According to relevant provisions of the "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", the methodology of ACM0010 which approved by the United Nations CDM Executive Board,was used to analyze and calculate reduction in GHG emission from a large-scaled livestock and poultry farm in Xinjiang, which uses biogas digestors to deal with animal manure. The estimated annual reduction in CO₂ emission from the farm reached 114 274 t·a^-1 carbon equivalent,which may bring about additional proceeds of about 11 million Yuan through sales of CERs in the international carbon market, thus increasing its internal rate of return, stimulating enthusiasm for participation in CDM projects, and also providing valuable reference for large and medium-scaled animal farms in arid regions of China to develop biogas projects and participate in CDM projects.

Activities of the four soil enzymes(i.e.invertase,urease,alkaline phosphatase and catalase),key to recycling of C,N and P,were studied under four different land use patterns in the Dongting Lake area.Results show that the effect of land use on soil enzyme activities in the surface layer(0-30 cm) was significant,and decreased gradually with depth of the soil profile.Among the four soil enzymes,urease,invertase and alkaline phosphatase were affected by land use throughout the entire soil profile,but the effects on catalase were only limited in the soil surface layer(0-30 cm).All the enzymes,except catalase that did not vary much,showed a downward tendency in activity with depth of the soil profile,which suggests that soil organic matter decomposition and soil nutrient recycling are closely related to the structure of soil profile.

A hydroponic experiment was carried out with NaCl and Na₂CO₃ added to simulate saline-alkali stresses with a view to evaluating effects of seed-soaking in La(NO₃)₃ solution on growth and antioxidant enzyme activity of adzuki bean seedlings. Results show that (1) compared with those in the control, the adzuki bean seedlings under saline-alkali stress were short in plant height,and lower in leaf area, fresh weight of stem and leaf,root activity, and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) as well,but higher in malondialdehyde(MDA) content in the root, demonstrating the effect of both NaCl and Na₂CO₃ stresses inhibiting growth of the adzuki bean seedlings, and the effect of the latter being greater than the former; (2) seed-soaking in La(NO₃)₃ solution enhanced growth and antioxidant enzyme activity of the adzuki bean seedling, and this effect in the treatments under saline-alkali stresses was remarkably higher than in the control, thus mitigating the detrimental effects of saline-alkali stresses; and (3) in this experiment,soaking-seeds in 30 mg·L^-1 La(NO₃)₃ solution significantly stimulated growth of the shoots and roots of the adzuki bean seedlings.

Leaf characteristics and seedlings growth of Magnolia officinalis from 8 provinces in China were studied.Results show that significant differences existed between plants of different provenances in leaf characteristic,leaf area,specific leaf weight(SLW) and chlorophyll content,and were closely related to some basic environmental factors.Differences between the plants were also significant in seedling height and ground diameter.Seedling height decreased gradually from south to north geographically,while ground diameter declines from east to west.That means the geographic variation of the plant at the seedling stage manifests a two-way variation with the latitude and longitude,but the variation is more significant with the former.Correlation analysis of leaf characteristics with seedling height and ground diameter reveals an extremely significant negative correlation between leaf shape index and leaf width,and an extremely significant positive correlation between leaf area and petiole length,and between leaf length and width.Cluster analysis shows that in some areas,the provenances of M.officinalis are characterized typically by regionalization,and in some,by randomness.

A field experiment was carried out in the Taihu Region to study economic benefit,fertilizer use efficiency and environmental benefit of reducing nitrogen application rate throughout the entire rice growing season with the purpose of providing the local government with scientific basis in promoting reduction of nitrogen application rate.Results show that nitrogen content in the surface water of paddy fields would remain high for at least 7 days after fertilizer application,which calls for prudence in draining the fields within the period.In view of the current nitrogen application rate in the Taihu area,it is practically feasible to reduce the rate somewhat.Reduction by 20% can not only effectively lower nitrogen content in the surface water,and hence total nitrogen in the runoff into the environment,but also improve agronomic efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on the factors affecting rice yield,thus leading to higher crop yield,and eventually harmonization of economic benefit,fertilizer utilization efficiency and environmental benefit of nitrogen application.

Based on the data accumulated during the 9 years from 2000 to 2008 on rainfall processes in the Nüerzhai small watershed in Wuling Mountains of Northwest Hunan, rainfall erosivity was calculated and analyzed. With the calculation of Model EI₃₀ as baseline, Model EI₁₀,EI₆₀ and CREAMS was used for assessing single rainfall, daily rainfall and rain intensity of a half-month time step and daily rainfall in Wuhan to explore applicability of various models in this watershed. Results show that the mean rainfall erosivity was 5 423.06 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1, and occurred mainly in the period from April to August.Power-law relations were observed between single rainfall and single rainfall erosivity, monthly rainfall and monthly rainfall erosivity, and yearly rainfall and yearly rainfall erosivity.Among the models, EI₃₀ was the most suitable one. The half-month time step daily rainfall and rain intensity model was modified into a half-month time step daily rainfall model, and made more applicable with its parameters specified.Non-linear multi-parameter models were also very applicable to assessment of rainfall erosivity of the watershed. However, further study is to be done to select more accurate parameters suitable to the watershed.

Taishitun Town,located at the upper catchment of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing,was selected as a case study.Based on the calculation of non-point source pollution load,using the export coefficient method,economic loss caused by agricultural non-point source pollution was reckoned quantitatively,using the methodology of environmental economics.Results show that livestock breeding contributed the most to the pollution load of the area,and 53.0% to the TN and 73.9% to the TP pollution load of the town.Of the TN and TP contributions of the livestock rearing,66.5% in both was attributed to large-scaled farming.Rural area domestic pollution contributed 31.3% to the TN and 15.8% to the TP pollution load of the town.The pollution load from various land uses was the least,contributing 15.7% of the TP and 10.3% of the TN pollution load of the town.The economic loss the regional non-point source pollution caused was calculated at about 4.08 million RMB in total,of which about 40.7% was attributed to livestock breeding,ranking first,and 33.5%(of which 63.2% was caused by farming pollution) to various land uses and soil loss,ranking second.Rural area domestic pollution contributed the least to the economic loss,but 25% of the TN loss.N and P loss is the main form of non-point source pollution,accounting for 79.5% of the economic loss.The long-term impact of surface soil loss and sediment deposition cannot be neglected.

A laboratory incubation experiment was carried out to investigate effects of application of Chinese milk vetch shoot,black locust leaves,and pea stalks on acidity of an Ultisol from a tea garden,as affected by nitrogen transformation in these organic materials.Results show that the application increased soil pH to a varying extent compared with control.The extent tallied with the amount of ash alkali in the plant materials.The more the ash alkali in the plant materials,the greater the increase in soil pH.Nitrogen transformation affected the effects of these plant materials ameliorating soil acidity.Mineralization of the organic N in the plant materials consumed H+,thus raising soil pH,while nitrification of NH4+-N from mineralization of organic N released H+,thus lowering soil pH,which somewhat offset the effect of plant materials ameliorating acid soil.The application of the plant materials increased soil exchangeable base cations and decreased soil exchangeable Al significantly.

In order to provide theoretical basis for returning total wheat straw on rice production,a field experiment was conducted to study effect of ensuing nitrogen application after return of total wheat straw on rice yield and soil mineral nitrogen dynamics.Results show that with the total N application rate kept the same,Treatment RTWS(return of total wheat straw) significantly increased rice yield,and in Treatment RTWS,nitrogen application model B had a better yield-raising effect than model A.The experiment was designed to have nitrogen application split into 5∶5 between basal-tillering fertilizer and earing fertilizer,and 6∶4 between basal fertilizer and tillering fertilizer for Model A and into 6.5∶3.5 and 8∶2,respectively,for Model B,which is a modified one over on the basis of the former.Analysis of soil mineral nitrogen dynamics revealed that Treatment RTWS decreased NH4+-N and NO3——N contents in the soil before the rice booting stage,but increased the content of the latter afterwards,and that NO3——N content was higher with Model B than with Model A at any rice growth stage.Compared with CK(no wheat straw returned),Treatment RTWS inhibited rice growth and nitrogen uptake before the booting stage,but acted reversely after the stage.However,in Treatment RTWS,Model B had higher rice biomass and rice nitrogen uptake than Model A at any rice growth stage.With the total N application rate set at 270 kg·hm-2,Treatment RTWS coupled with Model B increased rice yield by 9.3% and by 5.3%,respectively,over Treatment TRWS coupled with Model A and CK.Although effective ears,grain weight and grains are major rice yield composition factors,Treatment RTWS increased mainly number of effective earings,by 6.1% to 14.5% over CK,thus improving the yield.Therefore,return of total wheat straw coupled with Model B in nitrogen application is an effective measure for higher rice yield.

Effects of extraneous substrates on the process and rate of organic nitrogen mineralization in black soil,Northeast China was studied,using the Stanford and Smith mineralization and incubation method.Results show that addition of glucose inhibited mineralization process and reduced mineralization rate of soil organic nitrogen and promoted fixation of soil nitrogen,and that combined application of glucose and nitrogen demonstrated positive effect on sequestration of organic nitrogen.In conclusion,glucose could regulate mineralization of soil organic nitrogen,which is of important significance in improving nitrogen utilization efficiency and reducing nitrogen loss in farmland.

From November of 2007 to October of 2008, stationary observation was performed of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution of rivers and fish ponds in Xinzhuang Town, Changshu, to explore variation of N and P concentrations in the waterbodies and sources of the pollutants. Results show that in the river water, the mean concentration of inorganic N, total N, soluble P and total P was 2.07,2.31,0.30 and 0.53 mg·L^-1, respectively, indicating that the river was severely polluted. In the rivers and fish ponds, inorganic N dominated the pollutant N accounting for 89.6% and 72.7%, respectively and soluble phosphorus did the pollutant P, accounting for 73.6% and 71.1%, respectively. Generally, the mean concentrations of nitrate N, inorganic N and total N in the rivers and fish ponds showed a similar variation trend, while the mean concentrations of phosphate, soluble P and total P differed in variation between the rivers and fish ponds. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the rivers came mainly from domestic sewage and pig farms waste water, while nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the fish ponds from application of baits and fertilizers,and atmospheric nitrogen deposition was also an important contributor to nitrogen pollution of the waterbodies.

Slow growth of anaerobic ammonium oxidation(ANAMMOX) microbes is one of the main problems with practical application of ANAMMOX process.So it is very important to select a proper type of sludge for inoculation of the ANAMMOX microbes.Three different types of sludge,i.e.aerobic sludge,anaerobic granular sludge and anaerobic digestion sludge,were selected in the experiment and inoculated with ANAMMOX microbes.After 61,70,85 days of incubation in anaerobic squencing batch reactors(ASBR) separately,ammonium removal rate reached 82%,92%,and 91%,respectively and total nitrogen removal rate 76%,82%,and 80%,respectively in the three samples,and pH of the water discharged from Reactor R1,R2 and R3 remained at 8.4,8.5 and 8.5,respectively.The aerobic sludge turned into floccules,better in settleability than its precendent and the anaerobic granular sludge was disintegrated into sludge composed of particles of sizes ranging mainly from 0.5 to 1.0 mm,while the anaerobic digestion sludge became sandy with small particles.Based on the chemometrics of cell yield coefficient of the ANAMMOX bacteria and the NH₄⁺-N and NO₂^- -N removal rate and NO₃^--N generation rate,the yield coefficient of the ANAMMOX bacteria were figured out as 0.080,0.105 and 0.114 mol CH₂O_0.5N_0.15/mol NH₄⁺,respectively,suggesting that the ANAMMOX bacteria in the reactors attenuated to a varying extent.To sum up,anaerobic granular sludge is the best for enrichment of ANAMMOX bacteria.

A study was carried out on seasonal variation of ammonium and phosphate release at the sediment-water interface in Lake Taihu,and particularly in Meiliang Bay,using a novel technology of flow-through incubation.Results show that ammonium and phosphate release at the sediment-water interface in Lake Taihu was characterized mostly by its endogenousness,despite of the obvious spatial variation of ammonium and phosphate fluxes from site to site in the lake zones.Due to the pollution input of inflow rivers,the ammonium fluxes in the north of Meiliang Bay,Zhushan Bay and the off-shore area in the west of Lake Taihu [Mean±SD:(103.35±13.17) mg·m^-2·d^-1] were greater than those in other lake zones [(11.87±12.03) mg·m^-2·d^-1].A similar trend was observed with phosphate flux,and in addition,high fluxes were also monitored in Gonghu Bay,East Lake Taihu and off-shore area of the southwest of Lake Taihu.Similar to what was found in a static incubation system,the ammonium and phosphate fluxes measured in the flow-through incubation system at Meiliang Bay also demonstrated seasonal and spatial variations,i.e.higher in summer than in spring and autumn and in more polluted lake zones than in others.Because of the airtight design of the flow-through incubation system,volatilization of ammonia from overlying water was negligible,as compared to the open-top mode of the static incubation system.So the ammonium flux in the flow-through incubation system was much higher than that in the static incubation system,while phosphate fluxes were more or less the same due to its nonvolatility.

A greenhouse pot-experiment was carried out to investigate effects of indigenous and exogenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) on phytoremediation of PAHs-contaminated soil by Medicago sativa and Lolium muhiflorum.Inoculation of exogenous Glomus caledonium 36 enhanced significantly AMF infection rate of M.sativa and L.muhiflorum(P<0.05),and plant biomass as well,while inoculation of indigenous AMF alone or together with G.caledonium 36 did not show any positive effect on the AMF infection and plant biomass,and even decreased AMF infection rate of L.muhiflorum at its seedling stage.Planting M.sativa and L.muhiflorum stimulated PAHs degradation(P<0.05),which reached 42.3% and 41.1%,respectively on D60 after inoculation with G.caledonium 36,suggesting the significant effect of the strain.However,inoculation of indigenous AMF did not have such effect.Inoculation with indigenous AMF and G.caledonium together did not show much effect on M.sativa in the soil,but did on L.muhiflorum degrading PAHs on D60.A significant positive correlation was observed between degradation rate of PAHs in the soil and AMF infection rate in the plant roots(P<0.05),suggesting that AMF infection can increase the phytoremediation efficiency of PAHs-contaminated soil.

In a laboratory incubation experiment,factors affecting vermicomposting of agricultural organic wastes were optimized,and vermicomposting conducted under the condition combining all the optimized factors.And then the resultant compost was analyzed for variation of its major properties.Results show that with vermicomposting going on,pH value and C/N ratio of the wastes decreased but EC content increased significantly;available N,available P in the organic wastes reached the highest in content on D45,and available K reached the highest in content on D30;activities of sucrase,urease and catalase increased but phosphatase activity decreased in the initial period of vermicomposting.Moreover,compared with the vermicompost of mixture of pig dung and rice straw(7∶3 in ratio,15 ℃in temperature,75% in humidity and 10 worms/pot in inoculation density),the vermicompost of pig dung and sawdust(7∶3 in ratio,20 ℃in temperature,75% in humidity and 15 worms/pot in inoculation density) was relatively lower in pH,EC and available K,but relatively higher in the activity of sucrase and phosphatase.Relatively speaking,vermicomposting of the mixture of pig dung and sawdust is an effective approach to safe recycling of agricultural organic waste.

Effect of tributyltin chloride(TBTCl) on apoptosis of spermary cells of male Oreochromis aureus was studied through an experiment,where TBTCl was dissolved in the water the fish were kept in at a dosage of 0,1,3,5 and 10 μg·L^-1,respectively.Spermaries of the fish were taken after exposure for 24 or 48 hours.Part of the organ was prepared into paraffin section for analysis of apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidy transferase mediated dUTP-Biotin nick-end labeling(TUNTEL),while the other part was used for study of effect of TBTCl on activity of Ca²⁺-ATP enzyme in the spermary cell.Results show that apoptosis of spermary cells was induced by TBTCl,and activity of the Ca²⁺-ATP enzyme of spermary cell varied between treatments of dosage of TBTCl after exposure for a set period of time.Regardless of exposure time,whether 24 or 48 hours and 24 or 96 hours,no significant difference(P>0.05) was observed between the 1 μg·L^-1 group and the control group in apoptosis and in variation of Ca²⁺-ATP enzyme activity,respectively.Under the condition of effective dosages,spermary cell apoptosis rate increased with the dosage,showing a close relationship(P<0.05) between dosage and apoptosis rate.Similarly,the activity of Ca²⁺-ATP enzyme also increased along with the dosage of TBTCl(P<0.05).When the dosage of the TBTCl increased,the apoptosis rate and the activity of Ca²⁺-ATP enzyme of spermary cells increased synergetically.

An indoor simulation experiment was carried out to study photolysis and hydrolysis of emamectin benzoate in buffer solution,and degradation of emamectin benzoate in three different types of soils,black soil from Northeast China,red soil from Jiangxi and paddy soil from the Lake Taihu region.Results show that the photolytic half-life of emamectin benzoate in solution under the Xe lamp with optical intensity of 2 370 lx and ultraviolet radiation intensity of 13.5 μW·cm^-2 was determined to be 1.73 h.In solution with temperature 25 ℃ and pH 5.0 and 7.0 emamectin benzoate was hard to hydrolyze and its half-life was reckoned to be over 1 year.However,it was easy to hydrolyze in solution of pH 9.0 with a half-life being 45.3 days,which was shortened in solution of higher temperature.The half-life of emamectin benzoate in red soil,black soil and paddy soil was 16.3,41.5 and 91.2 days,respectively,which was affected mainly by biodegradation and hence the content of soil organic matter. 

Effects of some factors,like amount of TiO₂ added as the catalyst,initial concentration of carbendazim,thickness of the surface soil on photolysis of carbendazim therein were studied under natural sunlight.Results show that photodegradation of carbendazim fitted the quasi-first-order kinetic equation.The constant of the equation increased from 0.015 8 to 0.045 0 h^-1 with increasing TiO₂ rate from 0 to 200 mg·kg^-1,showing significant linear correlation(r=0.962),and the highest photodegradation rate reached 2.85 times as much as the slowest.The half-life of carbendazim increased with the increasing of soil thickness.

For the purpose of providing a useful reference for researchers in the study of pesticides eco-risk assessment and thereby improving the environmental management of pesticides in China,a detailed introduction was presented to the latest advancement in this aspect in USA and EU,including important and latest concepts,development in assessment procedure,comparison between different multi-tiered eco-risk assessment methods applicable to different regions,and particularly,key technology for pesticide eco-risk assessment-exposure assessment and establishment of exposure scenarios.Besides,specific suggestions were put forth to strengthen the study on pesticides eco-risk assessment in China.

Based on findings of soil investigation and growth of Phragmites australis in polders on Dongtan wetland of Chongming,discussions were held on how the soil environment factors subject to impact of fluctuating groundwater level affect growth of Phragmites australis.Results show that(1)groundwater level fluctuation varied in magnitude and time from quadrat to quadrat,resulting in different soil water regimes(P_1,2=0.004,P_1,3=0.001,P_2,3=0.040),which hence led to sharp variation of Phragmites australis in plant height and plant leaf-area,and the plants in the quadrat the highest in soil water content were found to be the tallest in plant height and the biggest in plant leaf-area;(2)soil total nitrogen content is significantly related to density and biomass,either above-or below-ground,of Phragmites australis. 

Effects of Pistia statiotes and Rhodospirillum sp.were studied on treating wastewater from rural swine farms in two ponds(area: 398 m²;depth: 3.3 m) in Xinyang of Henan.Pond #1 was treated with Rhodospirillum sp.(50 L×8×10⁸ mL^-1),and Pond #2 with Pistia statiotes(100 m^-2).After one year of experiment,results show that the combined effect of the two treatments was significant with TP dropped by 41.8%-76.0%,TN by 61.8%-81.0%,COD by 66.8%-79.1% and BOD₅ by 64.8%-82.3%.It demonstrates that Pistia statiotes and Rhodospirillum sp.can greatly improve wastewater quality of swine farm.

Field experiments were carried out in Jinan and Hangzhou and laboratory analysis performed to determine dynamics of fenpyroximate residue in cotton leaves,cotton seeds and soil,using liquid extraction method and HPLC method.Results show that the lowest detectable limit of the method was 0.01 mg·kg^-1(S/N=3).When the pesticide was applied at a rate of 0.10,0.50,1.00 mg·kg^-1,its recovery rate varied in the range of 72.5%～103.1%.Degradation of fenpyroximate in cotton fields in Jinan and Hangzhou demonstrated a similar trend.The half-life of fenpyroximate in cotton leaves was in the range from 3.8 to 4.3 days,and in soil from 8.8 to 9.6 days.The final residue of fenpyroximate was <0.01 mg·kg^-1 in cotton seeds,and <0.01 to 0.98 mg·kg-1 in soil.It is,therefore,suggested that the MRL(maximum residue level) of fenpyroximate in cotton seeds be set at 0.1 mg·kg^-1. 

Based on analysis and discussions of the dilemmas and problems faced by areas prohibited to exploitation,coverage and scope of the areas are specified,and policies and strategies related to land management,resource protection,financial investment and construction management in the areas are recommended,with a view to provide a basis for effective management of the areas prohibited to exploitation.