501KB) ( 1611 )  
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Two typical small ruralwatersheds in Chenji Town of Yizhengwere selected in a study of coupling relationships between water quality and landscape stucture. Results show that (1) landscape structure varied sharp lywith terrains, and so did characters of the water environment. With declining terrain, concentrations of TN and TP decreased in Xiaoxuzhuang watershed, but rose first and then fell in Gaotang watershed; (2) good correlations were observed of concentrations of TP, TN, NH3-N, and NO3- -N with proportion of source landscape, ditch density, landscape diversity index; and (3) stepwise regression revealed that 94% of TN depended on p roportion of source landscape and ditch density,while over 80% of NH3-N and NO3- -N on p roportion of source landscape. It is advisable to run effectivemanagement of nutrients in the watershed landscape and reinforce control of agricultural non=point source pollution by optimizing landscape structure of the watersheds.
Potential Rocky Desertification in Relation to Topographic Factors in Karst Mountain Areas
ZHANG Pan-Pan, HU Yuan-Man, XIAO Du-Ning, LI Xiu-Zhen, YIN Jie, HE Guang-Hong
2010, 26(1):  20-24. 
Abstract ( 768 )   PDF (550KB) ( 1597 )  
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To explore distribution of potential rocky desertification and their relationship with topographic factors, the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai subsurface stream in Puding Countywas chosen as a study area. With the aid of GIS software, the 2004 potential rocky desertification distribution map was studied to analyze quantitatively correlation of topographic factors, such as elevation, slope, exposure and position, with areas of rocky desertification. Results show that potential rocky desertification distributed unevenly, and strong correlation ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) between topographic factors and potential rocky desertification patches of various grades. With rising elevation, the areas of slightly andmoderately potential rocky desertification were increasing in proportion, while the areas of zero and extreme slightly rocky desertification decreasing. With rising slope, the area of zero rocky desertification was decreased, while the areas of slighty,moderately and extreme severely potential rocky desertification were increasing. With exposure turning from shady to sunny, the areas ofmoderately and severely potential rocky desertification were increasing. The correlation between slope position and potential rocky desertification was much weaker.
Soil Erosion in the Source Area of the Yarlung Zangbo in China
LI Hai-Dong, SHEN Wei-Shou, ZOU Chang-Xin, YUAN Lei
2010, 26(1):  25-30. 
Abstract ( 933 )   PDF (542KB) ( 1744 )  
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Soil erosion and geomorphological characteristics of its spatial distribution in the Maquan River basin, which was taken as a case for study of the Yarlung Zangbo River source area, were studied, with remote sensing and GIS technologies. Results show that the area under soil erosion above light is 18 933.33 km2 , accounting for 71.86% of the total source area; freeze-thaw erosion is the major form of soil erosion, accounting for 82.53%; wind erosion occurs only in wide sections of the river valley, accounting for 5.33%; and water erosion, often mild in intensity, is small in area. Geographical distribution of the soil erosion is highly influenced by altitude with significant vertical differentiation. Soil erosion is mainly distributed in areas relatively low in slope or flat in topography. Extremely strongwind erosion occursmainly on slopes facing southwest, and quite little on slopes facing south, west and south-east and in flatland, while strongwind erosion mostly in flatland, and some on slopes facing northeast and west. Aspect of a slope does not affect much on freezethaw erosion.
Geochemical Characteristics of Arsenic in Waterbodies in Hetao Plain, Inner Mongolia
BO Ying, LUO Li-Qiang
2010, 26(1):  31-34. 
Abstract ( 1253 )   PDF (371KB) ( 2159 )  
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Samp leswere taken from differentwaterbodies ( groundwater, surface water and tap water) in the Hetao Plain,Inner Mongolia, for analysis of the content and species of As to study distribution ofAs in the waterbodies in that typical area of endemic As disease. Samp les of groundwater atDayingVillage, Shanyin County of Shanxi and of surface water and groundwater at Zhaoyuan District of Shandong were also collected for comparison of pollution features and analysis of sources. Total As was determined with inductively coup led p lasma mass spectrometry ( ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry( ICP-AES). High performance liquid chromatography2inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS)was used for analysis of arsenic speciation in 16 water samples. It was found that the groundwaters, which are used as drinkingwater, in Hetao Plain and DayingVillage were both rich in arsenic, with an average arsenic content being 368.9 and 443.5μg·L-1 ,respectively. Out of all the 175 groundwater samples collected from the Hetao Plain, about 59%, containedmore than 50μg·L-1 arsenic—the threshold criterion for arsenic in water supp ly for rural area and in groundwater (Grade Ⅲ). Besides, out of the 16 samp les for analysis of arsenic speciation, seven were found to contain arsenite or even arsenite predominates. Furthermore, all the surface and tap water samp les, excep t for a few, were determined to be below 50μg·L-1 ,while some tap water samples over the criterion for arsenic in drinking water.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Rice Growing Around Mining Area and Its Human Health Risk Analysis
LIU Zhi-Yan, TIAN Yao-Wu, CHEN Gui-Zhu
2010, 26(1):  35-40. 
Abstract ( 1248 )   PDF (319KB) ( 2306 )  
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Accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb, As and Cd in rice of 21 cultivars, including hybrid, conventional and glutinous rice, was studied through a field experiment laid out in the paddy fields around the Dabaoshan MiningArea in Guangdong Province and its human health risks are analyzed. Results show that in accordance with the criteria in the China National Hygienic Standard for Food, the over2limit rate of Cd and Pb in rice was very high, being 100% and 71.43% , respectively, whereas that of Cu and As was only 4.76% and 14.29% higher, respectively, and that of Zn negative. Among the cultivars, conventional and glutinous riceswere more capable of accumulating Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, while hybrid rice more of accumulating As. Negative relationships were observed between the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, As and Cd in rice grains and the biomass of the whole p lant. In terms of p lant accumulation of the five metals by the rice cultivars in the experiment, they followed the the sequence of Cd > Zn >Cu >As > Pb. The findings of the research indicate that Cd and Pb in the soil of the experiment posed serious potential health risks, where Cu, Zn and Asminor ones. It is, therefore, essential to pay high attention to the issue of Cd and Pb pollution of rice p roduced in the Dabaoshan MiningArea and its associated potential risk to human health of the rice consumers.
Health Diagnosis of the Wetland Ecosystem of Liaohe Estuary
LIN Qian, ZHANG Shu-Shen, LIU Su-Ling
2010, 26(1):  41-46. 
Abstract ( 1338 )   PDF (269KB) ( 2364 )  
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A wetland ecosystem health evaluation index system is established by taking into integrated consideration of the standards for ecosystem health and the ecological characteristics of estuarine wetlands, and using the PSR (pressure-state-response) model as reference and from the aspects of pressure, environmental status and biological response. And besides, the catastrophic p rogression method was used to analyze and assess the health status of the Liaohe estuarine wetland ecosystem in 1996 and 2000. Results show that the healthiness of the ecosystem was 0.979 1 in 1996 and 0.961 8 in 2000, which suggests that the ecosystem declined in health condition, from heath to sub-heath as a result of inadequate of water resources and increasing petroleum pollution. It is, therefore, essential to intensify management of oil exp loitation,rationalize distribution and use of water resources and ensure water supp ly to the wetland ecosystem so as to p romote ecosystem health of the Liaohe estuarine wetland.
Community Structure of Ground-Dwelling Beetles ( Coleoptera ) in Soils Under Different Land Uses in the Wet-land Region of Sanjiang Plain
BAO Xiao, Lü Xian-Guo , ZHANG Fan, WU Hai-Tao
2010, 26(1):  47-51. 
Abstract ( 1251 )   PDF (460KB) ( 2136 )  
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Community structure of ground-dwelling beetles (Coleop tera) was investigated in land different in use in the wetland region of the Sanjiang Plain. Beetles were collected in pop lar forest, pine forest, birch2xylosma forest, soybean field, ridge and ditch in soybean field during the period from June to Sep tember 2007, using pitfall traps. A total of 1 646 beetleswere caught, and classified into 25 families. Dominant in the collection were Carabidae ( 52.9% ) , Staphylinidae(20.1% ) and Elateridae (10.8% ). Analysis of the collection was carried out for species abundance, diversity index and richness index of the beetles community in the six types of land. Results show that soybean field was the highest in number of beetles collected, while p ine forest the lowest; birch-xylosma forest the highest in species abundance, while poplar forest the lowest; soybean field ridge the highest in diversity indexwhile poplar forest the lowest, ridge the highest in Pielou index while ditch the lowest, suggesting that land use significantly affects Carabidae abundance and Shannon-Wiener index, but little does Pielou evenness index, while seasonal variation does not affectmuch number of the beetles, but does significantly affect both Shannon′s diversity and Pielou′s evenness.
Plant Diversity and Models of Configuration for Household Courtyards in Rural Area s of Changshu
REN Bin-Bin, LI Shu-Hua, LI Fa-Hong
2010, 26(1):  52-57. 
Abstract ( 1222 )   PDF (278KB) ( 2472 )  
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The construction of ecological plant landscape in rural areas is an important part of the p rogram of building of a new socialist countryside. A village typ ical of the Changshu region was chosen for analysis of species composition and diversity of household courtyards and for investigation of their plant diversity andmodels of configuration with the TWINSPAN classification method. Itwas found that out of 281 household courtyards, 170 had p lants and 111 did not have any. The plants growing in the courtyards included a total of 151 plant species, belonging to 116 genera and 58 families, which formed 4 types of courtyards and 10 models of configuration. The species diversity index demonstrated a significant relationship with steoro structure of the plants, showing the richer and the more complex the latter, the higher the former. It can, hence, be concluded that ornamental plants dominate the courtyards and p lay a major role of ornamentation; courtyards fail to keep an effective greenland area adequate to maintain a proper per-unit-area plant ecological benefit; and the construction of native plant landscape and species diversity needs to be further improved.
Variation of Landscape of the Ruo Ergai National Reserve of Plateau Wetland and Its Driving Forces
DENG Mao-Lin, TIAN Kun, YANG Yong-Xing, WANG Jin-Qiong
2010, 26(1):  58-62. 
Abstract ( 1175 )   PDF (422KB) ( 2499 )  
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With the aid of the 3S-technique and Fragstats software, the interp retation images (TM) of the plateau wetland reserve in 1990, 2000 and 2007 were analyzed for quantitative variation of the landscape thereof and its driving factors.Results show that degraded marsh is the background landscape of the reserve, accounting for 48.05% of the study area in 2007. During the first 10 years (1990 - 2000) after the establishment of the reserve, lakes, rivers and marshs therein decreased in area and evoled mainly to degraded marshes and meadows. The area of degraded marsh, meadows and shrubberies increased by 1 978.60, 2 559.09 and 824.27 hm2 , respectively; the number of patches and the heterogeneity and fragmentation degree of the landscape decreased; and the polymerization degree and dominance increased. After the establishment of the reserve (2000 - 2007) , the area of riverswas restored slightly. However, wetland degradation was still the main trend; the areas of lakes and marshes kept on decreasingwhile the area ofmeadow increasing; the area of denes increased by 1 929.00 hm2 ; the spatial heterogeneity and fragmentation degree of the landscape and the number of patches increased, while the polymerization degree and dominance decreased. Natural factors like globalwarming coup led with artificial ones, like drainage, over2grazing, disorderly tourism and construction of infrastructure were themain driving factors of wetland degradation.
Dynamics of Metallothionein in Organs of Carassius auratus Under Combined Stresses of Cd and Zn
ZHOU Yan-Feng, WU Wei, YOU Yang, CHEN Jia-Chang
2010, 26(1):  63-67. 
Abstract ( 935 )   PDF (334KB) ( 1906 )  
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Impact of combined stress of heavy metals, cadmium and zinc in water was studied on content of metallothionein (MT) in liver and kidney of Carassius auratus living therein under a given experimental condition. Results indicate that after exposure to 0. 005, 0. 010, 0. 050, 0. 100, 0. 500 mg·L-1 Cd & 1. 0 mg·L -1 Zn, the fishes showed a similar trend of MT content in their livers and kidneys, rising-falling-rising, with a peak value appearing at the 12 th hour of exposure, and ranging from (5. 735 ±0. 016) to (10. 640 ±0. 023) μg·g-1 in liver and from (8. 346 ±0. 014) to (121990±01031) μg·g-1 in kidney. The fishes were all higher in the groups of Cd2 + & Zn2 +treatments than in the groups of Cd2 + treatments in MT content in the liver and kidney of C1auratus, indicating that the p resence of Zn2 + enhanced synthesis ofMT in C1auratus tissues. The content of MT in liver rose at a rate of 0. 22~0. 69μg·g-1 ·h-1 during the first 12 hours and in kidney at a rate of 0. 83~1. 67μg·g-1 ·h-1 during the first 6 hours. A positive relation was observed of MT contents in livers of the fish with Cd2 + concentration of the waterbody in 12 h, indicating that coexistence of Cd2 + & Zn2 +may induce synthesis and expression of MT in C1auratus tissue mainlywithin the first 12 h. The findings of the study reveal that MT content in the liver and kidney of C1auratus can be used as a bio-indictor of extraneous heavy metal pollution.
Effect of Fillings on Removal of Indicator Bacteria From Column of Simulated Wetland
LI Ming, ZHOU Qiao-Hong, WU Jun-Mei, WANG Rong, WU Zhen-Bin
2010, 26(1):  68-72. 
Abstract ( 825 )   PDF (323KB) ( 1654 )  
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In order to study effect of fillings on removal of indicator bacteria ( heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms group, fecal strep tococcus) , zeolite, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filtermedia, gravel, blast furnace steel slag and bioceramic were chosen as fillings in columns of simulated wetland in a wastewater treatment experiment. Results show that anthracite and steel slagwere the highest in bacteria-removing efficiency, being 95,9% and 99,9% respectively, probably because the effluent from the two columnswas acidic and alkaline, respectively. Vermiculite and zeolite came next, while ceramic filtermedia and bio-ceramic followed in the rear. Correlation analysis revealed negative correlation existed between indicator bacteria removing efficiency and permeability of the six different fillings ( except steel slag and anthracite) , suggesting that filtration absorp tion is the mechanism of the fillings removing indicator bacteria,
Factors Affecting Bioleaching of Heavy Metals From Animal Excrement
YANG Hui-Min, LI Ming-Hua, WANG Kai-Jun, CHANG Li-Chun
2010, 26(1):  73-77. 
Abstract ( 1391 )   PDF (482KB) ( 2076 )  
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Effects of concentration of solids in liquid manure and amount ofmixed sulfur bacteria liquid inoculated on bioleaching of heavy metals from pigmanure were studied. Results indicate that the lower the concentration of solids in liquid manure, the shorter the heavymetal bioleaching cycle and the better the heavymetal removing efficiency. Based on the overall consideration of both bioleaching effect and economic benefit, it is app rop riate to have the concentration of solids in liquid manure be kept at 70 - 100 g·L -1. Inoculation rate is also an important factor. Results show that the higher the inoculation rate, the higher the bioleaching rate. However, in pig manure with lower inoculation rate, longer leaching time could lead to higher removal efficiency. In p ig manure with 2% in inoculation rate and 14 days′of leaching, Cu, Zn and Cd removed by 76.9%, 75.2% and 47.8%, respectively. From economic aspect, the inoculation rate of 2% is adequate to meet the need of bioleaching.
Adsorption and Leaching of Tebuthiuron in Soil
LIU Jun-Hua, SHAN Zheng-Jun, KONG De-Yang, YE Feng-Jiao
2010, 26(1):  78-81. 
Abstract ( 1330 )   PDF (244KB) ( 2010 )  
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Adsorption and leaching of tebuthiuron in soil and their affecting factorswere studied with vibrating equilibrium method and column leaching method. Results show that adsorption of the substance in 5 soil samples tested waswell fitted with a linearmodel. The soils followed an order of Northeast China black soil > Taihu region paddy soil > J iangxi red soil > Nanjing yellow brown soil > Shaanxi fluvo2aquic soil in terms of tebuthiuron adsorption capacity. Their adsorption constant ranged between 0.19 and 2.87 mL·g-1 , indicating that their adsorption capabilitywas rather low. The leaching experiments of tebuthiuron in the three typ ical soils show that tebuthiuron was quite leachable, and the soils followed an order of J iangxi red soil > Taihu region paddy soil > Northeast China black soil. The main factor affecting the adsorption and leaching of tebuthiuron was organic matter content in the soil.
Accumulation and Leaching Risk of Phosphorus in Vegetable Soils Under Intensive Cultivation
GAO Xiu-Mei, WANG Ji-Dong, LIU Zhao-Pu, ZHANG Yong-Chun, ZHAO Geng-Mao, XU Xian-Ju, NING Yun-Wang
2010, 26(1):  82-86. 
Abstract ( 971 )   PDF (412KB) ( 2062 )  
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In order to study accumulation and leaching risk of soil phosphorus, soil sampleswere collected from vegetable fields, different in intensive vegetable cultivation history (3 - 5, 15 - 20 and 25 - 30 years) in the suburbs ofNanjing for assay of concentrations of total phosphorus ( TP) , available phosphorus (Olsen-P) , dissolved reactive phosphorus (CaCl2-P) and bio2available phosphorus (NaOH-P) , and Padsorption in 0 - 20 cm soil layer, and for assessment of soil phosphate leaching risk through determination of degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) and maximum buffer capacity (MBC)of the soils. Results show that the longer the history of intensive vegetable cultivation, the higher the accumulation of phosphorus for all Pfractions, except forNaOH-P, which was higher in soils of 3 - 5 a than in the other two groups. TP, Olsen-P, CaCl2-P and NaOH-P accumulatedmainly in the 0 - 20 cm soil layer, and decreased in concentration with the dep thin profile. DPS increased with the history. In the 0 - 5 cm soil layers of soils of 25 - 30 a, the concentration of DPS was even higher than 25% , the environmental sensitive index for soil P loss, while MBC was the lowest, suggesting that the leaching risk of soil phosphorus riseswith the cultivation history, particularly in 0 - 5 cm soil layer.
Changes in Rhizosphere pH and Exudation of Organic Acids of Masson Pine ( Pinus massoniana ) Seedlings Under Aluminum Stress
WANG Shui-Liang, WANG Ping, WANG Chen-Yi
2010, 26(1):  87-91. 
Abstract ( 1321 )   PDF (246KB) ( 2254 )  
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Masson pine seedlings were used as subject in a sand culture experiment to study effect of aluminum (Al)stress on rhizosphere pH, organic acid exudation and Al accumulation of masson pine seedlings. Results show that during the growth ofmasson pine seedlings, rhizosphere pH increased simultaneously with Al concentration rising from 0 to 300μmol·L -1 , but leveled off when Al concentration exceeded 300μmol·L -1. Among the five organic acids ( citric, oxalic, succinic, malic and acetic acids) examined in this experiment, only oxalic and malic acids demonstrated a similar trend, and a positive correlation to rhizosphere pH. The exudation of oxalic andmalic acids plays an important role in variation of rhizosphere pH. Besides, once enteringmasson pine seedlings through their root system, active Al ions accumulated unevenly in the p lant as a result of nutrition and transport mechanism and were significantly higher in roots than in stems and leaves. Al accumulation within the seedlingswas positively correlated with rhizosphere pH, root exudation of oxalic and malic acids when Al concentration in the soilwas under 300μmol·L-1.
Aqueous Fluoride Adsorption of Compound Phosphates and Its Affecting Factors
FU Ge-Juan, LI Jian-Chao, CHANG Qing, ZHANG Xiao-Wei, LU Tang-Jun
2010, 26(1):  92-95. 
Abstract ( 913 )   PDF (599KB) ( 1882 )  
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Effects of co-precipitates of Ca /Al, Fe /Al andMn /Al phosphates of different ratios in removing fluoride from synthetic solution were studied with the static adsorp tion method. Results show that the co-precipitate of Fe /Al phosphate was the best in effect of removing fluoride, andMn ions significantly inhibited the effect of aluminium phosphate. Affecting factors, such as duration of exposure, pH and amount of the adsorbent used, were also studied, using the co-precipitate of Fe /Al phosphate, 1∶100 in ratio as adsorbent. Itwas found that the absorption rate of the adsorbent reached as high as 217 mg·g-1 when the fluorinated waterwith its initial fluoride concentration being 10 mg·L -1 and pH ranging between 6 - 8 and the adsorbent app lication rate at 215 g·L -1 was shaken for 90 minutes at the temperature of 25 ℃.