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Table of Content

Volume 20 Issue 4
25 October 2004
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The biological hormesis-effects of rare earths and potential effects of application of rare earths on agricultural eco-environment
CHEN Zu-Yi
2004, 20(4):  1-5. 
Abstract ( 762 )   PDF (40KB) ( 2089 )  
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Hormesis-effect refers to the stimulation of physiological processes of an organism by poisoning substances.By addressing the biological hormesis effects of rare earths and its role as "environmental hormone",their potential effects of application of rare earths on agricultural eco-environment were investigated. 
Assessment of non-use value of the Yaoluoping national nature reserve
XU Hui, JIANG Ming-Kang, QIAN Yi, PENG Bu-Zhuo
2004, 20(4):  6-9,14. 
Abstract ( 599 )   PDF (37KB) ( 1942 )  
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The contingent valuation method(CVM)is applied in assessing the non-use value of the Yaoluoping national nature reserve.The study shows that the non-use value in Anhui Province is reckoned at 485.7 million yuan·a-1 and at 1 494.7 million yuan·a-1 in Jiangsu Province,totaling 1 980.4 million yuan·a-1 in sum,of which its existence value is 1 069.4 million yuan·a-1,its heritage value 594.1 million yuan·a-1,and option value 316.9 million yuan·a-1.And the mean WTP is estimated at 42.0 yuan·a-1 and 14.4 yuan·a-1 for Jiangsu and Anhui subjects,respectively.The results manifest that the survey is of operation significance due to the GDP difference between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.Correlation of various socio-economic factors with the WTP rate of the subjects and the mean WTP varied from region to region.Sensitivity analysis shows that the survey is sensitive to age and income.Annual income and payment mode play a more significant role affecting amount of WTP,while age and education degree affect rate of WTP.To sum up,the study results provide an important reference for the government to make proper decisions and fiscal budget,and the CVM method confirms that regional difference exists between mean WTP,hence the total WTP.
Intra- and inter-specific competition within Cryptomeria fortunei populations in the Mountain Tianmu national nature reserve
ZHANG Xin, YANG Shu-Zhen, ZHAO Ming-Shui, LI Ling-Jian, LIU Liang, CHEN Xiao-Yong
2004, 20(4):  10-14. 
Abstract ( 648 )   PDF (40KB) ( 2153 )  
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Cryptomeria fortunei plays a critical role in the vegetation of the Mountain Tianmu national nature reserve.However,decline has been observed in the Cryptomeria fortunei forests in recent years.Three typical plots of C.fortunei forests were set for surveys in order to understand the role of competition in the decline.C.fortunei was the sole dominant species,accounting for 58.79%-93.34% of the total area at breast height in the surveyed communities.C.fortunei in Laodian plot suffered the most serious competition with a mean competition index per tree(CI)being 4.35.The mean competition index per tree of Dashuwang plot was 0.58,the lowest among the three.Intra-specific competition of C.fortunei,which contributed 57.3%-69.6% of the total CI,was higher than the inter-specific.Dashuwang CI was negatively correlated with diameter at breast height.The present study indicates that competition,especially intra-specific,plays an important role in the decline of C.fortunei in the Mountain Tianmu national nature reserve.
Designing of the environmental monitoring and information system of Lake Wuliangsuhai based on 3S technologies
YUE Hai-Jun, SHANG Shi-You, MA Qing-Yan, WU Li-Bin
2004, 20(4):  15-18. 
Abstract ( 582 )   PDF (35KB) ( 1687 )  
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In ecological management of Lake Wuliangsuhai,an environmental monitoring and information system has been established based on the 3S technology,and is used to perform real-time monitoring of the project of ecological management of Lake Wuliangsuhai,to manage spatial and non-spatial data and to build up an engineering and technical archival repository.In order to keep the ecosystem in a benign cycle it is essential to harmonize ecological rehabilitation and economic benefit by planning reasonably and orienting in depth,to determine relationship between input and output of various nutrients,to evaluate comprehensively effects of protection and exploitation and hence to,realize macroscopic control of the role of Lake Wuliangsuhai multi-functional ecological system,and to keep on improving and amending technical parameters of the ecological management plan.
Relationship between farmland landscape and agricultural natural disasters,a case study of Jilin Province
HE Yan-Fen, ZHANG Bai, MA Chao-Qun, LIU Quan
2004, 20(4):  19-23. 
Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (46KB) ( 1528 )  
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Dynamic changes in farmland landscape in Jilin Province in the past 50 years were analyzed from the prospect of landscape ecology,e.g.crop habitat diversity index,crop pattern diversity index and crop species diversity index.By analyzing changes in acreage of farmland stricken by drought,flood,wind and hail,frost,crop diseases and pests,and dynamics of the ratio between the acreage of disaster-stricken farmlands and the acreage of disaster-affected farmland since 1978,it was discovered that the diminishing landscape diversity is one of the main causes of the frequent occurrence of agricultural disasters and the increase in loss.It is suggested that diversified arrangement of agricultural productions be the general orientation for future agriculture so as to minimize the loss caused by agricultural disasters.
Accumulation and distribution of Na in Robinia pseudoacacia in saline-alkali soil
HUANG Yi, JI Hai-Bo, JIANG Xue-Yan, LI Ting
2004, 20(4):  24-26,31. 
Abstract ( 657 )   PDF (39KB) ( 1380 )  
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A research was carried out on distribution of Na in Robinia pseudoacacia of various plant-age,and revealed the relationship of Na content in the roots with that in the corresponding soil layers.Under long-term salt stress,the plant accumulated a mass amount of Na, and the accumulation increased drastically with the time going on.The absolute Na content as well as the Na accumulation rate of the roots were evidently higher than that of the aerial parts,and the Na content in the roots observably increased with the roots extending deeper into the soil layer.Combination of all the results reveals that under excessive salt stress,Robinia pseudoacacia avoided physiological harm of Na and enhanced its tolerance towards excessive salt stress.
Effect of simulated acid rain on release of cadmium from red soils
XU Zhong-Jian, LIU Guang-Shen
2004, 20(4):  27-31. 
Abstract ( 679 )   PDF (50KB) ( 1434 )  
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A soil column leaching experiment was designed and conducted to investigate effect of simulated acid rain on release of cadmium from two kinds of red soils.The results show that acid rain can accelerate release of cadmium from red soils.The average release rate of cadmium was 1.6-1.7 times as high as the control under the impact of acid rain of pH 4.5,and 2.0-6.5 times when the acid rain was pH 3.5.After leaching with 9 150-10 650 mm acid rain of pH 4.5,the cumulative Cd release increased by 63.0%-80.0% and that of pH 3.5 by 102.7%-630.6%.The release of Cd was in significant or extremely significant correlation with the release of Al and Fe.The effect of acid rain on release of cadmium from soils can increase the load of cadmium in water,thus directly or indirectly undermining health of the people.
"Memory" effects of heavy metals on forest soils
ZHANG Jin-Chi, ZENG Feng, ZHU Li-Jun
2004, 20(4):  32-36. 
Abstract ( 645 )   PDF (42KB) ( 1886 )  
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By irrigating a forest soil with a solution containing a certain concentration of Cd,Cr and Pb several times,"memory"effect on the soil,i.e.decrease in the heavy metal adsorption rate of the soil as was affected by sewaging in the past,was studied.Results show that the soil has a high environmental capacity for Cr and Pb,so the "memory" effect of the soil is not significant.After irrigation with CrCl3 solution several times,about 99% of the Cr in the soil below 20 cm was adsorbed by the soil.After irrigation with PbCl2 three times,Pb concentrations at various sampling points declined but remained over 85%.If more irrigation was done,the Pb adsorption rate would further go down.The soil is rather limited in environmental capacity for Cd.The surface soil layer would easily get saturated in adsorption and the adsorption zone would move downwards,posing a threat to the groundwater.
Heavy metal pollution and pesticide residues in soils of Kunming area
CHEN Jian-Jun, ZHANG Nai-Ming, QIN Li, CHEN Hai-Yan
2004, 20(4):  37-40. 
Abstract ( 649 )   PDF (34KB) ( 2035 )  
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Investigations and survey were carried out to determine heavy metal pollution(Cd、Cu、Pb、As、Cr and Hg)and pesticide residues(666、DDT、methamidophos、omethoate)in soils of Kunming area.Their sources were probed into and severities assessed.The results indicate that the soils are polluted with Cd、Cu、As and Hg to a varying extent.The pollution by Cd is the most serious and then followed in the order of Cu>Hg>As>Pb>Cr.The comprehensive assessment shows that the heavy metal pollution of the soil is medium in level.Residues of organic chlorin pesticides were found in the soil,and so were organic phosphor pesticides,though quite low in content.
Horizontal migration of ammonium nitrogen in seashore saline soil on the coast of Laizhou Bay
BAI Bing, CHEN Xiao-Min, WANG Heng-Xiang
2004, 20(4):  41-43,55. 
Abstract ( 656 )   PDF (39KB) ( 1491 )  
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Horizontal migration of ammonium nitrogen in seashore saline soil on the coast of the Laizhou Bay was studied.The results show that ammonium nitrogen was moving horizontally at a speed that varied with the distance(0-20 cm)from the tracer source and the content of NH4+ was also reduced gradually in power function due to adsorption by soil colloid.Horizontal migration was mainly determined by saturation of the soil adsorption of ammonium nitrogen,but its velocity was controlled by the concentration gradient and soil water potential gradient and moreover,in a sharp positive relation with the soil moisture content showing an exponential function.The concentration of ammonium nitrogen in horizontal migration decreased with the increase in unsaturated soil water diffusivity in power function.
Difference in Cd2+2resistance and Cd2+ contents between two varieties of hybrid rice seedlings under Cd2+ stress
WANG Gui-Min, CHEN Guo-Xiang, CHEN Li, WANG Jian-An, Lü Chuan-Gen
2004, 20(4):  44-47. 
Abstract ( 619 )   PDF (37KB) ( 1629 )  
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Effects of Cd2+ stress on growth,protective enzymes,MDA content,Cd2+ content and photosynthetic characters of rice were studied.The results show that in the rice seedlings of Shanyou-63 under Cd2+ stress,the electron activity of PSⅡ and the photosynthetic rate decreased;the content of MDA increased;the activities of protective enzymes increased at first and decreased afterwards,whereas in the rice seedlings of Liangyoupeijiu,in comparison,the activity of protective enzymes was relatively higher;the rising rate of MDA was lower;the photosynthetic rate and the electron activity of PSⅡ declined at a lower rate;The Cd2+ content was lower in the aerial part and higher in the underground part.The experiment demonstrates that Liangyoupeijiu is more tolerant to Cd2+ pollution than Shanyou 63. 
Ecological effects of long-term methylparathion contamination on soil microflora
ZHANG Rui-Fu, CUI Zhong-Li, HE Jian, HUANG Ting-Ting, LI Shun-Peng
2004, 20(4):  48-50. 
Abstract ( 684 )   PDF (28KB) ( 1714 )  
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Long-term effects of methylparathion contamination on soil microflora were investigated.Little difference in total counts of bacteria,actinomycetes and fungi was observed between the contaminated and the non-contaminated soil.Compared with the control,the contaminated soil was slightly lower in total count of azotobacters and denitrifying bacteria and significantly higher in those of ammonifying and ammonia-oxidizing and nitrifying bacteria.The respiratory intensity of the contaminated soil decreased by 29.93% while ammonification and nitrification increased significantly over that of control soil.The total DNA extracted from the contaminated soil and the control was (12.23±1.36)μg·g-1 and (13.01±(1.91))μg·g-1 dry soil,respectively.
DDT and its metabolites in water,suspended solid,sediment and fish in fishponds in Tianjin
SHI Zhi, PAN Bo, HE Xin-Chun, WU Shui-Ping, CAO Jun, LIU Wen-Xin, XU Fu-Liu, LI Ben-Gang, WANG Xue-Jun, TAO Shu, SHEN Wei-Ran, QIN Bao-Ping, SUN Ren, ZHANG Wen-Ju
2004, 20(4):  51-55. 
Abstract ( 727 )   PDF (47KB) ( 1921 )  
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DDT and its metabolites(DDT residues)were measured in water,suspended solid(SS),sediment and fish(Carassius auratus and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)from two fishponds as well as top soils on their shores in Tianjin.It was found that all the media(including fish muscle and organs)were severely contaminated with DDT residues. The mean concentration of DDT residues in fish muscle was (66.4±2.7)ng·g-1 for Carassius auratus and (24.3±23.4)ng·g-1 for Hypophthalmichthys molitrix,respectively.The ΣDDT concentration in intestines was 3.2-3.9 times higher than in fish muscle. However,the ΣDDT content in gills was only 1.3-1.7 times higher than the content of DDT residues in fish muscle,indicating that DDT residues may accumulate in fish via intake of suspended particles(ingestion process)as well as via direct intake from water by gills.Their bioconcentration coefficient(lgBCF)reached 3.7 and 3.3,respectively.The two fishponds differed significantly in DDT residue content.ΣDDT concentrations in various media were much higher in the fishponds located in the area with the top soil severely contaminated with DDT residues than the other in the area less contaminated. The ratios of DDE/ΣDDT were relatively high for that severely contaminated fishpond,indicating heavy application of DDT in the past.However,the very low DDE/ΣDDT values in suspended solids along with the relatively high DDT concentrations suggested recent inputs of DDT.
Concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus,heavy metals and their affecting factors in the surface water of peri-urban vegetable bases of Nanjing City
ZHANG Qing-Li, SHI Xue-Zheng, HUANG Biao, YU Dong-Sheng, WANG Hong-Jie, Karin Blombaeck, Ingrid Oboern
2004, 20(4):  56-59. 
Abstract ( 642 )   PDF (33KB) ( 1610 )  
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An investigation on the environmental quality of the surface water in peri-urban vegetable bases of Nanjing was conducted.The results indicate: i)the surface water has been polluted to a varying extent by nitrogen and phosphorus,rather than by Pb,Cu,Zn,Cd and Cr; ii)the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of river water was severer than that of pond water.In terms of forms of nitrogen and phosphorus,the proportions of ammonium nitrogen and water soluble phosphorus were higher in river water than in pond water,while the proportions of nitrate nitrogen,organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus were higher in pond water than in river water,which is helpful in identifying sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water.The concentrations of total nitrogen,total phosphorus and Pb,Cu,Zn and Cd were higher in river mud than in pond sludge,which implies the risk of nitrogen,phosphorus and heavy metals pollution was higher in river water than in pond water; iii)the nitrogen,phosphorus and heavy metals in the surface water of peri-urban vegetable bases came mainly from the discharge of domestic sewage and the overdosed application of manure in the vegetable fields.So,it is necessary to protect the surface water from contamination first by purifying the domestic sewage before being discharged into rivers and rationalizing manure application in vegetable production.
Phosphorus adsorption of some clay minerals and soils
YUAN Dong-Hai, GAO Shi-Xiang, JING Li-Jie, YIN Da-Qiang, WANG Lian-Sheng
2004, 20(4):  60-63,72. 
Abstract ( 780 )   PDF (37KB) ( 2636 )  
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Phosphorus adsorption of kaolinite,montmorillonite,attapulgite,vermiculite and zeolite and their affecting factors were studied through experiment on isotherm P adsorption and post-saturation-adsorption P release.Results show that vermiculite is theoretically the highest in P saturation adsorption capacity,being 3 473 mg·kg-1 and followed by attapulgite,yellow cinnamon soil,montmorillonite and Xiashu loess,zeolite and kaolinite.The last is the lowest in theoretic P saturation adsorption capacity,lingering at 554 mg·kg-1.The P adsorption capacity of these clay minerals and soils was mainly influenced by their contents of reactive Ca,Fe and Al,but it was not much affected by soil pH value,CEC and specific surface of the clay minerals and soils,because the main mechanism of the adsorption is chemical sorption.Meanwhile another experiment on desorption of phosphorus from these clay minerals and soils saturated with phosphorus was also conducted.Results show that P release from the clay minerals and soils after P saturation adsorption was very limited.
Current status and technical prospect of rice-duck mutualistic eco-farming in China
ZHEN Ruo-Hong, WANG Qiang-Sheng, SHEN Xiao-Kun, ZHANG Wei-Jian, BIAN Xin-Min, HUANG Pi-Sheng
2004, 20(4):  64-67. 
Abstract ( 799 )   PDF (35KB) ( 1971 )  
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The eco-farming model of rice-duck mutualism is a comprehensive production technology combining the planting-breeding complex with eco-environment protection.Raising ducks in paddy fields has demonstrated positive effects on paddy ecology,such as intertilling and weeding,controlling insects and diseases,saving cost and improving soil fertility,stimulating rice growth,which significantly improves the system′s economic,social and ecological benefits.The status of the experiment and application of the technology of rice-duck mutualistic eco-farming system in China has been summarized,and some issues that need to be perfected and explored in future are put forward.pollution-free agriculture. 
Toxicology of pesticide pollution to earthworms
ZUO Hai-Gen, LIN Yu-Suo, GONG Rui-Zhong
2004, 20(4):  68-72. 
Abstract ( 834 )   PDF (44KB) ( 2850 )  
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Using earthworm as bio-indicator has become an important measure in studying effect of pesticide pollution on terrestrial ecosystem.The progresses in researches on toxicity of pesticide pollution to earthworm individuals,and population and combined toxicity were reviewed.Some primary views on future development of the research field were introduced.
Ecosystem feedback mechanism under the influences of the human activities :effect analysis of ecological water transfer engineering in Tarim River
WANG Rang-Hui, SUN Hong-Bo, HUANG Jun-Fang, ZHAO Zhen-Yong, ZHANG Hui-Zhi, SUN Bao-Sheng
2004, 20(4):  73-76. 
Abstract ( 699 )   PDF (38KB) ( 1772 )  
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Effects of water transfer engineering on the ecology of the Tarim River were analyzed,exposing principles and characteristics of the feedback mechanism of the ecosystem,particularly negative feedback of the ecosystem,i.e.while an ecosystem is subjected to external impact or disturbance,it will initiate a series of autoregulation functions to alleviate intensity of the impact or disturbance in an attempt to restore its balance or stability.Moreover,effects and significance of the feedback mechanism of an ecosystem has been explored.
Strategic environmental assessment in exploitation of agriculture
WANG Yu-Mei, SHANG Jin-Cheng
2004, 20(4):  77-80. 
Abstract ( 695 )   PDF (41KB) ( 1534 )  
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Exploitation of agriculture is a means of promoting agriculture productivity.Introducing strategic environmental assessment(SEA)to agriculture helps avoid adverse impact of agricultural exploitation on the environment.The necessity of using SEA in agriculture is also elaborated.According to timing of the usage of SEA in agriculture,it can be classified into three types:predicting SEA,supervising SEA,retrospecting SEA.Basic contents of SEA in exploitation of agriculture consist preliminarily of objects,principles,index system and methods of the assessment.Basic working procedure is also put forward for SEA of agriculture.