With the aid of the CA-Markov model,impacts of land use on the wetland landscape pattern of the Naoli River Watershed was analyzed.Results show(1) the wetland landscape pattern varied significantly,with the largest patch index(LPI) of wetland landscape,and the perimeter-area fractal dimensions(PA-FRAC) of cultivated land and water body declining gradually,while the interspersion & juxtaposition index(IJI) of marsh and residential land,the aggregation index(AI) of wet meadow and cultivated land,and the fragmentation degree of cultivated land landscape increased ascending gradually,leading to shrinkage of the wetland landscape from lands of high relief in the circumference of the basin to the narrow corridor alongside the central river from 1967 to 2000;(2) variation of the land use was significant,reflected in rapid expansion of farmland and residential land,and mergence of farmlands in distribution;and dominance of the landscape shifted from by wetland to by farmland;and(3) variation of the intensity of land use between time phrases were remarkable.Disturbance of the wetland landscape by human activities increased in intensity in the period from 1967 to 2000,leading to rise of the proportion of artificial landscape in area from 26.5% to 67.8%,and of the intensity of land use impact from 1.690 to 2.394.The simulated impact intensity of land use on the basin was lower than the actual data in 2000.It is,hence,concluded that the disturbance intensity in the period of 1983-2000 was higher than in the period of 1967-1983.Based on variation of the areas of residential land and the wetland,temporal differences in contribution of population expansion and drainage activity to the impact of land use on the wetland landscape pattern can be distinguished in the Naoli River Watershed.

Using a newly-discovered combination of PCA(principal component analysis) and TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution),a study was carried out to evaluate and zone the meteorological hydrothermal resources for winter wheat in Hebei Province.Results show that Hebei Province can be divided into four zones in terms of climate suitability of winter wheat,i.e.South Hebei,the most suitable area for growth of winter wheat,where the heat and water resources match well;Central Hebei and Circum-Bohai area,where the relative imbalance of heat and water resources hinders somewhat growth of winter wheat;Northeast Hebei,where the water resource is tolerable,but lacks heat resource to match it;and North and Northeast Hebei,where the climate resources are the most unsuitable for growing winter wheat.

Based on the maximum NDVI dataset worked out every 15 days by GIMMS and the meteorological data gathered from 84 weather stations in Guizhou Province,variation of the vegetation in Guizhou and its NDVI in the period of 1987-2003,and their relations with major climate factors,temperature and rainfall,were analyzed.Results show that the annual mean NDVI in Guizhou Province demonstrated a declining trend in the 17 years,which is a result of the sharp drop of NDVI in winter,even though in spring NDVI rises a bit.On a yearly scale,variation of vegetation is not significantly related to temperature and precipitation,however,it is,on a seasonal scale,especially to temperature in spring(α=0.05).On the whole,the correlation coefficient of NDVI with temperature and precipitation in spring is higher than in the other seasons.The simultaneous correlation of temperature with NDVI is higher than the lag correlation,while the relationship of precipitation shows an opposite trend.Both temperature and precipitation are positively related to growth of vegetation,but the former is more significantly related than the latter.

Based on the set principles for readjustment of the Yancheng National Rare Bird Reserve(YNRBR),a scheme is put forth for readjustment of its area and functional zones.The readjustment will reduce the total area of YNRBR from 4 530 to 2 842 km²,but expand the acreage of the core area from 174 to 219 km² which accounts for 7.71% of the total area of YNRBR;the buffer zone from 467 to 557 km²,and the experimental zone from 3 889 to 2 066 km².Besides,driving forces of the readjustment are analyzed from the following 3 aspects:changes in natural condition,dynamics of the communities in the region and harmonized development between the reserve and the adjacent regions.

To reveal altitudinal spatial variability of ecological degeneration in Bijie Prefecture,Guizhou Province,vertical gradient of ecological degeneration indexes were analyzed using geostatistics.The study site is in the centre of Yunnan,Guizhou,Guangxi Karst area where the altitudinal variation ranges widely.The optimal semivariogram theoretical model of bedrock exposure rate was linear with a sill model;the vegetation cover and soil gravel rates were a spherical model.The spatial relativity of vegetation cover was strong with vertical gradient and it was mainly affected by natural control factors with altitudinal variation.The rate of nugget to sill was 22.32%.The spatial relativity of bedrock exposure and soil gravel rate were moderate with vertical gradient and they were mainly affected by random factors.The rate of nugget to sill were 34.38% and 25.97%.The ranges of soil gravel rate and vegetation cover were 968.10 and 859.48 m.These data showed that soil gravel rate and vegetation cover were affected by wide altitudinal ranges.The range of bedrock exposure was 52.28 m indicating that it is affected by narrow ranges.Moran’s I for bedrock exposure and vegetation showed similar trends along altitudinal gradient;however,that for soil gravel rate was quite different.

By means of system analysis,an index system,centering around socio-economic pressure,water pollution load,and water environmental status,is established for evaluation of ecological impact of the socio-economic activities on the Taihu Basin.Weights of the indices of the system were computed,using AHP(analytic hierarchy process).And based on available data related to the Taihu Basin in 2005 and 2006,comprehensive evaluation of the ecology of the basin was performed with the aid of MATLAB and the approach of fuzzy pattern recognition.And finally,ecological impact of the socio-economic activities on the Taihu Basin was analyzed.Results show that the impact was enormous.Besides point-source pollution,non-point source pollution is one of the root causes of the ecological problems in the region.

June every year in China is the right season for harvest of wheat,and also the period when straw burning takes place seriously in some part of the country.In June 2007,straw burning was monitored with the aid of the technology of satellite remote sensing.With some city cited as a case for study,impact of straw burning on environmental air quality was analyzed,taking into account the meteorological data of the region.Results show that straw burning happens mainly in winter wheat production area,especially the North China Plain,where the number of straw burning sites accounted for 86.9% of the country’s.Within the month of June,straw burning occurred mainly in the first half of the month,accounting for 87.3% of the total in the month.Correlation analysis shows that change in the number of straw burning sites coincided with the change in air pollution index of the buffer area between 700 and 800 km around,with a correlation coefficient being 0.54.When meteorological conditions are not favorable for dispersion of air pollutants,straw burning will significantly affect the air quality.

A field experiment using OTC(open-top chamber)was carried out with treatments different in nitrogen supply(0,5,15 g·m^-2) and CO₂ level(350 vs 700 μmol·mol^-1) to investigate effects of the treatments on biomass and root/shoot ratio(R/S) of Calamagrostis angustifolia.Results show that effect of elevated CO₂ on biomass differed in the growth stage.Elevation of CO₂ level stimulated growth of the biomass of the above ground parts of the plant mainly at its early growth stage.It increased the biomass by 12.42%-22.60% at the jointing and heading stages in all the nitrogen treatments,and by 3.11%-12.97% at the dough and maturing stages.The response of the underground parts,however,was obvious at the late growth stages,varying in the range of 17.63%-42.20% except at the jointing stage.The response of biomass and R/S to elevated CO₂ was related to nitrogen level.The promoting effect of elevated CO₂ on biomass and R/S of Calamagrostis angustifolia was only significant in treatments higher in nitrogen supply,while it was not in CK.The stimulating effect of CO₂ on underground biomass is the main cause to increased R/S.

Spectral absorption of chromophoric dissolved organic matters(CDOM) in 250 samples collected from 50 sampling stations in Lake Taihu from 2006 to 2007 were simulated using four different models in this present study.Four models included three exponential models using linear and nonlinear fitting,and a hyperbolic model.It was found that the other three models(Model 2,3 and 4) performed better than the conventional single exponential model(Model 1).Statistics show that the power function model fitted the best,being 0.999 0 in average determination coefficient,higher than the other three;but was lower in average relative error and root mean square error(RMSE) than the other three(ANOVA,P<0.001).Calculation,using the power function model(Model 4),demonstrated within the spectra range 280-500 nm,the CDOM mean spectral slope(S) value was(6.66±0.40) nm^-1 with a variation coefficient being 6.08%.The frequency distribution of S value basically followed a normal distribution.Spatially,the S value was significantly higher in Meiliang Bay than in the open water area of Lake Taihu(ANOVA,P<0.001).Temporally,S value followed the order of spring>winter>summer>autumn.The CDOM S value demonstrated a significant negative correlation with absorption coefficient,but a positive one with wavelength.

In order to explore seasonal variation of Microcystis community in Taihu Lake,water samples were collected at four representative sampling sites(River Mouth,Meiliang Bay,lake-bay intersection,and Center of Taihu Lake) in four seasons.Two methods,microscopic evaluation and PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE),were adopted to analyze the samples.The former did not find any significant seasonal variation of the dominant species(Microcystis aeruginosa,Microcystis wesenbergii and Microcystis flos-aquae) of the Microcystis community(P>0.05).However,the latter discovered that the Microcystis communities in the samples collected in summer and winter were separated into two feature groups,but those in the samples collected in spring and autumn were intermingled.Moreover,analysis show genetic distance of Microcystis in the same season was smaller than those in different seasons(P<0.01).In Taihu Lake,estival blooms consist mainly of Microcystis groups that are closely related.

Water samples collected from the surface water of the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing of China were tested for 18 kinds of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),using gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector(GC/ECD).Samples from 9 sampling sites were found to have residues of the 18 pesticides in the range of 10.06～87.37 ng·L^-1,and the concentrations of HCHs and DDTs were in the range of 3.93～38.94 ng·L^-1 and 3.71～16.03 ng·L^-1,respectively.It has been found that distribution of the organochlorine pesticides is closely related with soil cultivation style and water quality of the inflowing rivers.Wastewater discharged from the industrial zones in the upper streams and drainage from surrounding agricultural fields are major contributors of the pollution.Compared with other areas both at home and abroad,the Guanting Reservoir is lower in OCP concentration and its concentrations of DDTs and BHCs are below the upper limit of the National Standard for Surface Water Environmental Quality in China.

Decision tree analysis,Mahalanobis distance discriminant analysis and Fisher discriminant analysis were employed to classify ecological hazards of 61 chemicals.Comparison between these methods showed 92%,87% and 75%,respectively in correctness of the classification.Decision tree was not only the highest in correctness,but also reduced 2 indexes in the evaluation.Moreover,analyses of the 61-index matrix demonstrated that the classification capacity of the decision tree method was very stable and its correctness displayed normal distribution,which remained around 92%.So it is the optimal method for the classification of ecological hazard in these methods.

 A water and nitrogen management model(WNMM) was used to simulate the soil water and nitrogen dynamics in fluvo-aquic soil,with a view to establishing a scheme to optimize soil water and nitrogen in light of local climate and soil properties.The model was validated by field experiments in fluvo-aquic soil.Results show that the model did good in simulating water and nitrogen dynamic.The simulated values of evaportranspiration,soil water and nitrate content displayed significant correlation(α=0.01) with measured values,and the deviation are acceptable.Based on real-time data of soil water and nitrogen content,an optimal irrigation and fertilization scheme was figured out.Under the average climate conditions of years,the scheme could not only provide a preferable soil environment for crop growth,but also save irrigation water by 163.5 mm and nitrogen fertilizer by 130 kg·hm^-2 and decrease soil water and nitrogen leaching by 264.6 mm and 71.1 kg·hm^-2,respectively,each year.

Effective diffusion coefficient of VOCs in porous medium is an important parameter in the process of mass transfer of soil vapor extraction(SVE).To study effective diffusion coefficient and diffusion law of volatile benzene in media of fine sands different in water content,a soil column diffusion experiment was carried out.Results show that water content affected diffusion of volatile benzene to a certain extent in such a medium as fine sands containing little adsorptive clay mineral.The diffusion rate was the highest when water content in the medium was 50 g·kg^-1;When the water content was within the range of 0-50 g·kg^-1,the higher the water content,the higher the diffusion rate.But when it reached beyond 50 g·kg^-1,the higher the water content,the lower the diffusion rate.Moreover,in the same column,the effective diffusion coefficient increased along with the distance,which was possibly attributed to a decreasing fractional vapor pressure of volatile benzene.

A strain of biosurfactant-producing petroleum-degrader-BHSN was isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil.Strain BHSN was identified as Acinetobacter sp.according to its morphological,physiological,and biochemical features and 16S rDNA sequences.Strain BHSN was capable of degrading C₁₃-C₃₂ n-alkanes in crude oil.It grew and produced biosurfactant the most in medium with temperature ranging from 25 to 30 ℃,and pH 5.0～8.5.In LB medium,addition of 10 g·L^-1 glucose promoted growth of BHSN,but not hindered production of biosurfactant.Addition of 10 g·L^-1 sucrose,lactose,maltose or xylose stimulated both growth and biosurfactant synthesis of BHSN.The biosurfactant produced by Strain BHSN was primarily identified as lipopeptide based on TLC and FT-IR analyses.The biosurfactants it produced in fermented medium decreased the surface tension of the medium from 68.3 to 28.6 mN·m^-1.

Population,community composition and trophic groups of soil nematodes in soils contaminated with arsenic(As) at three levels were studied.A total of 27 genera of nematodes were observed and dominated with Aphelenchoides in all the soils.Bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes were dominant groups in soils,low and medium in As level,respectively,whereas,plant-parasites were the predominant group in soil,high in As level.Wasilewska index(I_W) and maturity index(I_M) of nematodes living freely in soils low and medium in As level were much higher than in soils high in As level,while the plant-parasites index(I_PP) and I_PP/I_M exhibited an opposite trend.The findings indicate that in soils high in As contamination level,the soil food web was heavily disturbed,and its soil environment quality for the community was much poorer than in soils low and medium in As level.It is,hence,suggested that structure of the nematode community is a potential indicator of changes in soil quality and ecosystem.

A comprehensive review is presented of basic contents,principles and implementation steps of the total maximum daily load(TMDL) program,progress of the study on watershed models,such as the SWAT,HSPF and AnnAGNPS,commonly used in the implementation process of the TMDL both abroad and at home,and the study on best management practices(BMPs) adopted in implementation of TDML and uncertainty analysis of TMDL.The paper eventually discussed developmental trend of TMDL and prospects of the application of the technology in management of agricultural non-point source pollution by taking into account the status quo of the environmental protection and the technical system of total quantity control in China.

Observation of effects of 23 different types of plant communities commonly found in the residential areas of Shanghai on temperature and humidity revealed that all plant communities,regardless of type,could lower temperature and increase humidity in the residential areas,but their effects varied significantly.The effects were the highest and differed the most sharply from that of lawns during 13:00-14:00,while during 16:00-17:00,the effects differed slightly.About 18% of the plant communities were lower than lawns in temperature-lowering effect and about 45% in humidity-increasing effect.Among the types of plant communities,coniferous forest,coniferous-broad-leaf mixed forest and bamboo forest were the highest in the two effects,lowering the temperature by>2.3 ℃ and increasing the humidity by 12.4% on a daily mean basis.

Responses of Potamogeton crispus in turion germination,seedling growth and leaf photosynthesis efficiency were studied in 2 pot culture experiments.The winter experiment had six treatments with controlled light,i.e.2×10⁴-5×10⁴(CK,maximum light intensity at noon),350-450,160-260,60-80,30-50,and 0-30 lx,and lasted 67 days from January 20th to March 28th of 2007.And the summer experiment was carried out in a light incubator,also with six treatments,various in light intensity,that is,1 400,970,660,450,160 and 120 lx,to study light threshold of turion germination under high water temperature in summer was studied.Results show that(1)light intensity had no significant effects on turion germination,which completed on D45 in the winter experiment,while in the summer experiment,light intensity threshold was found to be in the range of 120-160 lx,and over 90% of the turion germinated under the light intensity of 1 400 lx;(2) at the early growth stage,the P.crispus seedlings displayed a higher growth rate(about 1.20 cm·d^-1)in the 5 treatments than in CK(0.92 cm·d^-1),and a reverse trend at the late growth stage,that is,about 1.09 cm·d^-1 in the treatments and 3.15 cm·d^-1 in CK,and moreover,the number of leaves of the seedlings in the treatments did not increase with the growth of P.crispus in plant height;(3)in the winter experiment,beginning on the 39th day after the germination,maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(F_v /F_m),quantum yield of PSⅡ(ΦPSⅡ)and photochemical quenching(q_p)of the plants declined with decreasing light intensity,and the effect of dim light on PSⅡ of P.crispus was significant,whereas,non-photochemical quenching(q_n)increased,protecting PSⅡ of P.crispus leaves;and(4)long-term exposure to dim light seriously affected the light corresponding capacity of the seedlings.

In light of the characteristics of nature reserve and the requirements of biodiversity conservation,scope and approval conditions of construction projects involving nature reserve are specified,and environmental management measures that the nature reserve administrations should adopt for various stages of construction projects are analyzed.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward for providing standardized guidance to the management of construction projects in nature reserves.

The areas along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries,the Lhasa River and the Nianchu River,are the center of social and economic development in Tibet,and also regions that are seriously affected by aeolian sands.The regions alongside the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Lhasa River,especially around the Gonggar Airport and Lhasa City,covered with rolling sand dunes are serious in hazard in Tibet.Based on systematic analysis and summarization of the successful experience of air-seeding in low altitude regions,feasibility study was carried out of air-seeding in the alpine aeolian desertified land in Tibet from the aspects of precipitation,temperature,sunshine,landform,and wind regime.Results show that the simultaneity of rain and heat,and matching of light,temperature and water in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,greatly favor the growth of plants.Meanwhile,frequent change of wind direction during the early sowing period from the end of May to the beginning of June helps cover the seeds with sand.Now,selection of seeds of native plant species,adaptable to the particular habitat of the alpine aeolian desertified land in Tibet,and solution to the problem of relocation of sown seeds are the two keys to the success of the experiment on air-seeding in Tibet.