Samples of surface and subsurface soils, irrigation water, crops, dry and wet depositions were collected from a typical solid waste dismantling area on the coast of East Zhejiang for analysis and study on characteristics of Cd and Cu concentrations in the soil and their impact on agricultural product safety. It was found that the surface soil (0 – 20 cm) of the studied zone was seriously polluted with copper and cadmium, of which the average concentration reached to 0.34 and 65.83 mg·kg^-1, respectively. The content of active cadmium, including soluble, exchangeable and carbonate-bonded Cd, accounted for 45.37% of the total Cd, which means its bio-availability and potential damage are extremely high. Based on the research, it was found that dry and wet deposition and sewage irrigation were also contributors to Cd and Cu accumulation in the soil, and the former in particular. Cd  and Cu in the crops were also investigated and found to be accumulated to a varying extent and especially in some vegetables even beyond the limit of the national standard for food safety. Correlation analysis indicates that Cd and Cu concentration in vegetables are positively related to Cd and Cu contents in the soil.

Samples of oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) were collected from 23 observation sites along the coast of the northern South China Sea every year during 2008 - 2010. Contents of organochlorine pesticides in their tissues were analyzed with gas chromatography, and effects of the residues on edible safety of the oysters explored. Contents (μg·kg^-1, mean of wet weight) of the residues in the oysters were found to be in a decreasing order of DDTs (4.68 with a range of 1.53 - 9.77) > endosulfan (2.58, nd - 17.6) > chlordan (1.12, nd - 11.2) > dicofol (0.514, nd -4.42) > methoxychlor (0.300, nd - 2.26) > endrin (0.229, nd - 4.82) > heptachlor epoxide (0.182, nd - 1.65) > endrin aldehyde (0.159, nd - 1.16) >aldrin (0.138, nd - 1.72) > BHCs (0.130, nd - 0.727) > dieldrin (0.095, nd - 0.237) > heptachlor (0.056, nd - 0.531). However, they all were significantly lower than the residual limits stipulated by Australia, Russia, the European Union (EU), Canada, Japan and China for their aquatic products, livestock and poultry meats, except for endosulfan and endrin aldehyde. Even though the concentration of endosulfan was still below the limits set by Australia and Canada, however, in a few oyster samples, the concentration of endosulfan was a bit higher than the EU limit, and close to or beyond Japan's limit. The intake of α - BHC, β - BHC, γ - BHC, pp' - DDE, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, chlordan, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide with oysters was obviously much lower than the dosages harmful to human health. So their carcinogenic risks are acceptable.

Mojiagou Watershed was chosen to study small watershed comprehensive control. It is one subbasin in Shitoukoumen Reservoir Watershed which is the important drinking water sourcr for Changchun City, the capital city of Jilin Province. Five structure management practices, i.e. contour farming, terrace cultivation, grain to green, chemical fertilizer reduction, and constructed wetland, are selected to reduce pollution loads. The optimal management complete model consisits of two interacting components: an objective function and many constraints. The objective function is to minimize the measure construction coast. The constraints are: the resevoir water quality standards, the area to be transformed and nonnegative. The decisive factors are: the area constructed with terraces and the fertilizer applied. The optimal management model is used to simulate pollutant concentration in Mojiagou Watershed under three stages of twenty-one possible schemes. The resulting practical scenarios for three atages are achieved. In 2011 to 2020, the concentration for TP can meet grade III standard (≤0.05 mg • L^-1) in resevoir when the corn fields of less than five degree in gradient are farmed along the contour line, terrace area no change and other fields turn grain to green. To attain TP grade II (≤0.025 mg • L^-1) in 2021 to 2030, there is a need of 0.03 km² constructed wetland based on the first strategy. With all corn fields be turned to grow trees and no fertilizer application, the water quality will meet TP grade I standard in 2031 to 2050. The modeling framework developed (≤0.01 mg • L^-1) in the present study is an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of pollution control practices for mitigating runoff pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.

It is an important way to improve management of nature reserves to assess effectiveness of their management. Based on the evaluation of 22 national nature reserves in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and proceeding from the ten evaluation indices that are involved in scoring in evaluation, holistic featureS, regional differentiation and factors affecting effective management of nature reserves were analyzed. In general, the management of the national nature reserves in inner Mongolian could be sorted into the level of “good”, scoring 79 on average, which means it still has much room from improvement. The management level of the national nature reserves in west Inner Mongolian was slightly lower than that of those in east Inner Mongolian, but the difference between them was not significant. For promoting the management level, the priority task is to strengthen daily routine management of the reserves. In the mean time, capacity building, institutional restructuring, staffing, dynamics of protected objects, drafting and executing of plans, and infrastructural construction are all important factors that may have extremely significant impacts on effective management of the nature reserves.

Based on analysis of status and characteristics of the marine ecosystem of Liyahshan Oyster Reef Special Marine Reserve of Haiman, an ecosystem health assessment index system for special marine reserves is constructed consisting of 24 indices covering three aspects, i.e. environment, structure and stability. Health of ecosystem of the reserve was assessed and analyzed by comparison, using the entropy comprehensive index model and entropy fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. The former indicates that the ecosystem is turning from the state of health to that of sub-health, while the latter shows that the ecosystem is still quite healthy. As the latter may reflect health conditions of the various ecological elements of the reserve and yield conclusions closer to the status quo of reserve, it is more suitable for use in health assessment of marine reserves.

A field survey was made on Celtis sinensis population in the Lasohan National Forest Park of Nanjing using a contiguous grid of quadrats to characterize quantitatively structure of Celtis sinensis population. A static life table of the population was worked out and a survival curve, a vanishing rate curve, a mortality rate curve and 4 survival function curves plotted out. Meanwhile dynamics of the population was predicted using the chronological prediction model. Results show that though fluctuation existed at various age classes of the population, on the whole, the population displayed a rising trend. Its survival curve fell into Deevey II type, which had two mortality peaks occurring at Age Class I and VII, separately. The occurrence of the first mortality peak was the result of strong intraspecies competition, while that of the second was of its entering the age of physiological death. Survival analysis show that its survival rate would only be 0.5% when it enters Age Class VI and its cumulative mortality rate would reach as high as 99.5%. Its hazard rate followed a curve similar to those of its vanishing rate and mortality rate. The findings reflect a general trend that the Celtis sinensis population is weak at the early age, grows stable in the mid-term, but declines in the old age stage. The chronological predition model for Celtis sinensis population predicts that the population will be increasing in the coming 2 – 6 years. Therefore, it is suggested that strengthening management of seedlings and young trees of Celtis sinensis should be conducive to natural renewal of the population.

Based on field investigations of sample lots, comparison of Casuarina equisetifolia forest was done with the major species groups of natural forest on sandy coast in two important niche characteristics, i.e. niche breadth and niche overlap. Results show that according to the variation of niche breadth of each species group in the two forests, the main species groups could be divided into 4 types, i.e. niche expanding, niche recessing, niche stable and niche sensitive. The dominant species in the succession of the natural forest were also widely distributed in the understory of the Casuarina equisetifolia forest, with quite a large niche breadth, but as the niches in artificial forest were not well differentiated, interspecies competitions were severe and the formation of community was not stable. The niche breadth of most native tree species was wider in the natural forest than in the Casuarina equisetifolia forest, but the niche overlap of other species groups, except for Litsea glutinosa, Sageretia thea and some niche sensitive species groups, was somewhat lower in the natural forest than in the Casuarina equisetifolia forest, which indicates that after long time of concerted evolution, the niche differentiation was high, and the competition among species groups was not so strong in the natural forest. On the whole, niche disposition was more optimal in the native-species-dominated natural forest than in the Casuarina equisetifolia forest, which is more meaningful to stability of the community, therefore realization of rational disposition of native species and Casuarina equisetifolia is of some important reference value to construction of stable coastal shelter forest system.

School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University Seven plots were laid out from sea to land along the intertidal gradient on tideland of the coast of Xinyanggang, North Jiangsu and labeled as mudflat, spartina alterniflora patch (SAP), lower edge of stable S. alterniflora flat (SAfI), S. alterniflora flat 2003 (SAF03), S. alterniflora flat 1989 (SAF89), Suaeda salsa (SS) and grass flat (GF). In each plot (1 m × 1 m in quadrat, 3 replicates), 9 S. alterniflora tiller seedlings, similar in growth for all the plots, were cultivated in situ for observation of their breeding success rate and hence study on their expansion ability in the coastal wetland of North Jiangsu. Results show that (1) The survival rate of the seedlings was 7.8% in mudflat, significantly lower than in the others except SS (P＜0.05) and was 88.9%, 77.8%, 60.0%, 81.1%, 0 and 66.6% in SAP, SAFI, SAF03, SAF89, SS and GF, respectively; (2) Number of rhizomes of the plants in mudflat was significantly higher in mudflat than in the others, but thousand grain weight (TGW) of the plants in mudflat was significant lower than in the other plots (P＜0.05); On D127 the number of the plants increased by 24.8 times in mudflat, by 19.7 times in SAP, by 30.2 times in SAFI, BY 6.7 times in SAF03, by 5.8 times in SAF89 and by 3.0 times in GF over the number of the plants that survived at the first phase; (3) SAP, SAFI and SAF89 was significantly higher in total biomass of the plants than the other plots and differed very slightly between them, displaying a trend with SAFI being the summit declining towards the land and the sea; the plants in mudflat and GF were low in spike biomass, but high in rhiomass. It was also found that S. alterniflora in the area close to the sea was rather stronger in expansion ability as affected by tide, soil moisture content, wind and waves, and the plants in mudflat were dwarf. For reproduction and expansion of the population, it is more advisable to choose asexual reproductive strategy in areas close to the sea and to the land, and a mixed strategy of sexual and asexual reproductions at the central belt of the tidal flatland.

An increasing attention has been paid to the use of duckweed in treating eutrophicated water as a tool of bio-remediation of domestic wastewater. Phosphorus uptake kinetics was studied, of different species of duckweeds, i.e. Lemna aequinoctialis, Spirodela oligorrhiza, and Spirodela polyrrhiza, which are common in the Yangtze River Delta area. Results show that the phosphorus uptake kinetics of the duckweeds could be expressed with the Michaelis-Menten equation; and the relation between phosphorus uptake rate (V) of the duckweeds and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration (S), was well fitted with a double-reciprocal curve with α ＝0.01; the K_m value for Pi uptake of Lemna aequinoctialis was lower than that of Spirodela oligorrhiza and Spirodela polyrrhiza, making it a better candidate for treating wastewater low in Pi concentration. The maximum phosphorus uptake rate of Spirodela polyrrhiza was higher than that of the other two species, which allows Spirodela polyrrhiza better performance in purifying wastewater higher in Pi concentration.

Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliquus as affected by temperature were observed in monoculture and mixed-culture varying in inoculation density under controlled laboratory conditions. It was found that with the temperature varying within the range of 7 - 35℃, the specific growth rate of M. aeruginosa increased with the temperature, while that of S. obliquus rose first and then fell with 25℃ as its turning point. In the mixed culture, competition between the two algal species affected their growth rates, making them lower in the mono-culture, and in all the three mixed-culture experiments, the specific growth rate of M. aeruginosa was higher than that of S. obliquus M. aeruginosa grew the slowest in the mixed culture 10:1 (Microcystis aeruginosa: Scenedesmus obliquus) in inoculation ratio, whereas S. obliquus did in the mixed culture 1:10 in ratio. In all the mixed-culture experiments, regardless of inoculation ratio and temperature, M. aeruginosa displayed stronger competitive inhibition than Scenedesmus obliquus did. The interspecific competitive inhibition, varied with the temperature, either intensified or weakened, but M. aeruginosa was always more competitive.

An strain of actinomycete JXJ 0071 was isolated from soil of the Lushan Mountain. Activities of its spores, mycelia and metabolites lysing Microcystis aeruginosa, stability of the active components of the activities and its taxonomic status were studied. Both spores and mycelia of actinomycete JXJ 0071 reduced the density of M. aeruginosa remarkably. Metabolites of the strain showed a very strong activity lysing M. aeruginosa, and 98% alga cells perished three days after addition of fermentation supernatant 2% in volume into the culture (1.0×10⁷ mL^-1) of M. aeruginosa. The alga-lysing active components were mainly water-soluble extracellular products, which remained quite stable regardless of exposure to high temperature, pH and ultraviolet radiation. The fermention liquid still showed a high alga-lysing rate, over 95%after being incubated under 60℃ for two hours, over 93.8% at pH 7 - 9, and 85.7% after exposure to 254 nm ultravioletradiation for 2 hours. Based on 16S rRNA sequences, strain JXJ 0071 was identified to be of the genus of Streptomyces, being as high as 99% similar to Streptomyces rectiviolaceus in 16S rRNA gene sequences. However, differences were found between JXJ 0071 and S. rectiviolaceus in physiological and biochemical properties. Further studies should be carried out to determine its exact taxonomic status at the species level.

Effects of CsCl on germination and metabolism of rapeseeds as affected by CsCl concentration (80、160、320、640, and 960 mg•L^-1) were studied. Results show that CsCl did not have much effect on germination rate (GR), germination potential (GP) and germination index (GI) in the experiments, regardless of its concentration, but stimulated the growth of roots and buds of seedlings when it was low in concentration and suppressed the growth when it was high. What is more, roots of seedlings were more sensitive than buds. With rising CsCl concentration, the contents of protein and proline increased but the activities of dehydrogenase (DH) and peroxidase (POD) decreased in the seedlings, indicating that excessive Cs⁺ may affect the growth and metabolism of the seedlings of rape plant, and the increase in proline content may be attributed to enhance proline synthesis.

A pot experiment was conducted to study effects of single and combined stress of Zn（30，400 mg•Kg^-1）and Cd （1，15 mg•Kg^-1）and simulated acid rain varying in pH on populations and compositions of rhizospheric microorganisms and content of total saponins in Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Results of the experiments show that growth of bacteria, actinomyces, and physiological groups in nitrogen cycling in the soil were inhibited by acid rain and their populations decreased with declining pH of the simulated acid rain. The content of total saponins in stem and leaf of Gynostemma pentaphyllum showed a similar trend. However, the effect of acid rain on fungi and cellulose-decomposing microbes differed. Their numbers ascended first and then descended with declining pH of the simulated acid rain. Under the stress of acid rain, the numbers of rhizospheric microorganisms, physiological groups in nitrogen cycling, and cellulose-decomposing microbes, and the content of total saponins in the treatments applied with Zn（30 mg•Kg^-1）or Cd （1 mg•Kg^-1）were all higher, but in the treatments with Zn concentration up to 400 mg•Kg^-1 or Cd up to 15 mg•Kg^-1, obviously lower than those in the treatment without addition of any heavy metal. However, when low in concentration (30 and 1 mg•Kg^-1, respectively), Zn and Cd were antagonistic in affecting populations of rhizospheric microorganisms, physiological groups in nitrogen cycling, cellulose-decomposing microbes, and the content of total saponins; but when high in concentration (400 and 15 mg•Kg^-1, respectively), they were synergidtic.

Effects of growth of Pteris vittata on enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil of copper mining tailings were studied by means of pot experiments. Results show that with P. vittata growing, the activities of catalase, urease polyphenoloxidase and invertase increased to a varying extent. The activities of both catalase and urease were significantly positively related to duration of the growth, and the activities of both polyphenoloxidase and invertase peaked during the vigorous growth period of the plant, being approximately 3.59 and 2.58 times as high as that in the control, separately, and then gradually decreased. However, the activity of phosphatase displayed a reverse trend. Compared with the aboveground parts of the plant in dry weight, the underground parts showed a stronger correlation with the activities of catalase, urease and phosphatase, and the activities of the five soil enzymes in the rhizosphere soil were positively related to the content of organic matter. In summary, the growth of P.vittata significantly improved fertility of the rhizosphere soils. Therefore, P.vittata exhibits great potential in remedying deserted copper-minings.

Effects of plant disposition on purification of eutrophicated circulating water in surface flow wetlands were studied in the Beijing Wildlife Rescue Center. Results show that when its hydraulic loading remained to be 1.46 m•d^-1 for 24 hours, the surface flow wetland, as a whole, could reach to 13.26, 57.76, 62.44 and 70.72 mg•m^-2•d^-1 in per-unit-area removal rate of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), chemical oxygen demand (COD_Cr) and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively. Eichhornia crassipes was the highest in removing TP and TN, being 12.82 and 62.95 mg•m^-2•d^-1, respectively, while Nymphoides peltatum and Oenanthe javanica the lowest being 6.61 and 36.94 mg•m^-2•d^-1 respectively. Regression analysis indicated that TP and TN in the effluent was exponentially related to that in the influent, separately. COD_Cr removal rates of the macrophytes, regardless of species, decreased with the elapse of time. However, N.peltatum was the highest in removakl rate, being 67.14 mg•m^-2•d^-1, while Acorus calamus the lowest being 45.43 mg•m^-2•d^-1. Pistia stratiotes and Sparganium stoloniferum were the lowest in TSS removal rate (P<0.05) and the rates varied in a narrow range (22.96 - 33.95 mg•m^-2•d^-1) with time. The pH values of Typha orientaliss, E. crassipes, A. calamus and Sagittaria trifolia were obviously lower than other unites.

Through monitoring the density of aquatic plants, surface coverage rate of the floating bed, water quality, characteristics of phytoplankton communities and growth of hydrobionts in a shrimp-rearing pond during September 2009 to February 2010, effects of combinations of submerged macrophytes with ecological floating beds on in-situ purification and regulation of water quality were studied. It was found that the combination of planting 4.0 kg Vallisneria natans and 3.0 kg Hydrilla verticillata with the floating bed of 312 hills of Iris hexagonus in Enclosure V was the most effective in controlling aquacultural pollution, with TN,TP and COD_Mn decreased in concentration from 3.41, 0.32 and 14.34 to 0.79, 0.02 and 11.96 mg·L^-1, respectively. In this enclosure, the Margalef index of phytoplankton was 4.00, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index 3.32, and the evenness index 0.76, which demonstrate that its water environment is quite stable and its water quality quite good. A new aquacultural water purification model of combining submerged macrophyte with ecological floating beds has been developed in this study.

Effect of a constructed wetland bed of mineralized refuse treating livestock wastewater was studied, using the sequencing batch inflow method that kept the inflow at 1:20 = m (solid) : V (liquid) and 1.25 m³•m^-2•d^-1 in hydraulic loading, and had 4 kinds of plants (Cyperus alternifolius, Phragmites australis, Canna indica, Acorus calamus) growing. After 90 days of continuous operation, the bed removal rates were achieved to 41.3% - 52.5%, 55.2% - 72.1%, 44.2% - 76.7% and 40.1% ~ 68.0% of COD_Cr, SS, NH₄⁺-N and TP, respectively, from the wastewater. The effect of plants differed slightly within only 10 percentage point or so from CK (no plant), because it was obscured by the characteristics of the mineralized refuse filler per se. the mineralized refuse was very strong in nitrification capacity, thus leading to accumulation of as high as over 10 mg•L^-1 NO₃^--N, and a low TN removal rate, being only 41.6% - 45.9%. therefore, a 150-cm-high column was filled with mineralized refuse to create an anaerobic condition for denitrification. After 90 days of operation with hydraulic loading kept at 0.30  m³•m^-2•d^-1, the column obtained a NO₃^--N removal rate at the depth of 120 cm as high as 97% or beyond, when NO₃^--N concentration in the influent was about 20 and 40 mg•L^-1.

Based on the thermal infrared images of the Taihu Lake Basin taken by the HJ-1 satellite on March 26, 2010, atmospheric moisture content was inverted using the synchronous modis data and land surface temperature (LST) was inverted with mono-window algorithm (Qin, 2001), generalized single-channel algorithm (Jimenez-Munoz & Sobrino, 2003) and image-based Artis inversion algorithm (Artis & Carnahan, 1982), separately for comparison with the temperature product of modis of Grade MOD11_L2, so as to explore suitable method for inversion of surface temperature using the HJ-1 satellite thermal infrared channel. Results show that the generalized single-channel algorithm is more precise than the others and its results differ slightly from the modis temperature product, being 1.23 K on average. Moreover, the overhead time of the satellite is only 39 minutes different from the time of the modis LST product. Therefore, the use of the generalized single-channel algorithm for inversion is acceptable in accuracy.

Previous studies reported that Sonneratia apetala inhibited growth of invasive weeds Spartina alterniflora through allelopathy. In order to elucidate mechanism of soil in the allelopathy, allelopathetic effects of the soil extracts from three kinds of plant communities, i.e. S. apetala community (A), S. apetala ＋ S. alterniflora community (B) and S. alterniflora community (C), on ryegrass (Lolium perenne) were studied through allelopathetic bioassay. Results show that the soil extracts from the three kinds of communities all displayed allelopathic effects, and the effects were concentration-dependent. The effects of the soil extracts from community A and Community B were positive on growth of the roots and shoots of ryegrass when the concentration of the extracts was low, and negative when the concentration was high. The soil extracts from the three kinds of communities did not affect much germination and growth of the ryegrass when their concentration was at 0.25 g•mL^-1, but did significantly to the growth of the roots and shoots of ryegrass when the concentration was raised up to 1.0 g•mL^-1. The soil extact from Community A was higher than that from Community C in allelopathy inhibiting growth of ryegrass shoot (P＜0.01). Through root excretion and litter decomposition, S. apetala may release more allelochemicals than any other into the soil, changing soil properties, and hence inhibiting apread of S. alterniflora.

Physical and chemical properties of 11 different types of red clays collected from the sub-layer (20 – 40 cm) of wastelands in Yingtan of Jiangxi and Yixing of Jiangsu were analyzed and their performances of phosphorus adsorption in 2 solutions different in concentration (35 and 50 mg•L^-1) were compared. Results show that the phosphorus adsorption capacities of the samples in the two solutions varied in the range of 0.52 – 0.86 and 0.52 -1.18 mg•L^-1, separately. Of the samples, S9 which was collected from Jiangsu demonstrated the highest P removal rate, being over 90% in both solutions. It was also found that iron and aluminum oxides in the red clays were the dominant controlling factors. They combined most of the phosphorus in the solutions, forming insoluble Fe-P and Al-P. the content of aluminum oxides was significantly and positively related to phosphorus removal rate. Therefore, it is advisable to add a proper amount of iron and aluminum oxides into red clay or some other adsorbents to improve their phosphorus adsorption capacity.