Based on interpretation of Landsat TM images obtained in 1984,1995,2000 and 2003 and large volumes of historical socio-economic data of the study area,quantitative analysis was carried out of the relationship of some socio-economic factors with expansion of non-agricultural land.Results indicate that the driving factors manifested temporal variation between different stages in the past 20 years,1984-1995 and 1995-2003;the local booming economy(represented by GDP) is the dominant driving force,the impact of economic radiation of Shanghai on Suzhou and growth of the population are the other two main driving forces.

Based on two consecutive years(2002-2003) of stationary monitoring of soil moisture in red soil sloping-land,spatio-temporal relationships between land use and soil moisture were analyzed.Results show(1)the effect of land use on average soil moisture of 0-90 cm in the crop growing season varied statistically from year to year,and the soil moisture was higher in rainy year than in average year;(2)seasonal change in soil moisture under the same land use was obviously different between rainy year and average year.In the rainy year,soil moisture remained high and did not vary much through the year;while in the average year,soil moisture obviously fluctuated sharply,and stayed high in February to early July,then dropped rapidly,and finally came slowly up again;(3)when a rainy year was followed by an average year,the soil moisture variation curves did not change much.In the wetland pine zone,it was of the fluctuation type,and in the other four zones,of the increasing type;and(4) variation of soil moisture in a year was always higher in the upper slope than in the down slope.Prolonged drought reduced the amplitude of variation of soil moisture distribution along the slope.

Based on the water resources survey of Shanghai in 1999 and the 1∶50 000 color infrared aerial photos obtained in early 2000,a case study of the upper Huangpu River was carried out.The exponential method,pair-sample t test,and remote sensing analysis are used to analyze water environmental characteristics and land use pattern in the river network plain.In order to explore response of water quality in the waterhead region to the changes in land use and its driving force,five land use patterns are selected and a new type of exponential is designed.Results show that the water environment of the upper Huangpu River is affected integratedly by land use and flow from the upper reaches;river water quality is negatively related to proportion of industrial land in the sample zones;and the water quality at the water catchment near the Songpu Bridge is closely related to the water quality of the flow coming down from the upper streams,and driving forces of change in land use,such as development of the industry and population density in the waterhead region.It is suggested that attention be given to quality of incoming water from the upper reaches while strict measures be taken to control the intensity of land exploitation in hydraulically sensitive areas and build up a ring-structure land use pattern in the waterhead region by means of land use and socio-economic driving forces.

Chemical properties of groundwaters（6-7,20-30,60-70 m in depths） at sodic soil areas in Da′an City,Jilin Province were measured and soil salinization risk of using the groundwaters for irrigation was analyzed.The results show that 1)Groundwater,regardless of depth,takes on the characteristic of being soda-affected to a varying extent with NaHCO₃ to be the dominant salt in the groundwater.2)The groundwater within the depth of 0-30 m is quite high in HCO^-₃ and C l^-.This kind of groundwater can not be used for irrigation,or else soil salinization and alkalization would occur.3)The groundwater below 60 m in depth is good in quality and can be used for irrigation without the risk of soil salinization.

Through simulation of the evolution of natural eco-environment of a watershed and comparison of the findings with the actual situation of the Chaohu basin,a comprehensive exponential formula is put forth for evaluating eco-environment in Chaohu basin.By setting up benchmarks for eco-environment indices in the formula and optimizing undetermined parameters in the formula with immune arithmetic-taboo search(ITS),the modified eco-environment evaluation exponential formula becomes simple,easy,practical and applicable.Evaluation of the eco-environment of the Chaohu basin,using the simplified model demonstrates that the overall eco-environment quality of Hefei City and the Chaohu basin is of Grade III,just acceptable,while that of Chaohu City and Liu′an City are poorer,which is in good agreement with the reality and the results of several other models.The formula should be considered as a useful tool for regional eco-environment management.

The quota-area method was used to estimate water demands of agricultural crops in 31 counties of the Jinghe Watershed.Results show 1) the total water requirement of the crops in the Jinghe Watershed is 740 543.20×10⁴ m³,accounting for 41.58% of the total water requirement of the region;2) of the two major groups of crops,grain crops are higher than cash crops in water requirement quotas;and among specific crops,vegetables,melons,rice and cotton are higher and sunflower,potato and benne are lower than other crops;3) water requirement per hectare varies from county to county with the highest being 5 682 m³·hm^-2,in Jingyang County,and the lowest 4 022 m³·hm^-2 in Dingbian County,averaged to 4 583 m³·hm^-2,but the water requirement quota of a crop does not vary with the county,so calculation of water requirement quota of a county is closely related to its cropping structure;and 4) because of serious waste of water in farming,the actual water consumption in agriculture in the region is much higher than the calculated crop water requirement.Therefore,four strategies for reasonable utilization of the water and land resources in the Jinghe Watershed are put forth as follows: to readjust the cropping structure,to develop water-saving farming,to improve the quantification method for optimal allocation of agricultural water and soil resources, and to implement the policy of grain for green.

Evaluation of the status quo of in situ conservation of wildlife under national priority protection in 473 nature reserves shows that nature reserves in China have provided refuge for 386 species of animals and 264 species of plants under national priority protection,which accounts for 84.84% and 86.27% of the country′s total wildlife species under national protection,respectively.The authors identified species that deserve high priority in protection and put forward relevant recommendations for further conservation.

Investigations of soil enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity were conducted in soil from the fields under a long-term fertilization experiment in the Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Results show that soil enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity varied sharply between treatments under different fertilization pattern or rate.Soil urease and dehydrogense activities could be cited as a comprehensive index of soil fertility.After 20 years′ fertilizer application in the field under a double paddy-rice cropping system,activity and biomass of soil enzymes increased significantly,while microbial community diversity decreased as shown by BIOLOG~(TM) results.Microbial biomass and community functional diversity were higher in P treatments than in no-P ones.Microbial community uniformity was higher in straw-incorporation treatments than in no-straw ones.

Nutrient composition of Vallisneria natans was analyzed.Results show that V.natans contained 218.4 g·kg^-1 of protein,51.4 g·kg^-1 of crude fat,37.6 g·kg^-1 of polysaccharides,265.7 g·kg^-1of ash;and 147.6 g·kg^-1 of total amino acids,55.0 g·kg^-1 of essential amino acid;and a number of mineral elements,such as 60.5 g·kg^-1 of K,10.9 g·kg^-1 of Ca,16.3 g·kg^-1 of Fe,12.7 g·kg^-1 of Na.It is quite obvious that V.natans is a quality nutrient resource and highly worth exploiting.On such a basis,further efforts have been made to explore ways and prospects of comprehensive utilization of V.natans.

Based on data collected in the field survey,spatial variation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil was studied by means of geostatistical analyst with ArcGIS,and relationships of its contamination level with the natural environment and industry distribution of the region were analyzed.Results indicate that spatial heterogeneity of benzo[a]pyrene concentration exists in the soil of the study area,and is especially distinct at the spatial scale of 240 km,with nugget/sill ratio C₀/（C₀+C） being 44%,suggesting that the spatial variation is made up of structural factors（e.g.soil organic matter） and random factors（e.g.distribution of pollution sources）.The steel industry,including coking plant,is the main emission sources of（benzo[a]）pyrene,and benzo[a]pyrene contaminated soils are distributed around the steel industry developed cities and their vicinities.

Dynamic change was studied in EROD activity in the liver and sex hormone in the blood serum of Carassius auratus.After exposure to different concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and the correlation between them was also discussed.Results show that EROD in the liver of Carassius auratus was induced and increased in activity with the increasing of PCBs concentration,demonstrating that the former is positively related to the latter.The activity of EROD also rose with the time,reaching dynamic balance after 10 days.Compared with CK,the content of testosterone in the blood serum of the fish rose with the concentration of PCBs,but declined with the exposure time,while the content of estradiol therein rose significantly with both the concentration and the time,indicating that PCBs have certain environmental estrogen effect on(fishes).The results also indicate that within a certain range of concentrations,EROD activity was negatively related to testosterone content,but positively related to estradiol content in blood serum of the fish.Concurrent changes in EROD in the liver and sex hormone in the blood serum of fish could be cited as the bio-indicator to evaluate ecological effect of initial PCBs pollution.

Investigation and survey was carried out to determine heavy metals(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、As、Co) and pesticide residues(HCHs and DDTs) in soils around the Guanting Reservoir and their sources and environmental risks were analyzed as well.Results indicate that Cd is the major pollutant in this area,3.4 times as high as Grade Ⅰ criterion of the national standard for soil environment,with a mean of(0.68±0.17) mg·kg^-1.The area of soils with Cd concentration(higher) than Grade Ⅱ criterion of the national standard accounts for about 40% of the whole study area.DDT is the main load of pesticide pollution in the soils,accounting for 93% of the total residue.Fertilizers and pesticides used in farming and industrial waste from upstreams are the major sources of soil pollutants in the region.The integrated pollution is more serious in the Yanghe River and the Sanggan River watersheds than in other areas,with Cd being the most serious factor.The integrated pollution index of all soil samples is higher than 2;and more than 65% of them higher than 3,being up to the level of serious pollution.These suggest that more attention should be paid to the soil integrated pollution induced by multi-pollutants in planning,protection and management of the water resource of the Guanting Reservoir in future.

Effects of NPK ratio in fertilization on yield and nitrate content of radish were studied by means of field plot experiment laid out according to the orthogonal rotation combination method with three factors and five levels in the river alluvial vegetable soil.Results indicate that the application of a low rate of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with mid-high rates of phosphate and potassium fertilizers led to optimum yield and lower nitrate content of radish.Regression and frequency analysis revealed that the optimun combination of the three fertilizers is N 100-141 kg·hm^-2+P 84-100 kg·hm^-2+K 220-279 kg·hm^-2,which gave the crop a yield,amounting to 90%-95% of the actual highest yield(29 856 kg·hm^-2),and a low nitrate content,ranging between 1 057-1 218 mg·kg^-1. 

Accumulation of heavy metals in soils of vegetable fields poses a potential risk to vegetable production,which is related to availability of the heavy metals in the soil.A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate relationships between uptake of the heavy metals by vegetable（Chinese cabbage） and concentrations of the soil available heavy metals that could be extracted by five different methods.Results show that contents of the extractable heavy metals determined with the chemical method could be used more effectively to predict uptake of heavy metals by the vegetables.Solutions of 0.01(mol·L^-1) CaCl₂ and 1 mol·L^-1 NH₄OAc are the most efficient extractants that can be used in predicting heavy metal concentrations in vegetables.If pH value of the soil is also taken into account,prediction of uptake of heavy metals by Chinese cabbage would be more efficient.

Effects of intercropping Cunninghamia lanceolata in tea gardens on contents and distribution of heavy metals in the soil and tea leaves were analyzed,through comparison study of a mono-cropping tea garden and an intercropping tea garden.Results show(1) contents of Pb,Ni,Mn and Zn decreased in the intercropping tea plantation,and the absorption capacity of Cunninghamia lanceolata varied from element to element,displaying an decreasing order of Mn>Ni>Pb>Zn;(2) concentrations of the heavy metals in the tea leaves of the intercropping tea garden were significantly lower than in the mono-cropping one.So intercropping of Cunninghamia lanceolata in tea gardens can significantly decrease contents of Pb,Ni,Mn and Zn and improve quality of the tea.

An overview of the cell surface-display technology at the aspects of its development,system constitution,selection of vector protein,choice of insertion site of vector protein and surface display strategy has been presented.Existing problems with application of the technology in remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated environment are pointed out and methods to resolve problems are provided.

Changes in total sulfur and available sulfur in soils under different land use in the Sanjiang Plain were analyzed to explore characters of the evolution of sulfur content in the soils.Results show that Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland is higher than cropland in content of total sulfur and available sulfur,which indicates cultivation depletes soil S,and soil total sulfur and available sulfur show a decreasing trend with each passing year.After desertion under "Grain for Green" Project for 7 years the contents of total sulfur and available sulfur in the soil increased,but the increase is very limited,which indicates that the soil S pool,once depleted,is hard to restore.Soil sulfur is found to be positively related to soil organic matter,suggesting that decreased soil organic matter due to cultivation might be the main cause of the decrease in S fertility of the soil.So that,increasing soil organic matter is propitious to the maintenance and increase of soil S(fertility).

Responses of 9 species of herbaceous ornamental to simulated acid rain(pH 2.0,3.0 and 3.5) in cytoplasma membrane permeability and chlorophyll content in leaves were studied.A remarkably negative correlation was found between acid rain stress and chlorophyll content.The more frequent the acid rain stress,the lower the chlorophyll content.But the extent of the variation vary with pH value.After the stress was removed,chlorophyll contents in these plants came back gradually with rates depending on sensitivity of each plant to acid rain(sensitive plantsmoderate plants>resistant plants).After the treatments of acid rain,the leave cytoplasma membrane permeability of 3 groups of plants peaked in 48 hours and then declined,showing a saddle-shaped curve throughout the experiment and following the same order,sensitive plants>moderate plants>resistant plants,in variation degree.

Based on reference to some evaluation criteria of land degradation which are commonly used in some international organizations, and the principle of representativeness and universality and serviceability,a tentative standard is worked out for classification and grading of land degradation in China.According to the standard,the land degradation in China has been divided into 4 categories,i.e.wind-induced land degradation,water-induced land degradation,physical land degradation and chemical land degradation.The extent of land degradation in China has also been divided into 4 grades,i.e.light,medium,strong and extremely strong.The evaluation criteria for categorizing and grading are proposed.

A brief introduction is given to the environmental protection standards for surface mining in the United States,and their characteristics are summarized as follows:(1)generality is merged with the specificity;(2)ecological rehabilitation in mining area is broader in connotation and covers all the disturbed lands in the region;(3)the regulatory authority may specify requirements varying from that provided in the standards in light of the specific conditions of a mining field;and(4)a sound set of matching regulations is available to guarantee implementation of the standards.On the basis of the US experience in this field,the following ideas are raised for formulating the standards for ecological protection and rehabilitation in mining activities in China:(1)every step of the mining activities that may affect the ecological environment and all the disturbed lands within the mining area should be covered;(2)as many specific conditions as possible should be taken into consideration;(3)ecological rehabilitation should be considered comprehensively;and(4)relevant regulations should be consummated so as to ensure implementation of the standards.