A review is presented of impacts of global climate change on species,indicating that climate change has led to changes in bio-phenophase and in geographical distribution of species as well,and accelerated extinction of species.Techniques for modeling impacts of climate change are analyzed for applicability and uncertainty of the models.Outlook is presented on future research in this aspect in light of the weaknesses of the present researches in China.

Fluxes and cumulative emissions of CO₂ and N₂O from red soil duting the wheat and corn seasons under different patterns of long-term fertilization(CK,NP,NK,NPK and NPKM)were monitored by making use of the long-term,16-year wheat-corn rotation experiment on upland red soil in the Qiyang Red Soil Experiment Station,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.The static dark chamber method and gas chromatograph technique were used to collect and measure concentrations of CO₂ and N₂O.Results show that emissions of CO₂ and N₂O varied obviously with the seasons.Fertilization significant affected the emissions of CO₂ and N₂O,and application of manure significantly promoted the emission of CO₂ and N₂O.The cumulative emission of CO₂ from Treatment CK,NP,NK,NPK and NPKM was measured to be 5904,8062,4298,9235 and 14098kg•hm^-2 and 4708,7530,5435,7089 and 15472kg•hm^-2,respectively,in the wheat season and corn season,and the cumulative emission of N₂O,0.34,0.63,0.44,0.62 and 1.00kg•hm^-2 and 0.25,0.39,0.35,0.52 and 1.73kg•hm^-2.On average,the cumulative emissions of CO₂ and N₂O during the wheat fallow period accounted for 63.52% and 28.43%,respectively,of the total of the whole wheat season,and the cumulative emissions of CO₂ and N₂O during the corn fallow period for 49.98% and 32.72%,respectively,of the total of the whole corn growth season,which suggest that emission of CO₂ and N₂O during the fallow season should not be neglected.Flux of CO₂ emission in all the treatments was significantly related to soil temperature at 5 cm depth,except for Treatment NP,NK and NPK in the corn season,but flux of N₂O emission was not in any of the treatments.None of the treatments,except for Treatment NPKM,showed any significant relationship between flux of CO₂ or N₂O emission and soil water content.

Based on the water quality survey of the Erhai basin in 2009,covering 62 sampling points,cluster analysis was done of the data for characterization of the spatial and temporal variation of water quality of the Erhai basin.Spatially,the sampling points were divided into 4 groups,that are,Group A₁,source streams in the interference-free Cangshan forest;Group A₂,upper and middle reaches of the streams and lakes in the farming areas and towns that are subjected to some extent of human interference;Group A₃,lower reaches of the streams running through the farming areas and towns that are subjected to severe human interference;and Group A₄,offshore of the Erhai Lake theat is most seriously interfered by mankind.Discriminatory analysis(DA)was used to identify significant indexes,and to reflect results of the spatial cluster analysis,and the results of the analysisi show that the clustering reached 95.2% in accuracy.By means of principal component analysis(PCA),four groups of principal components were idedntified.Principal Component Group 1 included alkalinity,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ and hardness;Group 2,TP;Group 3,TN and NO₃^--N;and Group 4,DOC and TOC.Spatial differences were significant between these groups.On a time scale,Alk was higher in the wet season than in the dry season and Ca²⁺ the other way round.TP did not vary much,while TN in Group A₁ and Group A₃ was higher in the wet season than in the dry season.

Field measurement was taken for reflection spectrum of waterbody of Taihu Lake and for water quality of its surface layer.Based on the measurements,a water-air interface radiative transfer model was used to calculate reflectance.According to actual water quality,the lake was divided into three sections.Spectral reflectance curves of the whole lake and the three sections were analyzed and the models for inversion of concentrations of suspended substances and transparencies of these sections was established.Results show that in terms of concentration of supspended substances and transparency,the sections of the lake followed a decreasing order of East Taihu>Gonghu,Meilianghu and Zushanhu>South Taihu and West Taihu.Rational zoning of the Taihu Lake may help the research better reflect variability of the water quality of the lake and simulate water qualities of various sections of the lake.The model for sections is more accurate than that for the whole lake and generally lower in error,thus the findings would be more reliable and feasible.

In May(the dry season),August(the wet season)and November(the normal season)2009,water samples were collected from a number of rivers,including Ji Canal,Chaobai New River,Yongding New River,Jinzhong River,Beitang Channel,Heizhu River,Haihe River,Dagu Sewage Channel,Duliujian River,Qingjinghuang Drain,Ziya New River and North Canal in Tianjin and analyzed for monitoring of water quality.Principal component analysis was conducted of the monitoring data.On such a basis,a water quality evaluation index system was established,using water quality identification indices to evaluate water quality.Results show that the evaluation combining PCA with the water quality identification indices is objective and reliable.The temporal variation of the water quality on the whole reveals that it is the worst in the dry season,when the water quality of 58.3% of the rivers were worse than Grade V of standard for surface water and some even turned to blackish.However,the water quality turned relatively good in the wet season(August).In light of the comprehensive water quality identification indices,the rivers south to the Haihe River were more seriously polluted,especially with ammonia nitrogen,which was followed by BOD₅,COD_Mn and TP.The pollution was of the organic and eutrophicating type.

To build up a binary distribution database of endangered terrestrial vertebrates in Jiangsu Province with conunty as its basic geographic unit,field investigations were carried out in combination and data collection.To explore richness patterns of the endangered animal species in Jiangsu,GIS technology was applied;and to analyze similarity distribution patterns of the endangered animal species,cluster analysis was performed of similarity between geographic units in species composition.Results show that Jiangsu has 83 species of terrestrial vertebrates in 62 generas and 35 families,under the category of endangered;they are relatively high in richness in the hilly region of Southwest Jiangsu,Yancheng,Lianyunggang and Qidong;and quite low in the centre of Jiangsu,such as Taizhou and Huaiyin,which basically accords with the distribution of biodiversity hotspots in Jiangsu,and their richness is positively related to the total species richness(P<0.01,n=73),with Pearson correlation coefficient being 0.869.Based on species composition similarity,the 73 basic units can be clustered into 3,4 and 5 groups,when the distance between the groups is 23.8,20.6 and18.8,respectively.The cluster analysis indicates that the distribution of endangered terrestrial vertebrates is affected by the geographical sub-region,topography and human activities of their habitatas.

To determine impacts of water depth on growth of Hydrilla verticillata,top branches or telomes taken from the plants were planted in plastic  pots placed at water depths of 0.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,and 4.0 meters,separately.Results show that water depth significantly affected survival rate of H.verticillata.In water deeper than 2.5 meters,significant retardation of H.verticillata in growth was found due to shortage of light.With the water depth reaching 3.0,3.5 or 4.0 meters,H.verticillata died on D55,D33 and D21,separately.Moreover,water depth also altered morphological characteristics of H.verticillata.The effect was especially significant on plant height(P<0.01)and on number of nodes,node spacing and number of branches as well(P<0.05).On D80 within the water 0.5-2.0 meters in depth,the plant height of H.verticillata and the number of nodes increased gradually with the depth,however,within the water deeper than 2.0 meters,they declined with depth.In addition,within the water 0.5-2.5 m in depth,the node spacing increased with depth on D80.At the same growth time the number of branches decreased with depth.Biomass of the plants,regardless of depth,showed a similar trend,that is,rising first and then falling.Within the water 0.5-1.5 m in depth,biomass of the plant increased with depth,and peaked at 1.5 m in depth.When the plant got as deep as 2.0 or 2.5 m,its biomass declined rapidly.Biomass of the plant varied sharply between depths (P<0.01).Therefore,under the experimental conditions as such,the light compensation depth for H.verticillata ranges from 1.5 to 2.0 meters below the water mean transparency(1.0 m).

With the aid of the technologies of RS,GIS and landscape ecology,landscape data of the erosional coastal wetland of Yancheeng Nature Reserve in 1987,1997 and 2007 were analyzed to characterize spatial-temporal variation of erosional coastal wetland landscape.It was fornd that during the period from 1987 to 1997,the area of bare shoals decreased from 76.91% to 58.37% in proportion and that of salsa wetlands from 18.68% to 5.51%,while that of reed wetlands increased from 4.42% to 13.01%,and that of spartina wetlands and aquicultural ponds appeared accounting for 13.35% and 9.76%.During the period from 1997 to 2007,salsa wetlands degraded and then vanished,breeding pools decreased in area while reed wetlands,spartina wetlands and bare shoals increased in area,accounting for 15.85%,14.50% and 60.86%,respedtively.In terms of landscape heterogeneity,its landscaped diversity index rose first and then fell,and its landscape dominance index continued to decline.The spatial succession of the landscape displayed a mono-direction feature.In the years from 1987 to 1997,the landscape evolved from land to sea; while in the years from 1997 to 2007,it did reversely.Under the influence of ocean tides,continuous changes in geomorphic process and successinon of the vegetationlead to continuing succession of the weland landscape.However,external ingerfernce tend to disrupt the continuity of the ecological processes.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B(UV-B)radiation on physiological characteristics,e.g. photosynthesis and transpiration,of different cultivars of barley.The experiment was designed to have two levels of UV-B radiation,i.e. enhanced UV-B(14.4 kJ·m^-2·d^-1)and ambient UV-B,and conducted at the Agro-Meteorological Station,Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology,Jiangsu Province,China.Results show that enhanced UV-B obviously depressed photosynthesis and transpiration in all the barley cultivars.Compared with control,enhanced UV-B radiation significantly decreased chlorophyll content,stomatic conductance,net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,but generally had no effect on intercullular CO₂ concentration in the leaves of the plants.However,the plants varied in sensitivity to UV-B radiation from cultivar to cultivar.Cultival Dan #2 was more sensitive than Cultivar Su #4.

As the loess hilly region is very dry and has a fragile ecosystem,it is essential to screen out suitable drought-tolerant plants for restoring the deteriorating eco-environment.Five plants,korshinsk peashrub,arborvitate,Chinese pine,siberian apricot and Amygdalus tangutica,common in the region were selected and 4 drought-tolerance indices and 2 drought-resistance indexes of the plants obtained.For analysis of the data,the fuzzy membership function method and the grey correlation analysis method were applied to evaluate their drought-tolerance and drought-resistance and effectiveness of the indices as indicator.Results show that the responses of the plants to drought varied shparply with spcies and physiological index.However,sequencing based on a single physiological index of the plants in term of drought-resistance would never get a consistent outcome,indicating that a single index is not adequaate to describe any plant in drought-resistance.The comprehensive evaluation of the five species shows an order of korshinsk peashrub>arborvitae>Chinese pine>siberian apricot>Amygdalus tangutica in terms of drought-resistance.Drought-tolerance indicators,like chlorophyll content,ratio between bound water and free water content,free proline content and glutathione content are closely related to drought-resistance membership degree(>0.06),so they can be accepted as indicators and among them,proline is the most effective.

Based on a 29-year(1981-2009)field fertilization experiment and a 4-year(2006-2009)nutrient depletion pot experiment,effects of long-term fertilization regimes on crop productivity and stress resistance of the double rice cropping system in the hilly area south to the Yantze River were analyzed.Results show that Treatmnent NPK+OM(application of inorganic NPK plus organic manure)was the highest in productivity of both rice crops and annual field productivity and its annual mean aboveground biomass and mean grain yield was 24.5% and 20.0% higher than Treatment NPK,respectively.Treatment NPK significantly increased N use efficiency,where as Treatment NPK+OM did even more.Treatment N and Treatment NPK displayed a delining trend in annual grain yield with a magnitude being 43.7 and 1.8 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,respectively,while Treatment NPK+OM showed an increasing trend with a range of 6.9 kg·hm^-2·a^-1.Balanced feritilization(Treatment NPK and Treatment NPK+OM)significantly decreased the coefficient of variations of crop biomass and grain yields and increased the sustainable yield index(SYI),resulting in the high stability of crop pro ductivity of the double rice cropping system.After the 4-year nutrient depletion experiment,the treatments basically followed the order of NPK+OM>NPK>N in aboveground biomass and grain yield of each rice growing season and the whole year.During the experiment,Treatment NPK+OM remained at the top in mean aboveground biomass and mean grain yields,indicating that long-term application of NPK plus organic manure may improve tolerance of the paddy soil to nutrient depletion.In conclusion,such a fertilization pattern can not only sustain high productivity of the double rice cropping system,but also enhance the system’s resistance to environmental stresses,which contributes to sustainable high and stable production of the double rice cropping system in the hilly area south to the Yangtze River.

To illustrate the short-term changes in soil microbe alteration of fertilizer nutrient input might bring about,samples of red paddy soil were collected from a paddy field under long-term combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer.They were used in an indoor incubation experiment to observe effects of addition of different nutrient elements on soil microbial biomass carbon and functional diversity of BIOLOG communities.Results show that addition of inorganic nutrients lowered microbial biomass carbon by 15%-22% within a short period of time (185 days) and average well color development(D _av)by 55.6%,while addition of organic nutrients raised microbial biomass carbon by 8%-42% and D _av by  992%.In Z(no addition of nutrients)D _av  was increased by 501% within a short period of time,and evenness of microbial community was somewhat lowered,but microbial biomass carbon was not much affected.Besides,addition of different nutrient elements also altered the carbon metabolism pattern of the soil microbial community.Amendment of different nutrient elements into the soil under long-term combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer changed significantly ecological features of the soil microbe,which may be embodied in changes in microbial biomass carbon and microbial carbon utilization pattern.

A vertical-averagee 2-D ecosystem hydrodynamic model was established based on the principles of hydrodynamics and in light of the status quo of eutrophication of Lake Dianchi,the program for reconstruction Lake Dianchi eco-environment,research works done in the past,and changes in vegetation,sediment and water of the wetland,to simulate and study flow fields and concentration fields of the existing waterbody,expanded waterbody by removing the breakwater and the whole waterbody after construcition of wetland and concentration field of the water in inflowing rivers that have met the criteria of discharege.The effects of wetland plants and expansion of the waters on flow field of the lake and effects of expansion of the waters,wetland plants and up-to-standard discharge of inflowing rivers on water quality of the lake have been analysed.Results show that the effect on flow field of expansion of the waters was only to a part of the lake,while the effect of wetland plants was limited to the wetland area.Expansion of the waters may have some effect on water quality,lowering the mean concentrations of TN&TP from 2.08 and 0.19 mg·L^-1 to 1.69 amd 0.16 mg·L^-1 ,separately,but construction of wetlands may have greater effect on TN&TP,lowering their mean concentrations down to 0.76 and 0.05 mg·L^-1 ,which basically meet with Grade Ⅲ Criteria of Water Quality Standard.Once construction of artifical wetlands is accomplished and the water of inflowing rivers made up to the standard for discharge,the mean concentration of TN&TP may be lowered to 0.17 and 0.01 mg·L^-1 ,respectively,thus significantly improving the water quality of the lake.Therefore,the combination of the last two measures may play a critical role in improving the ecological environment of Lake Dianchi.

The rapid development of rural tourism has resulted in water pollution in the countryside.Rural tourist spots in Anji County,Zhejing Province are mostly located in remote hilly areas,where no large piece of land for construction of wastewater treatment facilities is available.To solve this problem,a "multi-soil-layering(MSL) technology" featuring low investment,low operation cost,simple operation and management,and small land occupatio was introduced.The treatment capacity of the MSL system is abort 60m³·d^-1.After half a year of stable operation,monitoring shows that the effluent of the system is 43.8,5.1,3.1,0.6 and 7.0 m³·d^-1 in average concentration of COD,TN,NH₄⁺-N,TP and SS,indicating that their average removal rate being 82.7%,92.2%,94.1%,89.4% and 97.1%,respectively.The quality of its effluent may be stably kept up to the Criteria of Grade I of the "Standard fro Discharge of Pollutants From Urban Sewage Treatment Facilities"(GB 18918-2002).

Effects of low water level on water quality and ecology of the Tianmuhu Reservoir,Liyang,China were evaluated by means of high-frequency in situ monitoring of the water quality and plankton in the reservoir duting the period from September 2008 till August 2009,when the water level of the reservoir was lowered down by 1.73 m below the mean water level of the years 2004-2008 for reinforcement.It was found that the reservoir weakened its buffering capacity of incoming exogenous nutrients in that year of low water level operation.Peaks of TN concentration was closely related to heavy rainfall.One early spring heavy shower(Feb.17-27,2009)immediately led to a sharp rise of the ρ(TN)of waterbody from 0.92 to 2.09 mg·L^-1 ,which returned to normal only after the end of the summer storm season.TP concentration in the waterbody was mainly affected by the biomass of plankton and the content of supspended substances therein and littleby the low water level.In the summer of 2009,the proportion of Cyanophyta among the phytoplankton was obviously higher than that in the summer of 2008,suggesting that the entire alga community structure tended towards that under eutrophication.Compared with that in June August,2008,the mean abundance of protozoa was 1730 L^-1 and of rotaria 4188 L^-1,in June August,2009,almost doubled,that of copepod decreased by 21% but of cladocera fluctuated sharply.Moreover,the Chl-a nutrition index of the waterbody increased.In general,low water level makes the whole ecological system more sharply,and the waterbody more susceptible to changes in environmental conditions.It is,therefore,suggested that it is essential to keep a suitable water level in management of reservoirs in terms of water quality and ecology.

Based on the measurement of nitrate nitrogen(NO₃^--N)contents of the groundwater,which is the source of drinking water of the rural residents in the northwest region of Lantian County,health risk assessment of the pollution was performed using the health risk assessment model available.The measurement shows that NO₃^--N concentration in the groundwater was on average 12.00 mg·L^-1 in the low-water season(March)and 15.81mg·L^-1 in the high-water season(September)and some of the water samples even exceeded the upper limit of GB 5719-2006(National Standard for Hygiene of Drinking Water)in NO₃^--N concentration in the groundwater decreased significantly with the depth of the wells,being the highest in the water within the depth of 0-20 m and much lower in the water below the depth of 60 m.The health risk assessment shows that the drinking water in Lantian County is higher in health risk in the Ba river valley and the tablelands in the southern part than in the mountainous area in the north.

Effects of Cd²⁺ on peroxidase systems(POD)in organs of grass carp,like liver,kidney and gill were studied with the hydrostatic biological test method.Results show that within the 7 days of experiment period,under low  Cd²⁺stress,the activity of POD in the liver and kidney tissues decreased first then increased and decreased once again as time elapsed,while under high Cd²⁺stress,the activity of  POD in the liver was significantly inhibited through all the 7 days of experiment period (P<0.05).Under high Cd²⁺stress,POD in kidney was firstly reactivated in a short time,but was soon inhibited significantly(P<0.05).However,under Cd²⁺stress,the activity of POD in the gill first increased and then decreased with time during the 7 days of experiment priod,and was obviously lower than that in liver and kidney.

Zoning for control of agricultural non-point source pollution(ANSP)and identifying critical source areas may help improve efficiency of the control of agricultural non-point source pollution.Throgh inventory analysis,discharge and concentration of ANSP(COD,TN and TP)was analyzed and calculated quantitatively,and based on sensitivity assessment and clssification of ANSP,methods for zoning of ANSP were explored and principles and methods for zoning and nomenclature of the zones were put forth.Zoning may help realize management at different levels and control by sort of ANSP.The method was applied to ANSP zoning of the 64 counties of Jiangsu Provence.The countries were being used as basic units. 

A questionnaire about rural domestic non-point source pollution was designed and used during the investigation of 85 natural villages in Qianhuang and Xueyan Towns of th Taige Canal Watershed by means of random sampling.Througy statistic analysis of the feedback in the questionnaires,information about ratio of different types of toilets,and fate of the supernatant and solid residue in the septic-tank,and disposal of domestic waste were obtained and summarized.Based on the classification of rural domestic pollutions,coefficients of the pollution flowing into the river were estimated as follows:COD_Cr,6.6%-13. 3%;TN,18. 1%-18.6%;and TP,8.2%-12.5%.