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Table of Content

Volume 24 Issue 1
25 January 2008
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Evaluation of Eco-Environmental Fragility in Middle Reaches of Heihe River Using Information Entropy and Matter-Element Model
PAN Jing-Hu, FENG Zhao-Dong
2008, 24(1):  1-4. 
Abstract ( 794 )   PDF (247KB) ( 1461 )  
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Based on characteristics of the eco-environment in the middle reaches of the Heihe River and PSP model,9 evaluation index systems that reflect eco-environmental frangibility while being isolated from each other were selected to form a model for integrated evaluation of eco-environment fragility of the studied area using the matter-elements theory and information entropy.Results indicate that Minle and Ganzhou Counties were the least,Jiayuguan city was medium,Suzhou,Gaotai and Lingze Counties were slightly high,and Shandan County was the highest in eco-environmental fragility.Sensibility of evaluation factors varied from factor to factor and from county to county.The evaluation results obtained using such a model are basically consistent with the local conditions.
Box-Counting Dimensions of Spatial Distribution Pattern of Ceratoides ewersmanniana and Haloxylon ammodendron Populations in Southern Rim of Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang
TAO Ye, LIU Tong, JIA Ya-Min, CUI Yun-He
2008, 24(1):  5-9. 
Abstract ( 684 )   PDF (276KB) ( 1178 )  
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Ceratoides ewersmanniana and Haloxylon ammodendron were the edificators and dominant species in the Gurbantunggut Desert,playing an important role in wind breaking and sand fixing.Box-counting dimension method of the fractal theory was used in comparative analysis of spatial distribution of the populations of the two shrub plants in two sample plots(200 m×200 m),different in type of habitat.Results of the analysis indicate that the box-counting dimension of spatial distribution of the population of C.ewersmanniana was 1.709 and 1.527 0 in plot A and B,respectively,and of H.ammodendron,1.406 3 and 1.568 6,respectively.All in all,the former was comparatively higher than the latter in capability of occupying and exploiting space.The box-counting dimension of interspecies spatial distribution of the two shrub plants varied slightly between Plot A and Plot B,being 1.780 5 and 1.735 7,respectively,both higher than the box-counting dimension of spatial distribution of the population of a single species,which suggests that when deemed as a whole,C.ewersmanniana and H.ammodendron populations were much higher in capability of occupying and exploiting space,and their ecological functions was similar in either Plot A or B.
Scenario Analysis of Soil Erosion in the Feldspathic Sandstone Area in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River
XU Hong-Mei, GAO Qing-Zhu, JIANG Yuan
2008, 24(1):  10-14. 
Abstract ( 721 )   PDF (276KB) ( 1202 )  
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Based on existing research findings and related data available,scenario analysis was carried out of the Changchuan Watershed in the feldspathic sandstone area in the middle reaches of the Yellow River to explore effects of different erosion control strategies and the "Grain for Green" strategy on soil erosion.Results show that biological and engineering measures are quite significant in erosion control effect,whereas the "Grain for Green" strategy is not so comparatively.Combination of the two makes the effect greater and is recommended to be the priority choice for soil erosion control in this region.
Assessment of Wetland Disturbance Based on Hydrogeomorphic Classification—A Case Study of Naoli River Valley
LI Yu-Feng, LIU Hong-Yu
2008, 24(1):  15-19. 
Abstract ( 752 )   PDF (276KB) ( 1312 )  
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Function-based hydrogeomorphic classification of wetlands is an approach to evaluation of physical and chemical properties,ecological functions and human disturbance of wetlands.With the aid of the spatial analysis function of the ARCGIS software(version 9.0),wetlands in the Naoli River Valley were evaluated and classified into hydrogeomorphic units,using analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy selection theoretic model.Results show that the wetland ecoregions in the Naoli River Valley plain could be sorted into categories,i.e.riverine,depression,slope and microknoll and that their human disturbance intensity were 0.043 2,0.093 0,0.397 6 and 0.937 4,respectively,showing an rising trend.Riverine and depression,light in human disturbance,accounted for 50.09% of the total acreage of wetlands,slope,moderate,for 17.42% and microknoll,severe,for 32.49%.Currently,the wetland stays good in function.
Analysis of Dynamic Improving Hierarchical Process(DIAHP)-Based Analysis of Tourism Environment Carrying Capacity and Related Countermeasure
YANG Xiu-Ping
2008, 24(1):  20-23. 
Abstract ( 661 )   PDF (259KB) ( 1451 )  
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Tourism environment carrying capacity is a technological-tool-based microscopic study,which is always used in planning and management of tourism areas.As in Analysis of Hierarchical Process(AHP) indices are not considered simultaneously,correctness of the evaluation will be affected.To solve the problem,a dynamic improved one,DIAHP,is put forward herein,by adding the conception of changing weight based on relative importance scale.Application of the method in tourism environment carrying capacity is extended,and evaluation process is simplified.Finally,an example is given to illustrate feasibility and validity of the proposed method.
Evaluation of the Ecological Service Function of the Hongze Lake Wetland Nature Reserve in Sihong,Jiangsu
ZHAI Shui-Jing, HU Wei-Ping, QIAN Yi
2008, 24(1):  24-28. 
Abstract ( 802 )   PDF (278KB) ( 1489 )  
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Based on field investigations,evaluation of the ecological service function of the Hongze Lake Wetland Nature Reserve in Sihong,Jiangsu,was conducted,using a number of methods,such as market value method,shadow project method and travel cost method.Results show that the annual total value of the ecological service functions was estimated at 1 397 million yuan,accounting for 20.82% of Sihong′s Gross National Product in 2005.Among all the wetland ecosystem service functions of the reserve,provision of habitat for important wildlife species,regulation of water and regulation of air accounted for 27.49%,25.27% and 19.33%,respectively.So obviously they are the major service functions.The service function value per unit area of the Hongze Wetland is 28 299 yuan,about 4.09 times as high as that of the wetlands of the globe and 4.85 times as that of the wetlands in China.Therefore,in developing the local economy of Sihong,it is essential to scientifically and rationally protect and exploit the wetland resources by following the basic characteristics of the wetland ecosystem of the reserve.
Effect of Temperature on Emission of Greenhouse Gases From Cow Manure
LU Ri-Dong, LI Yu-E, WAN Yun-Fan, QIN Xiao-Bo
2008, 24(1):  29-31. 
Abstract ( 766 )   PDF (145KB) ( 1224 )  
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Fluxes of greenhouse gases emitted from cow manure in four different temperature treatments(5,15,25 and 35 ℃) were measured using closed-air-chamber-gas-chromatography to determine effect of temperature on the emission.Resutls show temperature is the main factor influencing the greenhouse gases emission from the manure.When the manure was low in temperature,greenhouse gases emission was less.The emission increased with the temperature.CO2 emission varied sharply with the temperature,and so did CH4 emission except for Treatments 5 and 15 ℃.In Treatment 35 ℃,N2O emission was significantly higher than the others,while it did not vary much between the others.
Effects of Transgenic Bt Cotton on Insect Populations in Cotton Fields in Coastal Agricultural Region of Jiangsu Province
XU Wen-Hua, LIU Biao, WANG Rui-Ming, ZHENG Yang-Ping, ZHANG Yi, LI Xiao-Gang
2008, 24(1):  32-38. 
Abstract ( 656 )   PDF (337KB) ( 1336 )  
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The insect populations in the fields of insect-resistant transgenic Bt cotton(BT) and in the fields of conventional non-transgenic cotton(CV) in the coastal agricultural region of Jiangsu Province were surveyed and systematically compared in the year of 2004—2005.Results show that the insect community structure in the Bt fields differed sharply from that in the CV fields.The populations of the Lepidopterous pests,such as cotton bollworm,corn borer,diamond bollworm and cotton leaf caterpillar,decreased significantly in the BT fields,while the populations of non-target pests with piercing-sucking mouthparts,such as leaf bugs,cotton spider mites,cotton aphids and whiteflies,increased obviously.Much more predators,such as spiders and ladybirds,and much less parasitiods of Helicoverpa armigera were observed in the BT fields.The findings of the present study and others suggest that the effects of insect-resistant transgenic Bt cotton on insect population in cotton fields were relatively steady in recent years.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Near Ground Temperature in Tea Farm Under Temperature Inversion in Early Spring
LI Ping-Ping, DAI Qing-Ling, HU Yong-Guang, YUAN Jun-Jie, MU Jian-Hua
2008, 24(1):  39-42. 
Abstract ( 692 )   PDF (202KB) ( 1388 )  
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In order to protect tea plants from frost damage in early spring,it is necessary to know temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of near ground temperature under temperature inversion.Horizontal distribution of temperature at tea plant canopy,diurnal change in ground temperature and vertical distribution of temperature within 7 m above ground was monitored in tea fields on flat land,and slopes different in exposure(north and south).Results show that in early spring,when the weather is clear,the diurnal temperature difference in the tea garden would be sharp,over 10 ℃ on average and even up to 20 ℃ in maximum.Moreover,a clear night with little wind tends to lead occurrence of temperature inverse,thus triggering formation of frost.Temperature inverse is intense between 21:00 and 06:00,and peaks at dawn(05:00-06:00).The intensity of temperature inversion varies with height and reaches the most at 4 m above the ground.Tea plants on north slope are affected most by temperature inverse and susceptible to damage of frost.Ground temperature varies gently and peaks at dusk in a day,and moreover,is always higher on flat land than on north slope.
Disposition of Farm Household Garbage—A Case Study of Chunhua County,Shaanxi Province
WU Jing, HAN Zhao-Xing, WANG Yi-Hui, XU Lin-Yu
2008, 24(1):  43-46. 
Abstract ( 893 )   PDF (207KB) ( 1434 )  
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Based on an investigation using questionnaire and on-site survey,analysis was conducted of the status quo of pollution and disposition of rural household waste in Chunhua,Shaanxi Province.Three major waste disposition schemes,i.e.household biogas pits,household composting pits,and small-sized refuse incinerators,were evaluated and compared in economic benefit,energy benefit and resource-environment benefit.Results show that biogas pits is higher than the others in comprehensive benefit.Advantages and limiting factors of biogas pits in popularization were analyzed by means of cost-benefit analysis,cash flow analysis and sensibility analysis.Results indicate that not only the constitutes of energy are optimized by household biogas pits decreasing the contribution of the traditional energy always used in low efficiency,but also the payment for chemical fertilizer and insecticides and time could be saved.Moreover,it will bring great benefit to the local farmers.The main limiting factors in extension of household biogas pits may be the shortage of environment protection awareness,and money and management of the research area.In the end,some suggestions are put forth for extension of biogas pits,in light of technical level of the society and the economy of the research area.
Acute Toxicity of Four New Types of Insecticides to the Fourth Instar Larvae of Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunage(Diptera:Chironomidae)
CHANG Xiao-Li, ZHAI Bao-Ping, WANG Bei-Xin, ZHOU Yu
2008, 24(1):  47-50. 
Abstract ( 1041 )   PDF (192KB) ( 1549 )  
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Acute toxicity of four new types of insecticide(15% monosultap-triazophos EC,20.2% avermectin-triazophos EC,1.8% avermectin-imidacloprid EC and 2.4% beta-cypermethrin-avermectin EC) was evaluated by using fourth instar larvae of dipteran Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunage of the Chironomidae family.Results show that 48 h acute toxicity of 1.8% avermectin-imidacloprid EC was the highest(LC50=0.001 5 mg·L-1) among the four insecticides.Concentration had significant effects on survival rates of Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunage larvae except for 15% monosultap-triazophos EC(24 h toxicity).For each insecticide,the differences in survival rates of chironomid larvae between 24,48,72 and 96 h were significant.For each day,the effects of the four insecticides on larvae were also significant.In conclusion,survival of chironomid larvae was severely affected by these insecticides.The patterns of action of the four insecticides were different,too.Larvae exposed to 15% monosultap-triazophos EC died slowly within four days but died much quicker when exposed to the other three insecticides.The serious impacts of insecticides on chironomid larvae in this study may help promote monitoring and assessing water quality in China.
Residue Dynamics of 10% Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl·Cyhalofop-Butyl EC in Rice
GUO Zheng-Yuan, HUANG Fan, XU Zhen
2008, 24(1):  51-54. 
Abstract ( 1386 )   PDF (202KB) ( 1547 )  
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A HPLC method was used to explore degradation behavior and environmental safety of 10% fenoxaprop-p-ethyl·cyhalofop-butyl EC(Baichu) in rice.Results indicate that 1) degradation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and cyhalofop-butyl in paddy water,soil and rice plant all accorded with the one-level dynamic equation;2) the half-life of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in paddy water,soil and rice plant were 3.51,1.63 and 2.14 d,respectively;3)the half-life of cyhalofop-butyl in paddy water,soil and rice plant were 3.18,1.61 and 2.05 d,respectively;and 4)when Baichu was applied at the recommended dose,residues of the two effective components were both lower than MRL.
Distribution and Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Soils of Xixi Wetland Park
SHAO Xue-Xin, WU Ming, JIANG Ke-Yi
2008, 24(1):  55-58. 
Abstract ( 706 )   PDF (254KB) ( 1532 )  
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Distribution,potential sources and risks of organochlorine pesticides(DDT and HCH) in the soils of the Xixi National Wetland Park were researched.Results show that HCH and DDT could be detected in all the topsoil samples.The ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs residues were similar with mean content being 18.44 ng·g-1 and 20.80 ng·g-1,respectively.HCH residues in the soils of persimmon orchards, bamboo gardens,bulrush bottomlands,vegetable farms and others were similar,while DDT residues in the soils of vegetable farm were higher than in the others. ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs in the soils were lower than the most stringent criteria(the first grade criterion,50 ng·g-1) of the Soil Environmental Quality Standard of China(GB 15618-1995).In comparison with other places of the country,Xixi is relatively lower in ∑DDTs,but higher in ∑HCHs.The eco-risk analysis shows that HCH residues in the soils do not pose much risk to the geobiont therein,while DDTs do have some risk to the birds and geobiont.
Relationship Between Leaching Potential and Accumulation of Phosphorus in Paddy Soils
ZHANG Hui-Min, ZHANG Ming-Kui
2008, 24(1):  59-62. 
Abstract ( 671 )   PDF (184KB) ( 1351 )  
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Phosphorus(P) in surface leaching from agricultural soils is a contributor to accelerating eutrophication of surface water.Prediction of P loss leached from the soil needs the knowledge of how soil P accumulation affects P concentration in drainage water or leachate.In this study,a simulated experiment was carried out to explore the relationship between leaching potential and accumulation of phosphorus in paddy soils.Results show that P concentration in soil solution increased with soil Olsen-P.A critical point of soil Olsen-P was found for loamy soil,loamy clayey soil and clayey soil,respectively.Above that point the potential of soil P release increased sharply with soil Olsen-P.When these soils were low in Olsen-P,the relationships between P concentration in soil solution and soil Olsen-P were quite similar and could be fitted with linear regression equations.The relationship for sandy soils could be expressed as a linear regression equation.Sandy soil was much greater than other soils in phosphorus release potential with a given soil Olsen-P.
Comparative Study on Transformation Potential of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in Different Parts of Lake Taihu
ZENG Jin, YANG Liu-Yan, XIAO Lin, DU Hong-Wei
2008, 24(1):  63-67. 
Abstract ( 665 )   PDF (264KB) ( 1326 )  
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Samples of waters and deposits were collected from algae-dominated Meiliang Bay and macrophyte-dominated East Lake Taihu for in-lab determination of DIN(dissolved inorganic nitrogen) transformation potentials within 20 days.Results demonstrate that rapid nitrifications existed in the sediments and waters of the two lake zones,and there was remarkable negative correlation between NH4+-N and NO3--N(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The nitrification rate in the algae-dominated zone was a little higher than in the macrophyte-dominated zone in the microcosm under the same condition,and the higher the initial NH4+-N concentration,the higher the nitrification rate.Nitrification rates decreased gradually with time when no extraneous nitrogen was added.Denitrification was also stronger in the Meiliang Bay than in the East Lake.After 20 days in lab,TN declined by 3.7%(on average) in the sediments,by 26.7% in the water from the East Lake,and by 42.2% in the water from the Meiliang Bay,suggesting that sediment was the most important place for denitrification.Transformation potential of DIN within a short period of time reflects not only nitrogen transformation rate,but also effects of water bodies different in eco-type on cycling of nitrogen in the lake.
Effects of Combined Application of Pig Manure Compost and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield of Rice Grains and Nitrogen Use Efficiency
MENG Lin, WANG Qiang, HUANG Qi-Wei, YANG Xing-Ming, XU Yang-Chun, SHEN Qi-Rong
2008, 24(1):  68-71. 
Abstract ( 1015 )   PDF (271KB) ( 1423 )  
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A field experiment was carried to study effect of combined application of pig manure compost(PMC) and inorganic fertilizers(IF) on yield of rice grains and nitrogen use efficiency.Results show that highest yield(8 595 kg·hm-2) was obtained in Treatment PMC(1 500 kg·hm-2)+IF,being about 57.8% and 13.6% higher than that in CK and Treatment IF,respectively,while nitrogen recovery rate ranged between 35.3% and 38.6% in all the PMC+IF treatments,but reached only 27.6% in Treatment IF.
Effects of Atrazine on Growth of Microcystis Aeruginosa and Scenedesmus Quadricauda
XU Xiao-Hua, XIAO Ming, PAN Hui-Yun, GAO Shi-Xiang
2008, 24(1):  72-76. 
Abstract ( 773 )   PDF (258KB) ( 1186 )  
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Effects of concentration of atrazine on growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda and Microcystis aeruginosa cultured in MA medium were studied by determining growth rate and content of chlorophyll a in laboratory.With the maximum specific growth rate,expressed by count of algal cells as evaluation index,the two algae were compared in sensitivity to atrazine.When low in concentration,atrazine stimulated growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda and Microcystis aeruginosa;but when high,it demonstrated a reverse effect.And its stimulating effect was greater on Scenedesmus quadricauda than on Microcystis aeruginosa,whereas its inhibiting effect showed the other way.
Methodology for Determining Technical Requirements of the Standard for Ecological Protection & Rehabilitation in Development and Construction
CAO Xue-Zhang, TANG Xiao-Yan, LIU Zhuang, ZHANG Geng-Sheng
2008, 24(1):  77-82. 
Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (344KB) ( 1478 )  
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Based on the definition and constituents of the technical requirements of the standard for ecological protection & rehabilitation in development and construction,exploration was conducted of working procedure,principles and methodology for specification and determination of such requirements.The requirements can be specified quantitatively and qualitatively.The former also involves specification of index limits,methods for calculating the index limits,reference frame,and design dependability of the indexes.Determination of requirements should follow the following procedures:(1)analyzing technical issues of the development and construction activities;(2)analyzing ecological impacts of the activities;(3)determining subjects of ecological protection and rehabilitation;and(4)determining the technical requirements of the ecological protection and rehabilitation.In determining the technical requirements,the following principles should be observed:(1)combining technical factors with economic ones;(2) reflecting different physical geographic conditions;(3)taking history into account.The following five methods can be adopted to determine the technical requirements:(1)summarize practical experience and scientific experiments;(2)use for reference related standards;(3)use for reference standards of similar nature of foreign countries;(4)conduct reasoning analysis;(5)adopt the theoretical calculation method based on the requirement for ecological quality.
Soil Pollution Prevention Laws in Japan and South Korea
QIU Qiu
2008, 24(1):  83-87. 
Abstract ( 969 )   PDF (293KB) ( 3018 )  
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In East Asia,Japan and South Korea are the two most active countries in legislation for prevention of soil pollution.They have formulated soil pollution prevention laws and some other matching regulations one after another.A comparison study was done on legislations soil pollution prevention in the two countries from the angle of background,mode and main contents of the legislations and administrative institutions,etc.Their practices of legislation and their experience in law enforcement are valuable references for China in her legislation for soil pollution prevention.
rare earth element
CHEN Zu-Yi, ZHU Xu-Dong
2008, 24(1):  88-91. 
Abstract ( 1886 )   PDF (266KB) ( 2707 )  
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A comprehensive review is presented of accumulation and toxicity of rare earth elements in human body,with stress on potential hazard of rare earth element fertilizers used in agricultural production to the environment and health of the human skeletal system.Long-term intake of low dose rare earth elements may lead to accumulation in the bone structure,leading to changes in the bone tissue and increased bone marrow micronucleus rate and further to generation of genetic toxicity in bone marrow cells.
Characteristics of Output of Non-Point Source Pollution With Rainfall Runoff in Typical Agricultural Watershed of Liuxi River Valley
LIU Ping, CHENG Jiong, LIU Xiao-南, CHEN Zhi-Liang, WU Zhi-Feng
2008, 24(1):  92-95. 
Abstract ( 761 )   PDF (234KB) ( 1141 )  
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The main processes of non-point source pollution(NPS) are rainfall,runoff,and pollution.A typical agricultural watershed in the Liuxi River Valley,Xintian Watershed,was selected as an object in the research.Stationary monitoring of rainfall-induced runoff was carried out to explore dynamics of agricultural non-point source pollutants in the rainfall-runoff condition and contribution of different land use landscapes to NPS.Results show that 1)generally concentrations of non-point source pollutants in output in the event of rainfall were higher than in no rain days.The average concentration of total nitrogen(T-N)in the former is 3.8 times,of total phosphorus(T-P)7.8 times,and of CODCr 32.1 times as much as that,respectively,in the latter;2)Throughout the rainfall event,output of NPS peaked in the early period. Variation of the concentration of pollutants lagged behind that of the intensity of rainfall,but followed closely that of runoff;and 3)Pollutant output varied with surface landscape.Runoffs flowing through residential areas were higher in CODCr concentration,while the one through paddy fields was the major contributor of N and P pollutions in the water body environment.