With the aid of the RS and GIS technology and remote-sensing information,a thematic series of nature conservation maps were plotted out.By overlaying the series of maps with the planned expressway network map for buffer analysis and statistical analysis,impacts of the planned expressway network on eco-environment were studied.Among the planned 5 vertical,9 horizontal and 6 linking expressways,9 will have certain impacts on 9 of the 127 different nature reserves,and among the 11 across the Yangtze River,5 will affect the drinking water reserves along the Yangtze River.About 76.74% of the land that is to be occupied by the planned expressways will be basic farmland.The expressways striding over the Taihu Lake will aggravate eutrophication of the Meiliang Bay and Wuli Lake.In response to the above-listed problems,six important strategies are proposed with a view of protecting the eco-environment.

Based on estimation of soil carbon pools and their variances at the county level with the aid of the DNDC model,farmland soil carbon pool saturation levels,soil carbon sequestration potentials,and differences between upland and paddy field in carbon sequestration capacity in various provinces of the country were analyzed.The results obtained by the authors demonstrate that the farmland soil carbon pool saturation level of China represented the equilibrium value of soil carbon content of farmland cultivated in the same way as it was in 1990 in land use pattern,farming practice,fertilization level and climatic conditions.The finding could serve as basis for selection of land use patterns,farming practices and fertilization methods for farmland.In terms of distribution of soil carbon saturation levels,it was low in North China,and then rising spokewisely with North China as its hub.Assuming the cultivation conditions of the farmland remain the same as they were in 1990,the soil carbon sequestration potential of the farmland of China would be-0.969 Pg.In terms of soil carbon sequestration potential per unit area,Tibet is on the top of the list and Heilongjiang the bottom,showing a declining trend from south to north.Besides,paddy field is much greater than upland in soil carbon sequestration potential.

Based on land-cover information obtained from the land-cover type maps of 1979,1987 and 2002,three landscape indices,such as percentage of a patch in area,fractal dimension and area variation coefficient,of the studied catchment were analyzed to determine land-cover pattern and its dynamic characteristics,including patch area,shape of patches and spatial relationship during the past twenty years.Sustainability of four indices,i.e.fragmentation index,diversity index,fractal dimension,and relative reasonability of land-cover at the catchment level is simulated.The results indicate that the pattern of land-cover in the Wufendigou Catchment tended to be a relatively stable landscape structure of mosaic,which is quite stable in land-cover type,simple in patch shape and subject to greater human interference.The sustainability analysis of land-cover characteristics showed a result quite identical with that of the analysis of their corresponding indices.

With the aid of GIS,together with the theory of landscape ecology and settlement geography,spatial pattern of the residential land in the Naoli River Valley was analyzed.All the landscape indices,including patch mean area,patch cohesion index,sum-area and number of residential lands,have been increasing during the last 50 years,which shows that the agricultural settlement in the Naoli River Valley has been intensified,and its agricultural economy gradually turning into an urban economy.There are seven land use types,including residential land,wetland,farmland,water surface area,woodland,grassland and bottomland in the study area.Residential land is closely related to the other types of land use,but particularly to farmland,and the relationship between the two is turning closer and closer.Distribution of areas high in extension strength of the residential land varies somewhat with the time period.But they are mainly distributed at the early frontier of the reclamation.It eventually turned out that in the period from 1954 to 2000,the areas of high value of extension strength of residential land were mainly located in the western and central parts of the Naoli River Valley.Although both the area and number of residential lands have been increased greatly,the distribution of residential lands always shows a stochastic pattern,so it can be concluded that agricultural economy is still the prominent type of economy in the Naoli River Valley.

The "ecological footprint(EF)" method which made its debut just in recent years is a useful means for measuring the pressure imposed by human on natural ecology and determining regional sustainability as well.The EF theory,including its method and model,is briefly introduced.With Wuqiaohe Catchment as a case for study,the EF at the scale of a small catchment was calculated.The results show that the EF demand was 1.020 7 hm²  per capita in 2004 while the ecological carrying capacity was only 0.465 2 hm² per capita,constituting an ecological deficit of 0.555 5 hm² per capita,of which forest and arable land accounts for more than 50%.The deficit posed a threat to sustainability of the natural resource and environment in Wuqiaohe Catchment.Finally,the advantages and the disadvantages of the EF theory are also discussed.

An attempt to apply exergy（Ex）,structural exergy(Ex_st),ecological buffer capacity（（|β|））and trophic state index(I_ts)to the assessment of lake ecosystem health was presented.It was obvious that there were different ecosystem health conditions in different areas of the Taihu Lake.A standard and a comprehensive health index(I_Ex)for evaluating ecosystem health of a shallow eutrophic lake were given.This method were tested in the Taihu Lake from 2002 to 2003.The results indicate that the comprehensive health index and criteria were applicable to evaluating ecosystem health in different areas of the Taihu Lake.

Investigation of this region reveals that the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and petro-products in the sea water ranged between Grades Ⅱ and Ⅲ of the standards for sea water quality;and the concentration of inorganic P was well exceeding Grade Ⅳ of the standards.The quality of the substrate of the shoals fitted well into Grade I of the standards for maritime deposit quality by and large,but PCBs in some sampling sites was found beyond the limit of Grade V.A total of(2 976) strains of bacteria were isolated under 17 genera and some genera of enterobacteriaceae,separately,showing apparent features of their terrestrial sources.A total of 71 species of planktons were collected.Most of them belong to euryhalin Bacillariophyta,and may be used as the food for shellfish.The residues of petro-products,Cd,Cr,Hg,Cu and PCBs in the body of some shellfish were found well beyond the limit of the standards for maritime shellfish quality to a varying degree.Based on the relationship observed between the environment and shellfish culturing on the beach,some approaches and ways were suggested for making overall plans that take all factors into due consideration so as to improve the environment of the shoals as well as shellfish cultivation.

 An area（about 1 600 m²） of Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland in Sanjiang Plain was selected to study the function of wetland ecosystems purifying environmental N and P pollutants.Results show that the N and P removal rates presented a rather steady trend during the vegetation growth and maturation periods,and the average removal rate was 85.62% and（85.94）%,respectively.The accumulated concentration of NH⁺₄-N was significantly correlated with TN in the water body of the wetland.Input concentration,mowing and runoff all affected the purification function of the wetland and distribution of N and P.The removal rate decreased with the increase of input concentration and also with mowing.Limited runoff played little role in removing N and P.In a word,the purification efficiency of the Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland ecosystem in Sanjiang Plain was remarkable.The total removal rate of N and P reached 97.97% and 99.05%,respectively.

A full-scale wetland,80 hm² in area,was constructed and put into operation in October 1998 in Rongcheng City ,Shandong Province for treatment of wastewater.The treatment capability of the system was 2.0×10⁴ m³·d^-1.To evaluate pollutants removal efficiency,and seasonal and annual variations of the system,water samples were collected and analyzed from January 1999 to December 2004.The results show that the constructed wetland could effectively reduce concentration of suspended solids by 73.9%,BOD₅ by 72.5%,COD_Cr by 63.8%,coliform by 99.7% and fecal coliform by 99.6%.The nitrogen removal efficiency（45.1%）was relatively low,and the phosphorous removal efficiency（30.2%）the least.BOD₅,COD_Cr,NH⁺₄-N and TP removal displayed seasonal variations.NH⁺₄-N reduction varied more dramatically with the seasons in comparison with other parameters.The COD_Cr and BOD₅ and NH⁺₄-N reduction efficiency showed a rising trend from 1999 to 2004.The TP reduction efficiency remained almost unchanged in 2001 and 2002,but began to decrease in 2003.

With the rapid growth in the number and size of intensive livestock enterprises in China,livestock waste in a huge amount has become one of the main sources of water pollution.Environmental risk assessment of the intensive animal production in the Jiulong River Watershed was conducted with the aid of GIS and the nutrient balance method.The findings of the study of spatial distribution of pollution loads and the environmental risk assessment show that a total of 1 070 000 tons of manure is produced annually from the pig farms in the region,among which those small in scale contribute the most to the environmental pollution load.Generally speaking,the pig farms up in scale do not pose much environmental risk.However,high environmental risk is found in some suburban and exurban regions where such pig farms concentrate and produce large amounts of pig manure that cause great impact on the environment in addition to the excessive application of chemical fertilizer.Animal production units located near streams pose higher threat to the waterbodies.It is,therefore,suggested that in order to reduce their impact on water quality and urban environment,the 250 pig farms located near streams should be moved at least 1 km away from the rivers and their main tributaries.

Effects of four kinds of modifiers on growth and chlorophyll content of Eulaliopsis binata growing on the soil polluted by lead/zinc gangue were investigated.The results show that the plants in the treated soils grew much better than in CK,with biomass of the shoots increased by over 100%（P≤0.05）.All the four kinds of modifiers lightened the poisoning effect of the heavy metals on Eulaliopsis binata,but varied in effect in the order of calcium magnesium phosphate>（CaCO₃>）organic manure>sea-foam.With the rise of the application rate of CaCO₃,biomass and chlorophyll content of Eulaliopsis binata presented a downward trend;while with the rise of the application rate of the other three,biomass of Eulaliopsis binata showed an ascendant trend,but chlorophyll content a trend of rise first,then fall.

Variation of aluminum in form and distribution is recognized to be associated with environmental pH.Effect of activated aluminum（Al_a,Al_b） on contents of reductive glutathione（GSH）and malondialdehyde（MDA）in wheat was investigated by changing the pH of aluminum solutions.The experiment was designed to have three total Al concentration treatments,0 μmol·L^-1（CK）,25 μmol·L^-1（T1） and 75 μmol·L^-1（T2）,and four pH levels,4.0,4.5,5.0 and 5.5,for each treatment.Results show that low concentrations of Al_a and Al_b significantly affected contents of GSH in the roots,stems and leaves of wheat,showing a process of inducement,increase and consumption of GSH in the roots and leaves of wheat.The GSH contents in leaves reached minimum of this experiment at pH 4.5 in treatment T2(75 μmol·L^-1 Al),while MDA accumulated in the leaves,suggesting that Al reached its maximum toxicity at pH 4.5 by 75 μmol·L^-1 in the study.

Photolystic kinetics of vinclozolin in various aqueous solutions under a high pressure mercury lamp and the sunlight were studied.The half-life of vinclozolin photolysis in redistilled water was 28 min and 3.86 h under a high pressure mercury lamp and the sunlight,respectively.Soluble substances in tap water and lake water showed faint influence on photodegradation of vinclozolin under the high pressure mercury lamp,but significant sensitizing effect under the sunlight,bringing the photosensitizing rate up to 138% and 126% in 3 h,respectively.Under either light sources,both buffers,pH 5.0 and pH 7.0,showed an obvious photoquenching effect on vinclozolin,but buffer pH 9.0 showed a strong photosensitizing effect,especially under the sunlight.The photoquenching rates of the buffers,pH 5.0 and pH 7.0,against vinclozolin were 69% and 57% under the high pressure mercury lamp for 60 min,respectively and 77% and 33% under the sunlight for 7 h,respectively.The photosensitizing rate of buffer pH 9.0 was 58% and 415% under the high pressure mercury lamp for 20 min and under the sunlight for 1 h,respectively. 

Sunlight and high pressure mercury lamp(HPML)were used as light sources to study photolysis of triadimefon in aquatic solution and explore affecting factors.The results show that under different lamp-houses and in different translucid media the photolytic rate of triadimefon followed such a sequence as quartz cuvette+HPML>glass cuvette+HPML>quartz cuvette+sunlight>glass cuvette+sunlight>darkroom,and that the higher the initial concentration of triadimefon in the aquatic solution,the lower the photolytic rate.It was also found that acetone was an effective aid to improve photosensitivity of triadimefon to photolysis and its photosensitization rate was found distinctly related to its concentration.Moreover,the photolysis of triadimefon is photo-oxidation in nature,so dissolved oxygen in aquatic solution has an important effect on photolysis of triadimefon.

By summarizing the accumulation and toxicity of rare earth elements in animal brain and their effects on health of the people living in the area rich in rare earths,potential effects of their agricultural application and wastes disposal from rare earth factories on environment and the human health were analyzed.

Seasonal changes in nitrate concentration and table of groundwater in Hetao Irrigation District were investigated.Results show that in March the concentrations of NO^-₃-N and TN were significantly higher than those in May,July and September and the groundwater table was also lower than those in May and July.Sharp difference was found in N concentration between wells different in type.The NO^-₃-N concentration in the wells in farmlands and courtyards was significantly higher than those near villages,whilst the concentrations of NH⁺₄-N and TN in the wells in courtyards were higher than those in farmlands and near villages.The major N component of the N pollution in the groundwater was（NO^-₃-N） and about 17.1% of the groundabuter samples investigated were above 10 mg·L^-1 in NO^-₃-N concentration throughout the year with the highest reaching 184.4 mg·L^-1.When similar in irrigation rate and farming practice,65.5% of the groundwater samples in the fertilized zone were over 10 mg·L^-1 in NO^-₃-N concentration,whereas only 27.6% of the groundwater samples in the non-fertilized zone.In the former,the concentration of（NO^-₃-N） averaged（17.55±15.02） mg·L^-1,which was much higher than that in the latter（[（7.67±4.48）） mg·L^-1].Higher NO^-₃-N concentration came from N fertilizer and animal manure applied in farming production and courtyard economy production.Therefore,the problem of NO^-₃-N contamination of groundwater that occurred with the current local N application rate can′t be ignored.

Ecological standards are rare and far from systematism in China.So it is an urgent need to establish an eco-environment standard system for China.By using for reference the current environmental standard system which aims at pollution control in China,a basic framework for the system,and principles for and key points in formulating eco-environment standards have been proposed.