In the course of readjustment and optimization of industrial structure,it is necessary to expedite reconstruction,transformation and upgrade of traditional industries and development of new industries and to push forward vigorously ecological transformation of the industries and establishment of ecological industries.Based on a large number of case-studies,major principles and strategies for development of ecological industries are addressed,such as market-orientation; ecology and holistic optimization;integration of competition,symbiosis,self-resilience and regeneration;minimization-and-recycling-based circulatory economy;exertion of regional advantages;better elasticity of structure and function,self-regulation,integration hardware,software and mindware;and offering of more job opportunities. 

Based on comprehensive investigation of bio-resources in Gucheng Lake in 1999,it is reckoned that the capacity of the lake of sustaining fishes,shrimps and crabs might reach 650-750 t,of which 25 t could be crabs.Aimed at the problem that the output of crabs was not high in recent years, analysis of its causes was performed and consequently solutions were recommended.In order to ensure that multi-functions of Gucheng Lake, besides as a drinking water source,be brought into full play,the regionalization of major ecological functions,the models for calculation of pollution loads and fishery ecological strategies of the lake are worked out.

Investigations on the rodent community structure in 3 ecotypic areas of Dongting Lake region in 2001 showed that Apodemus agrarius and Rattus confucianus were the dominant species in the three different ecotypic areas of the region.Apodemus agrarius inhabited mainly in the farmland,immigating from field to field seasonally following changes in crop cultivation and even invaded forests on hills.Rattus confucianus was the dominant species in the forests.The boundary areas between forest and farmland on the hills and mountains were dominated by both of them.Historical statistics in the region showed that Rattus norvegicus had once been the dominant species in the farmfield,but now it dropped rapidly in proportion and was displaced by Apodemus agrarius in dominance.Moreover,the dominance of Rattus norvegicus in farmhouses was also taken over by Mus musculus.

Wetland is a kind of important natural resource with enormous environmental functions and benefits.Cold-humid effect is one of the cumulative environmental effects of wetland.The study on cold-humid effect of wetland will help expose their eco-environmental effects from the angle of water and heat,and provide scientific bases for preservation and rational utilization of wetland.The testing results indicate that cold-humid effect is related to vegetation and seeper depth of wetland.Among the three types of vegetation in the study,i.e.Carex pseudocuraica,C.lasiocarpa and Calamagrostis angustifolia,the first has the deepest seeper and the biggest cold-humid effect.It is then followed by C.lasiocarpa and Calamagrostis angustifolia.The near-ground air temperature and humidity of farmland varied with the distance between farmland and wetland.With increase in the distance,the temperature increased but the humidity decreased,which is mainly the result of the cold-humid effect of wetland.The mean ground temperature of farmlands is 4 ℃ higher than that of Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland and 5 ℃ than that of C.pseudocuraica wetland,which is a significant evidence of the refrigeration effect of wetlands.

To analyze landscape patterns of Jinta County and the Jinta oasis and Dingxin oasis therein from the angle of the region and the oasis,nine patch-type indexes and thirteen landscape indexes were selected and GIS and FRAGSTATS were applied in combination.Results of the analysis showed that the landscape pattern on the regional scale reflected the feature of mosaic of substrate landscapes of Gobi and oasis.The Jinta oasis was a type of alluvio-diluvial delta,which featured farmlands distributed alternately with saline-alkaline lands in the pattern of a radiating fan while the Dingxin oasis showed the features of a riverside oasis distributed alongside the river symmetrically.Demarcation of oases and higher data distinguishability are the key to exposing the mechanism of interactions between oasis landscape patterns and their processes.

The experiment to analyze quantitatively soil water deep drainage and nitrate leaching in fluvo-aquic soil was conducted by means of the water balance model.The experiment site,one hm ² in size was located in a piece of farmland under a rotation system of corn and wheat in the Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe Plain.The results indicate that the volumes of soil water deep drainage and nitrate leaching are great,reaching 273.9 mm,about 60.6% of the water irrigated,and the leaching of nitrate N reaching 81.8 kg·hm ^-2,about 15.7% of the total N applied.

In greenhouse,a pot experiment was carried out to study effect of DEHP and DBP of different concentrations (2,10 and 50 mg·kg -1)on growth of cowpea(Vigna unguiculata)inoculated with AM fungi Acaulospora lavis(strain No.34) or Glomus caledonium(strain No.90036).The experimental results indicated that shoot and root dry weights of the plant decreased when the soils were amended with DEHP and DBP.The contents of chlorophyll a and b and nodules were decreased at high concentrations of DEHP and DBP.After inoculation with AM fungi,plant growth was promoted, especially to early plant root and late plant shoot,at the same time, the contents of chlorophyll a and b and nodules increased.

The effects of acute toxicity of phenanthrene,pyrene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in single or combined form on earthworms in meadow brown soils were determined.The results indicated that concentration of the three chemicals was significantly related to lethal rate of the earthworms (α=0.05,r _PHE=0.87,r _PY= 0.85,r _TCB=0.95).However,the relationship of pollutant concentration with sub-lethal rate was not as significant as with acute lethal rate (α=0.05,r _PHE=0.75,r _PY=0.72,r _TCB= 0.85).Tolerance of some individual earthworms to the toxicity of some individual pollutants varied greatly.The threshold value causing death of individual earthworm was 20 mg·kg ^-1 for phenanthrene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene,and 2 000 mg·kg ^-1 for pyrene.The threshold value resulting in weight loss of individual earthworms was 20 mg·kg ^-1 for phenanthrene,300 mg·kg ^-1 for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and 1 000 mg·kg ^-1 for pyrene.LC ₁₀₀ was 100 mg·kg -1 for phenanthrene and 350 mg·kg ^-1 for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene,and non-calculatable for pyrene due to its low water solubility and low toxicity.The experiment also revealed that combined pollution resulted in both synergism and antagonism.

Pentachlorophenol-induced oxidative stress in liver of crucian carp was studied by comparing crucian carps in the control with those exposed to solutions with pentachlorophenol(PCP) concentration at 0.001 6,0.016 and 0.16 mg·L ^-1 separately for 15 days in SOD,GSH,MDA,NO and NOS in livers of the crucian carps.The results show that the carps in the 0.16 mg·L ^-1 treatment all died on 13th day;that in the 0.001 6 mg·L ^-1 treatment,PCP increased MDA and NO contents in livers of the carps and decreased GSH content,and SOD activity was inhibited whereas NOS activity stimulated;and that in the 0.016 mg·L ^-1 treatment,the effects of PCP on these indexes were more significant than in the 0.001 6 mg·L ^-1 treatment.These data indicate that exposure to PCP may lead to generation of free radicals,depletion of antioxidants and peroxidation of lipids,thus resulting in oxidative stress in livers of the crucian carps.

Luciferase labeling is a powerful tool for tracing dynamic activity of microorganisms in the ecosystem.Experiments were conducted with DLL-1 that was labeled with luxAB to investigate distribution of the pesticide-degrading bacterium in soil and its invasion into roots.Luminescence could be detected even 30 days after labeling.The roots were dissected and cultured on plate for 24 hours and then exposed to X-ray film.Results also showed that the strain could invade into root of the plant.Parathion hydrolysis and plasmids detection also verified colonization and invasion of the bacteria of the strain.

Effects of exogenous lanthanum (La) on carbon utilization of soil microorganisms were studied by means of ¹⁴C-labeled glucose.Results show that low concentration of exogenous lanthanum increased carbon utilization of soil microorganisms in respiration.But when the concentration of exogenous lanthanum was high,the carbon utilization was inhibited by 33% to the maximum. Most of the ¹⁴CO ₂ generated was the product of respiration of soil microorganisms during the initial period of the incubation and the production of ¹⁴CO ₂ was very limited after D14.The supply of exogenous La improved carbon utilization of soil microorganisms in respiration, thus increasing the microbial biomass of the microorganisms per se by 25% to the maximum.

Treated oxytetracycline wastewater mixed with fresh water was used as irrigation water in agriculture for the purpose of exploring the feasibility of comprehensive utilization. The experiment shows that the use of treated wastewater will not bring about any burden to the eco-environment, but rather ameliorate the soil and increase crop yield.

Moisture removal is very important for management of animal manure.The investigation was conducted with a view to determining effect of composting methods on fermentaion and dehydration of animal manure.The results show that with addition of 100 g·kg ^-1 of rice straws, the composting pile had a higher temperature for 5 days,but a lower dehydration rate than the treatment with addition of only 50 g·kg ^-1 of rice straws. Plastic cover of the pile also decreased its dehydration rate. In the treatment of split addition of materials, the moisture content in the pile has dropped from 520 g·kg ^-1 down to 503 g·kg ^-1 for 12 days, while in the treatment of once-for-all addition of materials, it was 554 g·kg ^-1.

Ecological security has been one of the focuses of many specialists and scholars in their research in various fields.On the basis of the collection of research findings and results available in the field of ecological security,review was carried out of conceptions and traits of ecological security, and meanings,status and methods of studies on ecological security at home and abroad were also revealed. 

Soil samples were collected from 11 major agricultural production bases in Xuzhou area of Jiangsu Province and assessed in light of the national environmental quality standards for hazard-free agricultural products by means of single pollution index method and comprehensive pollution index method,separately.The assessment of the soil samples based on 7 pollution indexes shows that the soil environmental quality of the major agricultural production bases is good on the whole and fully meets the requirements of production of hazard-free safe agricultural products.