Sediments collected from a number of ponds in Liuchahe watershed in Yangtze-Huaihe region of China were analyzed with chronological method to set up chronosequence of the undisturbed sediments for the purpose of studying historical process of Cd accumulation and its environmental impact.Results show that the rapid development of intensive agriculture in the past 30 years in the region led to application of large volumes of phosphate fertilizers,which resulted in Cd accumulation in the pond sediments in large volumes.The tempo-spatial distribution characteristics of Cd reversed by using pond sediments may divide Cd input history into two phases: the first phase refers to the decades before the 1980s,when the watershed was not or just slightly polluted with Cd;and the second phase,the decades after the 1980s,when the rapid intensification of farming activities has led to rapid accumulation of Cd in pond sediments and Cd input through human activities is on an increasing trend.The Cd risk assessment of the sediments indicates that about 10%-30% of total Cd is exchangeable Cd or carbonate-bonded Cd.The Cd in the sediments of these ponds is subject to a moderate level of exposure risk.

The Yancheng Wetland Nature Reserve has to be confronted with the conflict between resource conservation and exploitation in its management and construction.Threshold management technologies of resource exploitation have been brought forward based on analysis of the needs of overwintering Grus japonensis and disturbance caused by resource exploitation.For access into the reserve,resource exploitations are sorted into three types: moderate exploitation,restricted exploitation and forbidden exploitation.The area accessible for exploitation is limited to the experimental zone,which should be kept no more than 1/10 of the nature reserve,and should not exceed 1/3 of the experimental zone in area.Based on the birds′ needs for overwintering,the time period of a year from the end of September till February of next year should be set as restricted for exploitation activities and from early March till the end of September as accessible for moderate exploitation.It is acceptable to go all out to develop ecotourism,while it is essential to ban any new project of tide flat wetland reclamation and wind energy in the reserve.

Based on the present status of invasion of alien fishes,the importance,necessity and applicability of a risk assessment system for invasion of alien fishes was addressed.On the basis of status surveys,literature review and expert consultation,a quantitative risk assessment system for invasion of alien fishes is designed,consisting of 5 first-grade indicators,12 second-grade indicators and 44 third-grade indicators,as well as weight of each indicator in this system.Examples were cited to explain how to use the system.

Transgenic Bt cotton has been released into the environment commercially for over 10 years in China,and its influence on soil microbes is an important part of biosafety research.To monitor impact of long-term cultivation of transgenic Bt cotton on diversity of soil microbial community,one cotton field where non-transgenic had been planted all along and other two cotton fields where transgenic Bt cotton had been planted for seven and ten years,respectively,were selected and soil samples were taken from these fields at four different cotton growth stages,namely,seedling,budding,boll forming and boll opening stage during 2007 and 2008.Results show that the populations of bacteria,fungi,azotobacter,denitrobacteria,nitrosobacteria and the diversity indices of microbes have a similar variation pattern during the cotton growing period in three cotton fields and their populations peaked at the budding stage.There was no significant difference in population and diversity index of soil microbes between the two transgenic Bt cotton fields different in cultivation history,but significant seasonal variation of the populations and diversity indices of the microbes were observed in all the three cotton fields.

The water level of the Three-Gorge Reservoir(TGR) rose up to 156 m in the end of October 2006,which indicated that the Three-Gorge Project had begun its operation.In order to understand how the operation affects structure and composition of the plant community in the hydro-fluctuation area,an investigation of the plant communities in Kaixian County was carried out from July to September in 2008.The findings of the field survey were analyzed quantitatively with the TWINSPAN(two way indicator species analysis) and DCA(detrended correspondence analysis) methods for ordination.Results show that the TWINSPAN method sorted 170 quadrats in the study area into 19 types,among which Polygonum hydropiper,Xanthium mongolicum+Cynodon dactylon,X.sibiricum,Paspalum paspaeoides,and Imperata cylindrical were the most representative plant communities,revealing a distinct relationship between the plant communities and environmental gradients.Results of the DCA ordination by DCA indicated that submergence time,soil humidity and soil texture are the major factors affecting distribution and composition of plant communities in the area.

Six types of fertilizers,i.e.Ca(NO3)2,NH4Cl,NH4NO3,CO(NH2)2,KH2PO4 and KCl,were used in an isothermal adsorption experiment to study effects of fertilizers on Cu adsorption behaviors in soil.Results show that application of CO(NH2)2 increased adsorption ratio and distribution coefficient of Cu,but the application of NH4NO3,KCl,NH4Cl or Ca(NO3)2 demonstrated an obviously reverse effect;the effect of KH2PO4 was related to Cu concentration.Cu adsorption potential E0 varied with fertilizer treatments,following an order of CO(NH2)2 >CK(control groups)>NH4NO3 >Ca(NO3)2 >KCl>NH4Cl>KH2PO4.The effects of the six types of fertilizers on Cu adsorption behaviors followed the order of KH2PO4 >CO(NH2)2 >CK>NH4NO3 >KCl>NH4Cl>Ca(NO3)2.Because of the different effects of the fertilizers on Cu adsorption,reasonable choice should be made as to what type of fertilizer is to be used during crop cultivation season in the soil high in Cu content in order to avoid Cu mobilization transformation and decrease its bio-availability.

A multi-plot run-off experiment was carried out in a paddy field cultivated with wild rice stem(Zizania caduciflora) and rice in rotation and with wild rice stem alone under conventional fertilization in Dianshanhu Region to study N and P losses and their non-point source pollution load.Results show that discharge of the non-point source pollutants,nitrogen and phosphorus,occurred mainly in the period from June to September.The mean mass concentration of TN in drainage could reach as high as 130.0 mg·L^-1,mainly in the form of NH₄⁺-N,which came mainly from inorganic fertilizer.During the wild rice stem growing season,the mean mass concentration of TP in drainage was in the range of 0.104-0.777 mg·L^-1,mainly in the form of particle,which accounted for 73.5% ~90.3% of TP(except for August).Furthermore,TN non-point source pollution load of the rotation system and the mono-cropping system was 134.8 and 88.6 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,respectively.Both were higher than those from other cropping systems in the Taihu Region,while TP non-point source pollution load was 1.52 and 1.06 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,respectively,lower than the average level of the common cropping systems in the Taihu Region.So it is important to set control of the use of nitrogen fertilizer and the nitrogen loss as priority for control of agricultural non-point sources pollution in the Dianshanhu Region.

Effects of addition of sodium butyrate into the basic ration of broiler duck on growth performance of the duck and reduction of emission of pollutants with its faeces have been studied.Seven hundred of one year-old cherry broiler ducks were randomly divided into four treatment groups and each group into six replicates.Control group I was fed with basal ration,treatment groups II,III and IV were fed with basic ration supplemented with sodium butyrate at 350,700 and 1 050 mg·kg^-1,respectively.Resaults show that 1)the feed/gain ratio in the treatment groups decreased significantly and was 4.95%,6.71% and 4.59%(P<0.05)lower than in the control,respectively.The average daily gain of Treatment Group III and IV was 9.16% and 9.47%(P<0.05) higher than of the control group in the first three weeks.2)Addition of sodium butyrate significantly reduced the contents of TN,TP,ammonia nitrogen,organic matter,Cu and Zn in duck manure(P<0.05),by 4.36%,13.83%,41.81%,5.45%,2.32% and 13.41%,respectively,in Treatment Group II,by 6.15%,17.36%,59.98%,4.32%,21.69% and 18.96%,respectively,in Treatment Group III,and by 2.68%,10.66%,43.61%,3.76%,40.98% and 14.88%,respectively,in Treatment Group IV.3) Although there was no significant differences between different rates of sodium butyrate in effect on pollutant emission with daily faeces excretion,they all tended to decrease.They reduced pollutants emissions in duck faeces significantly(P<0.05).Treatment Group III is the best in reducing emissions of TN,TP,ammonia nitrogen and organic matter and Treatment Group Ⅳ in reducing emission of Cu.As it can be seen,by added 700 mg·kg^-1 into basic ration for ducklings,sodium butyrate may help achieve the best production performance and pollutants emission reduction.

The excretion amount,the nutrient content of sheep and rabbit fecaluria and the ingested amount of feed nutrient at four seasons were monitored in large scale sheep and rabbit farm.The results show that: the average excretion amount of rabbit fecaluria per day was 0.37 kg and the total excretion amount of rabbit fecaluria per year was 135.05 kg.The content of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and organic substance of rabbit manures was 25.55,5.07,6.59 and 660.4 g·kg^-1,respectively.The average excretion amount of sheep fecaluria per day was 1.09 kg and the total excretion amount of sheep fecaluria per year was 397.85 kg.The content of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and organic substance of sheep manures was 19.89,4.90,11.79 and 649.1 g·kg^-1,respectively.For homogeneity animal in same season,the ratio of phosphorus ingestion amount to excretion amount was higher than that of nitrogen and potassium.

Effects of exposure to low concentrations(0.005、0.05、0.5 μg·L^-1) of lindane on body length,body weight,hepaticosomatic index(HSI),gonadosomatic index(GSI),spawning and fertilization of zebrafish were studied.Results show that after 14 days of exposure,zebrafish in all the treatments did not have much difference from those in the controls(without lindane and just with solvent) in body length and body weight.But in Treatment 0.5 μg·L^-1,the HSI of both male and female zebrafish increased significantly(P<0.05) and only the GSI of male zebrafish decreased significantly(P<0.05),while no obvious changes in the two indices were found in the other treatments.Compared with what was found in the two controls,lindane remarkably inhibited zebrafish reproduction behavior and reduced spawning and fertilization rate,particularly in Treatments 0.05 and 0.5 μg·L^-1(P<0.01).The findings demonstrate that lindane in the environment is an endocrine disruptor that inhibits to a certain extent the growth and reproduction of zebrafish at low concentration.

Acute toxicity of nitrobenzene exposure to three representative native organisms,i.e.Rana chensinensis tadpoles,Cipangopaludina cahayensis and Macrobrachium nipponense,was studied using the static-renewal method.Based on the USEPA Trimmed Spearman-Karver(TSK) method,ρ(96 h,LC₅₀) of nitrobenzene for Rana chensinensis tadpoles was determined to be 117.04 mg·L^-1;for Cipangopaludina cahayensis,104.23 mg·L^-1 and for Macrobrachium nipponense,0.033 7 mg·L^-1.Based on the ρ(96 h,LC₅₀) values obtained,with the safety factor set as 0.01,the safe concentration(ρ_s) of nitrobenzene in surface water was 1.17 mg·L^-1 for Rana chensinensis tadpoles;1.04 mg·L^-1 for Cipangopaludina cahayensis,and 0.34 μg·L^-1 for Macrobrachium nipponense.The sensitivity of the 3 subjects to toxicity of nitrobenzene was in the order of Macrobrachium nipponense≥Cipangopaludina cahayensis>Rana chensinensis tadpoles.According to the criteria of acute toxicity classification for fish acute toxicity tests,nitrobenzene was extremely toxic to Macrobrachium nipponense,and moderately toxic to Cipangopaludina cahayensis and Rana chensinensis tadpoles.This study provides some relevant data for maintaining normal growth and reproduction of aquatic life in China and for setting up benchmark for nitrobenzene in waterbodies for aquatic life.

Comparative studies were conducted on algaecidal properties of inorganic,organic and chelated copper-preparations by growth inhibition test of the target algae,Microcystis aeruginosa(the dominant algae of Cyanobacteria algal bloom),and non-target algae,Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus,and a subsequent 15-d extension of growth inhibition test on Microcystis aeruginosa.Results show that for Microcystis aeruginosa with a initial concentration of 2×10⁵-4×10⁵ mL^-1,the 96-h-EC₅₀ of cupric-amminium complexion,copper(succinate+glutarate+adipate) and copper acetate was 0.03,0.06 and 0.05 mg·L^-1,respectively,which did not change much when the initial concentration of algal cells was increased to 2×10⁶-4×10⁶ mL-1.It was found that 0.25 mg·L^-1 cupric-amminium complexion(aqueous solutions,25%),0.30 mg·L^-1 copper(succinate+glutarate+adipate)(W.P.,30%) or 0.20 mg·L^-1 copper acetate(W.P.,20%) is adequate to completely prohibit the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa,which will not recover and reproduce within 15 days after the application.Besides,being lower in 96-h-EC₅₀ to Microcystis aeruginosa than to Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus,these copper-algaecides would not pose any significant threat to non-target algae,while inhibiting the growth of Cyanobacteria.It is,therefore,held that cupric-amminium complexion,copper and copper acetate are promising substances that can be developed into highly effective and environmental friendly inhibitors of Cyanobacteria algal bloom.

An experiment was carried out to kill Microcystis aeruginosa in water with strong ionization discharge,and killing rate of Microcystis aeruginosa in relation to aeration rate,initial population of the bacteria,duration of incubation,pH and temperature was studied.It was found that within a certain range,the killing rate increased with rising aeration rate,initial population of the bacteria,duration of incubation,pH and temperature.When the aeration rate was set at 500 mL·min^-1,initial population of the bacteria at 9×10⁶ mL^-1,pH at 9.18,temperature at 317 K,duration of incubation at 4 days,and duration of treatment at 10 minutes,the killing rate of Microcystis aeruginosa reached as high as close to 100.0%.

Through field investigations on distribution of high As underground water and degrees of As pollution of the underground water in Shanyin of Shanxi,a study was carried out on As forms in the high As water environment and laws of their enrichment and transformation.On such a basis,a set of water treatment technology was developed,consisting of aerated oxidation,drugs addition(adding a mixture of FeCl₂ and FeCl₃ as coagulant) and filtration.Results show that in the highly arsenic polluted areas in Shanyin County,the redox potential of groundwater was between-50-142 mV and pH between 8.28-8.73.Such an environment provided formation of high-arsenic groundwater with favorable conditions.When the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the groundwater was less than 140 μg·L^-1,continuous aeration for 1.5 h,using a 5 W double nozzled oxygen pump(Songbao SB-648) could basically remove all the hydrogen sulfide(H₂S) from the groundwater.Take groundwater from depth of 25 m for example.Its As content was 275 μg·L^-1.After hydrogen sulfide in the water was removed,the mixture of n(FeCl₂)∶n(FeCl₃)=1∶1 was added into the water,which was then aerated continuously for 5 h.As a result,over 60% of trivalent As was changed into pentavalent As in the water.Then the treated water was filtered in a timely manner to reduce As content in the water to 5-8 μg·L^-1,which satisfies the National Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water(GB 5749—2006),and Fe content in the water to 0.03 mg·L^-1,far less than the criteria in GradeⅠof the National Groundwater Standard(GB/T 14848—93).The technology can quickly and effectively turn trivalent As into pentavalent As,which is adsorbed by coagulant and settled down together,thus making the As-removing effect high.Filtration may prevent flocs of hydroxide colloids and arsenates from entering into the water environment again,and reduce the concentration of ferric ions in the water.Results show that this water treatment system is simple in operation and low in cost,and can be widely extended for use in households in regions with high As groundwater.

A field experiment was carried out to investigate effect of application of alkali slag on acidity of tea garden soils and tea quality.Results indicate that application of alkali slag increased soil pH,soil exchangeable base and base saturation;and decreased soil exchangeable acid and exchangeable Al,thus keeping Ca and Mg in the soil in a rational ratio.Application of alkali slag increased the contents of tea polyphenols,catechin,theine,amino acid and chlorophyll in the tea produced from the tea garden,decreased the content of Pb in the tea,thus improving tea quality.The application of 4 500 kg·hm^-2 alkali slag can adjust soil acidity to pH 5.51,the most favorable for tea plant growth and production of tea of highest quality,in which the contents of tea polyphenols,catechin,theine,amino acid and chlorophyll were 22.5%,27.8%,34.9%,69.0% and 52.1%,respectively,higher than in the tea produced in CK,while the content of Pb was 51.2% lower.

The snow leopard(Uncia uncia) is a very rare species in China.The survey of traces of snow leopard in Kunlun,Altay and Tianshan is the main step of the "Project of Snow Leopard in Xinjiang" supported by the International Snow Leopard Trust(SLT) and the Xinjiang Conservation Fund(XCF).During the field survey from 2004 to 2010,the Xinjiang Snow Leopard Group(XSLG) spent about 270 days in over 20 different places,covering over 150 transects totaling nearly 190 km,and found 1-3 traces per kilometer.The traces of snow leopard recorded include dung,odor,chains of footprints,scraping,paw nail marks,lying mark,fur,urine,bloodstain,leftover of prey corpse,roaring and others.Based on tracerima analyses,the XSLG got to know primarily scopes of the domains,distribution and relative density of the snow leopard in these areas.Then the group began to take infrared photos,conducted survey of food sources of the leopards,investigated fur market and paths of trading,and cases of killing,and carry out civil survey through questionnaire,non-government organization community service and research on conflicts between grazing and wildlife protection.A total of 36 infrared cameras were laid out,working a total of about 2 094 days or 50 256 hours.A total 71 rolls of film were collected and developed,including 32 clear pictures of snow leopards,thus making up a shooting rate or capture rate of 1.53%.It was ascertained that in Tomur Peak area,there were 5-8 snow leopards roaming within a range of 250 km²,forming a population density of 2.0-3.2 per 100 km².After comparing the various monitoring results,the advantages and limitations of different monitoring methods have been discussed.

A novel SDS based method for extracting Bt protein residues from the soil was developed based on studies on extraction conditions including concentration of SDS in the solution and temperature and duration of incubation.Results show that when SDS was 2 g·L^-1 in the solution at 50 ℃ for more than 4 hours it might extract effectively Bt protein residues from various types of soils,demonstrating better effect than the so-far known extraction methods,such as carbonate method,invertebrate gut fluid chemistry and PBST(phosphate buffer solution with Tween-20).

The research on choice of spatial interpolation methods for studying spatial and temporal distribution of erosivity has positive significance to forecasting of soil loss and planning for soil and water conservation.Based on the rainfall records of the 260 stations in Jiangsu Province from 2001 to 2006,mean rainfall erosivity of each station over the years was worked out using Bu-algorithm,and analyzed and compared with geostatistics for errors.Results show that the ordinary Kriging method,with the presence of parameters of the second-order,spherical semi-variogram model,performed better than other interpolation methods,and it fits with Jiangsu Province quite well.Based on the principles for location of the rainfall stations of the soil and water conservation project,the chosen ordinary Kriging method was used to verify the locations of some representative stations.It was found that the site selection method was feasible.

Soil erosion being an important earth surface process,its environmental impact has aroused wide attention globally world over.From the angle of its influencing factors and basic principles of the generation of its environmental effects,the processes of soil water erosion were analyzed,leading to the assumption that soil water erosion is a "passive" or "secondary" process,which is affected and restrained by natural factors and human activities.The initiation and development of soil water erosion process will also act on local and allopatric environmental systems,demonstrating a series of environmental effects.The researches oriented towards environmental effects of soil water erosion are focused mainly on effects of soil water erosion on soil quality,plant productivity and vegetation restoration,non-point source pollution risk,carbon cycling and global change.An index system for evaluation of environmental effects of soil water erosion can be established and formed of four major aspects,i.e.water,soil,atmosphere and biology.It is,however,very difficult to formulate a standardized index system adoptable to all geographic environmental conditions and scenarios due to variability of research objectives and intrinsic spatial differentiation of the earth surface.In contrast,the modular formulation approach,which integrates basic indices with optional ones,is more operable.Specific indices and approaches to acquisition and analysis of their data are all scale dependent.

A field experiment of two treatments(control plot and rice-fish system) was carried out in paddy field during the period from June to October 2008,to study bioturbation effects of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus on soil animal community in paddy field,using the multi-tier sampling method and macro-group classification method,and diversity index,evenness index,and dominance index that represents structural and quantitative characteristics of soil animal community.Results show that the dominant groups in the soil animal community are Gastropoda,Nematoda,and Enchytraeidae.Compared with the control plot,the rice-fish system has more groups but less individuals of soil animals.The diversity index and evenness index of the soil animals are higher,while the dominance index is lower in the rice-fish system than in the control plot,indicating the rice-fish integrated system is higher in stability and resistance against disturbance.Vertically,soil animals in paddy field concentrate mainly in surface soil profile.

With the aid of remote sensing and GIS technology,landscape patterns of various types of land use and their tempo-spatial distribution was studied through landscape pattern gradient analysis.Results show that during the years of 2002-2006,the overall landscape pattern of the city changed significantly,with urban land increased by 22.10%,while farm land decreased by 14.96%.Spatially,the present landscape features a gradient of urban area-rural-urban fringe-countryside,and temporally in time,the entire transect belt increased in patch density,but decreased in polymerization degree and the max patch index.At the type level,the gradient of urban landscape varied sharply;changes in water surface and roads were small,while changes in farmland,urban land and green land quite great in amplitude.The gradient analysis combined with landscape pattern indices can quite completely reflect characteristics of the changes in urban landscape pattern and structure.

Study was performed on effect of type of feed on excretion of fattening pigs and major pollutants it contains.Results show that compared with pigs fed with concentrate feed,pigs fed with concentrate-green combined feed excreted 18.97% less dung,and 38.56% less urine.After 50 d of feeding,pigs fed with concentrate feed gained on average only 1.5 kg more in weight than those fed with concentrate-green feed.The use of concentrate-green feed,however,saved cost of feeding by 21.68% per kilogram weight gain.It is,therefore,concluded that feeding pigs with concentrate-green combined feed can not only reduce pollution discharge,but also save feeding cost and raise pig-rearing efficiency.