Out of the five major factors of sound ecological residence and eco-residential area,health,conversation of nature and environment,sound ecological cycle,Fengshui and ecological civilization,the first two were elaborated.It includes how to maintain and protect the health of both nature and residents through choice of building materials,architectural design and rational distribution,structure,service and management,how to rationally utilize and protect the ecological resources,such as water,land,air,bio-diversity etc,and what the contents and measures of the ecological service function are.

Communities in the surrounding areas of nature reserves in West China are poor in economy,so the pressure of exploiting the natural resources has been the primary obstacle to the improvement of the management level of the reserves.A new theory has been practiced in some of the reserves in West China.That is,natural conservation should be based on relieving the poverty of surrounding communities.Through the way of community-based management that participants share profits from the reserves assisted by alien funds,the managers of reserves and farmers who were originally contradictor form a collective to support conserving targets and the role of managing office was turned from controller to organizer.The theory has been practiced in some case points,to realize preliminarily harmonized development of reserves,and a set of standardized measures as criterion have been summarized.

With rapid development of the Internet technology,WebGIS is making a great progress,and has found application in many areas,which makes it possible for the Internet users to get global geographical information data.Based on the large amount of eco-environmental data accumulated during the survey of the western eco-environment and practical needs for application of information service system of the western eco-environment network under construction,elaboration was made of the integral structure and designing of the system and technology,function and process of its realization.This system, of high practical value,will be able to provide the public and environment administrations with convenient and rapid access to eco-environmental information.

Curtilage is an important part of agro-ecosystem.Farmers′contribution to biodiversity conservation is reflected to some degree by the number,diversity and utilization of plants in their countyards.With the involvement of Shuangshao Township Association for Protection and Utilization of Plants Genetic Resources(SAPUPGR),an investigation was carried out in Shuangqiao Village in the form of a questionnaire of participatory biodiversity appraisal on 118 households in Shuangqiao Village.The result show that there were only 67 households possessing countyard plantation,accounts for 56.7% of the total farmers investigated.There were 93 plant species in the countyards,including flowers,fruit trees,vegetables,etc.The richness and diversity of plant species are different between farmers.About 80.5% of the 67 households possessed less than nine plant species each,while 19.5% had more than 10 plant species,the latter contributing relatively greater to the conservation of plant biodiversity.It is interesting to find that courtyard plant diversity is closely related to age and education level of the householder and family size as well.

Photosynthetic characteristics of sunflower and its responses to different ecological factors were studied.The results indicate that the light saturation point for the plant is 1 700 μE·m^-2·s^-1;the light compensation point ranges from 95 μE·m^-2·s^-1 to 120 μE·m^-2·s^-1;the photosynthesis rate increases with the light intensity within the extent of the light saturation but decreases with increase in the relative humidity.Temperature is the main factor limiting light utilization and the most suited temperature for growth is 23～33 ℃;and it is accumulation of the photosynthetic organic matter,soluble sugar,that causes "midday dormancy",rather than stomatal conductance.

Based on the results of the survey of the current situation of ecological environment in Anhui Province,cultivated land is the main type of land use.As a result of economic construction,ecological construction,economic benefit driven activities and limited back-up resource,the acreage of cultivated land is decreasing year by year.Insufficient nutrient supply,land degradation,soil erosion and some other factors affect the quality of the cultivated land.The lower ecological footprint shows that the increasing population has been causing an enormous ecological pressure to the environment.The conflict between the men and land is getting more and more prominent.Guarantee of food supply depends more and more on highly intensive utilization of the cultivated land,increased application rate of chemical fertilizers and expansion of the effectively irrigated area.However,the guarantee of sustainable utilization of the cultivated land is to intensify land management,strictly enforce the land related laws and regulations,proper plan for land use,increase the grain yield per unit area and the degree of land use intensity with the aid of science and technology.

During the growth season of wetland plant in the Sanjiang Plain,a representative peat mire soil developed in the Carex lasiocarpa-Glyceria spiculosa wetland was chosen as the object of the study.The soil was sampled layer by layer monthly and their P and K concentrations and correlative environmental factors were measured synchronously.Based on these data,with SPSS software and gray relating analysis means,characteristics of P and K profile concentrations and degrees they were influenced to under their affecting factors in the peat mire soil have been discussed.The results indicate that P and K concentrations in the profile show an obvious phenomenon of stratification along the vertical direction,the good quadratic relativities between P or K concentration and soil layer with correlation coefficients above 0.94 except in the gley layer.The readily available P and readily available K concentrations of each soil layer displayed an obviously dynamic variation during the plant growth season.Their one-factor thrice non-linear regression simulations performed ideally.The same environmental factor did not affect the total P,total K,readily available P and readily available K in the same layer to the same extent,and it also varied in its influence coefficient with P and K in different soil layers.Consequently,there is no doubt that different environmental factors would certainly have different influence coefficients with the same object in the same soil layer.

In the region of Hexi Corridor,gray desert soil,gray brown desert soil and brown desert soil are extensively distributed.Their geographic distribution,soil forming conditions,physico-chemical properties and main subgroups were discussed.And the effect of cultivation of alfalfa(Medicago sativa)on soil building of the gray brown desert soil was also studied.The results show that on this desertified soil three years of cultivation turned out 55.2 t·hm^-2 of fresh grass,equal to 24.8 t·hm^-2 of hay,while it increased natural moisture content in 0～20 cm soil layer by 90.65 g· kg^-1,water-stable granular structure(>0.25 mm)by 17.23%,and total porosity by 7.93%,but decreased bulk density by 0.21g·cm^-3,soil pH from 8.45 to 8.20 and total salt by 4.63 g·kg^-1 forming a desalinization rate of 70.36% as compared to that in CK.At the same time,soil organic matter,readily available N,readily available P and readily available K all increased too.

A comparative experiment was conducted in the field on efficiencies of chemical fertilizer,organic manure,biological compost,organic-inorganic complex fertilizer and biological-organic-inorganic complex fertilizer.The results show that the last type of fertilizer could significantly improve soil biological activities.Compared with that of the soil no fertilizer,the population of bacteria increased by 165.38%,of fungi by 189.47%,of actinomycetsby 48.72%,and the total population of the three sorts of microorganisms by 104.07%.The increments is higher than those in any other treatments in the experiment.The activities of invertase,urease and phosphatase in the soil also increased obviously,thus enhancing the decomposition and transformation of soil organic matter and release of soil available nutrient elements.

With the 1988-2002 economic and environmental data in Jiangsu Province as basis,the model of the industrial waste discharge per unit GDP and industrial waste discharge per capita GDP bave been established,and the relationship between typical environmental indexes and increase of GDP was analyzed.The results show that the industrial waste discharge per unit GDP displays a general downward trend,which indicates that the technological progress and readjustment of industrial structure have yielded significant environmental benefit;meanwhile on the whole the relationship of economic development and environmental pollution conforms to the characteristics of EKC.So the conclusion can be drawn that Jiangsu Province is still at the stage of industrial development,an EKC turning point of the environmental waste discharge has not yet reached.It is,therefore,necessary for Jiangsu to keep a high level of financial input into the control of environmental pollution.

Culturable heavy metal-tolerant bacteria in 5～10 cm and 25～30 cm layers of three lead-zinc tailings,deposited for about 10,20 and 80 years respectively,were investigated.Comparing with the campus soil,decreased total microbial population and a higher percentage of heavy metal-tolerant microorganisms was found in lead-zinc tailings.In tailings deposited for 10 years,no difference in bacterial population was found between the 5～10 cm layer and the 25～30 cm layer,but in the 20- and 80-year-old tailings,the 5～10 cm layer had 2～3 times the size of bacterial population in the 25～30 cm layer.A large population of heavy metal-tolerant bacteria was found in the lead-zinc tailings.The bacteria with high tolerance were small in size of population.Spatially,tolerant bacteria were mainly distributed in the 25～30 cm layer,however,the proportion of tolerant bacteria decreased with the increasing deposited history.Although these tailings contained a high concentration of soluble lead,but the bacteria tolerant to 10 mmol·L^-1of zinc were found in three tailings,either in the 5～10cm or 25～30 cm layers.No bacteria could resist to such a concentration of lead.However,some bacteria were found living on 0.5 mmol·L^-1 of lead and zinc.

Based on the monitoring data from 1986 to 2002,it is found that Lishui City is suffering heavily from acid precipitation and the situation tends to become more and more serious.The acid precipitation is characterized by high frequency of occurrence in spring and winter,low pH value,and decreasing ratio of SO₄（2-SO₄^2-/ NO₃^-,which indicates that the source of air pollution is changing from coal burning to a mixture of coal burning and automobile emission.Coal consumption rate,topographic features,frequency of the appearance of low altitude inversion layers and frequency of surface weak winds are found to have significant effects on acid precipitation and pH value of the rain.

Yixing and Liyang′s rivers are taken for case study to explore the evolutional trend of the water environment of the watershed and main factors affecting the evolution of the water environment.The results show that the annual variation of TN and TP does not show any ascending trend,but that of COD_Mn does otherwise.Industrial point-source pollution is the main factor affecting COD_Mn concentration in the water,whereas high rates of fertilizer application is the major non-point source pollution affecting TN index,and domestic pollution is the major factor affecting TP index in the water. 

A study has been conducted to analyze the use of chemical fertilizer and contamination of groundwater through investigation with a questionnaire among farmers and analysis of sampled groundwater in a typical vegetable cultivation area in Gaocheng City,Hebei Province.The results show that the application rate of chemical fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer was 1 408.6 kg·hm^-2 and 840.8 kg·hm^-2(on the basis of net element)respectively,in 2001 in that region.The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer varied with the cultivation pattern and in an decreasing order of "large-sized plastic shed>green house>medium-sized plastic shed>small-sized plastic shed>film mulching>open field".The highest content of nitrate in the groundwater was detected under open fields in August and under film mulching in November.The study also shows that the nitrate pollution to the groundwater in the intensive sheltered vegetable cultivation area is the most serious.

Structure and function of the photosystem of tungoiltree（Vernicia fordii）saplings were determined after the saplings had been subjected to long-term（118 d）fumigation with low concentration（0.857 1 mg·m^-3 SO₂.The results show that the fumigation led to decrease in photochemical quenching,non-photochemical quenching and apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate（ETR）,but to increase in fluorescence output.The results also show that the light conversion efficiency and potential activity of the photosystem Ⅱ（PSⅡ）and photosystem Ⅰ（PSⅠ）decreased with SO₂ fumigation.It can,therefore,be concluded that the long fumigation with low concentration SO₂ resulted in destruction of the structure of PSⅠ and PSⅡ,thus causing decrease in total light conservation efficiency and potential activity of the photosystem.

Photodegradation of propargite and fenpyroximate and their photoactivating and photoquenching effects on each other in water were studied.Under the illumination of a 300 W high pressure mercury vapor lamp,the half-life of propargite was 9.06 minutes and that of fenpyroximate 1.48 minutes.The photolytic rates of propargite were in a decreasing order of redistilled water>pond water>river water>well water;and of fenpyroximate in the order of well water>redistilled water>pond water>river water;The photolytic rates of the two pesticides were both in the order of sampled water>filtered (water>)sterilized water.There were significant photoactivating and photoquenching effects on photodegradation of each other and these effects were different in different sorts of water,and under different illuminating lights.It was observed that the photolytic rates of the two pesticides were quicker in pH 5 and pH 9 phosphate buffers than in pH 7 phosphate buffer,and so were the photoquenching effects.In redistilled water under sunlight propargite and fenpyroximate were photoactivator to each other,whereas under a 300 W high pressure mercury vapor lamp they were photoquencher to each other.

For pest risk assessment,there are a huge variety of methods,which are summarized and compared with their concept,necessity,biological foundation and assessing procedure.The principles of several pest risk assessment methods,such as bioclimatograph,agriculture climate analogies distance,CLIMEX,GIS,expert system,math model,software and internet,are expounded,and their advantages in risk analyzing are compared.It is concluded that the internet technology can improve velocity and veracity of the pest risk assessment with the help of the Java RMI-technology-based global pest risk analysis system.

A comparatively complete framework,system and platform have been tentatively established for assessment of the economic value of the genetic resources and used to assess preliminarily the economic values of human genes,wild soybean and BT transgenic cotton.The results of the assessment can serve as scientific basis for marketization of genetic resources and sharing of the benefit of international genetic resources and as reference for further studies in this aspect. 

Based on analysis of the contents of projects of building up timber frost bases,it is found unadvisable to take into account only tree species.The purpose of cultivating the species of trees should also be considered.This point of view is of some significance for reference in the practice of surrendering unsuitable farmland to forestry. 更多还原 AbstractFilter('EnChDivSummary','ChDivSummaryMore2','ChDivSummaryReset2');