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Table of Content

Volume 27 Issue 6
25 November 2011
muci
Research on Ecosystem Service in China Based on Analysis of Literature
YANG Zhao-Ping, GAO Ji-Xi, SHEN Wei-Shou, LIU Bo, ZOU Chang-Xin
2011, 27(6):  1-7. 
Abstract ( 1252 )   PDF (1034KB) ( 2247 )  
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Based on the statistics of 727 Chinese papers published in core journals dealing with ecosystem services over the period from 1999 to 2010,quantitative analysis of the literature on ecosystem service in China was performed from the aspects of number of papers,type of journals,type of ecosystem they addressed,study area,and research topics.Results show that the study on ecosystem services in China has been developing rapidly and the number of related papers increasing dramatically.There are 15 journals or periodicals that have each published over 10 papers,contributing 47.73% to the total literature.A total of 321 papers address specific types of ecosystems,among which forest ecosystem stands out,having 116 papers.The statistics of study areeas indicates that 67 papers focused on watersheds as study area and 168 took geographical units in their case stydies.Discussions are carried out on status quo of the study on connotation,classification and evaluation of ecosystem services,effects of human activity and nature disturbance on ecosystem servieces and application and practices of ecosystem services.The revies indicates that the study in future should include scale effect of ecosystem services,dynamic simulation with multiple scenarios,standardization of the evaluation of ecosystem services.and response of ecosystem services to human activity,as focal point.
A Review on Researches of Regional Innovation Systems
FU Li-Ping, WANG Xiang-Hua, WANG Ming-Hai
2011, 27(6):  8-13. 
Abstract ( 860 )   PDF (841KB) ( 1627 )  
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A regional innovation system is the core support system of a region's competitiveness.Major findings of researches on regional innovation systems have been summarized and evaluated from the aspects of basic theories,conceptual evolution,classification and empirical study,and the future orientation of the researches are explored.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Wuxi
LI Lei, LIU Jie, LIU Xue
2011, 27(6):  14-18. 
Abstract ( 858 )   PDF (696KB) ( 1461 )  
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Based on the establishment of an urban input-output index system,a DEA(data envelopment analysi)model for sustainable development of the urban economic-ecological-social system of Wuxi City in 2000-2007 was bulit up to appraise comprehensively the city's capability of sustainable development,to quantify differences between years in input/output ration and to evaluate effectivenss of the two input indices,environmental input and ecological consumption,separately.Results show that during the period from 2000 to 2007,the city's ecological input was quite high in efficiency compared to that of the environmental input.There was still much room for improvement in efficiency of the utilization and allocation of environmental funds.On the whole,the city followed a fairly sound track in sustainable development and was capable of maintaining sustainable development.However,Wuxi needs to further accelerate its industrial restructuing,improve the efficiency in its environmental and ecological protection,rationalize its allocation of funds,and go on promoting the construction of an ecologically inhabitable city.
Features of Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC) of Output of Major Agricultural Pollutants vs Economic Development Level in China
LI Jun, ZHUANG Guo-Tai
2011, 27(6):  19-25. 
Abstract ( 978 )   PDF (887KB) ( 1561 )  
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Features of the environmental Kuznets curve(EKC) potentially existing between the outputs of some main pollutants,i.e. COD and ammonia nitrogen,from agriculture in 2000-2009 and the economic development level in the same period in China are studied,and stage of the agricultural pollution and its ongoing tendedcy analyzed.Results show that the relationship between the outputs of COD and ammonia nitrogen from agriculture and the per capita agricultural GDP in 2000-2009 in China fits the features of EKC,suggesting that when the per capita agricultural GDP reaches ¥7037.04,the output of COD from agriculture arrives at an inflection point,where it is 14871400 tons;and when the per capita agricultural GDP reaches to ¥6513.03,the output of ammonia nitrogen from agriculture comes to an inflection point,where it is 1937200 tons.So if after 2009 the per capita agricultural GDP continues to grow at a rate of 5.76%,which was the lowest per capita agricultural GDP growth rate in 2000-2009,the output of ammonia nitrogen from agriculture will reach to an reflection point in the year of 2014 and the output of COD will in the year of 2016.Meanwhile,becase sharp differences exist between regions in output of the main pollutants from agriculture,in dustrial structure,demographic characteristics,and agricultural production,no obvious relationships that fie the EKC feature are found between the output of the main pollutants,i.e.COD and ammonia nitrogen,from agriculture and the per capita agricultural GDP in Liaoning,Jiangsu,Henan,Hubei,Guangdong,and Sichuan provinces.
Cost Sharing of Watershed Water Pollution Abatement Based on Cooperative Game
LAI Ping, CAO Guo-Hua, ZHU Yong
2011, 27(6):  26-31. 
Abstract ( 842 )   PDF (752KB) ( 1469 )  
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Using the theory of cooperative game,the problem of cost sharing in watershed water pollution abatement was transformed into a cost sharing game.On the basis of the traditional Shapley value method,a new but more universal concept of binomial semivalue solution was brought forth and adopted.The three adjacent administration regions in the Three-Gorge Reservoir on the Yangtze River were set as research objects and chemical oxygen demand (COD) as water quality index.The problem was solved with the multilinear extension method,taking into account its coalition structure.Results show that the solution satisfied the three conditions,i.e. super-additivity,individaual rationality and collective rationality,that a characteristic function of binomial semivalue must have,and that the cost of watershed water pollution abatement was fairly and reasonably allocated among the districts,which validates the effectiveness of this method.
Runoff Pollution From Vineyards in the Taige Canal Valley
SU Bao-Lin, LI Hui, ZHANG Lei, WANG Yin, FU Jie, ZHANG Li-Jun, ZHANG Qian
2011, 27(6):  32-36. 
Abstract ( 906 )   PDF (904KB) ( 1408 )  
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Vineyards in the Taige Canal Valley of Changzhou were chosen for experiment on non-point source pollution.Through monitoring the processes of rainfall,runoff and pollution generation,event mean concentrations (EMCs) were calculated,and by taking into account vieyard management practices,such as fertilization,the characteristics and affecting factors of the runoff pollution therefrom were analyzed.Results show that EMCs were negatively related to mean rainfall intensity on the whole,and varied sharply from event to event.Runoff caused by an event always lagged in phase and its pollutant content varied in concentration with its process.Pollution generation is a complicated process affected by many factors,such as rainfall, rainfall intensity,fertilization and so on.
Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Pollutants in Surface Sediments of the Lakes in Nanjing
MA Ting, ZHAO Da-Yong, ZENG Jin, YAN Wen-Ming, JIANG Cui-Ling, DING Wen-Hao
2011, 27(6):  37-42. 
Abstract ( 1329 )   PDF (695KB) ( 1671 )  
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In order to investigate heavy metal pollution and its potential ecological risk in surface sediments of urban lakes in Nanjing,samples of sediments in five urban lakes(Lake Xuanwu,Lake Yueya,Lake Zixia,Lake Pipa and Lake Qianhu)were collected for analysis of concentrations of six heavy metals,i.e. Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn using the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission sepectrometry (ICP-AES),and potential risks of the pollutants were assessed with the geo-accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index methods,separately.Results show that the concentrations of the heavy metals in the lake sediments were in the range of 0.8-5.1mg?kg-1 for Cd,10.3-67.6 mg?kg-1 for Cr,6.2-70.5mg?kg-1 for  Cu,undetectable -53.2 mg?kg-1for Ni,12.9-55.9 mg?kg-1for Pb and 40.6-456.3 mg?kg-1 for Zn.Analysis with the geo-accumulation index method that the six heavy metals followed the order of Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr in accumulation degree.Cd was at the level varying from moderate-on-the-severe-side to severe in accumulation.Risk assessment using the potential ecological risk index method showed that among the five lakes,Lake Yueya ranked the first in heavy metal pollution of the surface sediment and was followed by Lake Qianhu,Lake Zixia,Lake Pipa an Lake Xuanwu.The first three lakes were in the category of moderate in ecological risk,while the last two were in the category of low in ecological risk.     In order to investigate the heavy metal pollution status and its potential ecological risk in surface sediment of the urban lakes in Nanjing, the concentrations of six heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) in five urban lakes (Lake Xuanwu, Lake Yueya, Lake Zixia, Lake Pipa and Lake Qianhu). In addition, potential risks were assessed by geo-accumulation index and the potential ecological risk index methods, respectively. The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals ranged from 0.8~5.1 mg/kg-1 for Cd,10.3~67.6 mg/kg-1 for Cr,6.2~70.5 mg/kg-1 for Cu,not detected~53.2 mg/kg-1 for Ni,12.9~55.9 mg/kg-1 for Pb and 40.6~456.3 mg/kg-1 for Zn, respectively, in the surface sediments of the five lakes. Results of the geo-accumulation index method indicated that the surface sediments were heavily polluted by Cd (the calculated geo-accumulation indexes Igeo of Cd were all higher than 2.0 except for Lake Pipa). Meanwhile, other metals such as, Zn, Pb and Cu were also within different pollution status (Igeo ranged from 0.1 to 2.0). Based on the potential ecological risk index method, the pollution degree of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Yueya was the most seriously with the potential ecological risk index (RI) of 280.0. Meanwhile, Lake Qianhu and Lake Zixia were also belonged to the moderate ecological risk status (the potential ecological risk indexes (RI) were 164.4 and 161.2, respectively), while Lake Pipa (RI =81.7) and Lake Xuanwu (RI =131.7) were in slight ecological risk status.
Relationship Between Wetland Landscape Plant Communities and Environment Factors in Arid Zone
LI Yu-Xia, ZHOU Hua-Rong
2011, 27(6):  43-49. 
Abstract ( 933 )   PDF (941KB) ( 1539 )  
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Characteristics of the spatial distribution of plant communities in wetland ecosystems,Lake Eric and the middle and lower reaches of the Tarinm River,in arid region and their main influencing factors were studied.The plant communities therein were classified with the two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN)method,and the classification was verified with the detrended conrrespondence analysis (DCA) method.Relationships of the vegetation with eight soil environmental factors were quantitatively analyzed.In the studied quadrats,a total of 38 plant species were found belonging to 15 families,35 genera.Using the TWINSPAN method,the plant communities in the 41 quadrats were sorted into seven types,of which each had a constructive species,i.e. Haloxylon ammondendron,Populus laurifolia,Phragmites australis,Populus euphratica,Halostachys caspica,Tamarix hispida,and Salicornia europaea,separately.DCA ordination revealed that soil water content and TP content are the major environmental factors controlling distribution of plant species in the studied zone.
Effects of t Soil Water Conditions on Growth and Physiological of Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 406’
HUA Jian-Feng, YIN Yun-Long, ZHOU Dong-Qin, YU Chao-Guang, XU Jian-Hua
2011, 27(6):  50-54. 
Abstract ( 950 )   PDF (671KB) ( 1430 )  
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  A pot experiment was conducted to investigate growth and physiological indicators of Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan 406’ [T. mucronatum Tenore ♀ ×T. distichum(Linn.)Rich ♂]under three different water treatments,and whether the tested plant can be used in the construction of wetland.Three water treatments were designed:cotrol(water content to be 70% of the field water capacity),soil waterlogging(water surface and soil surface on the same level)and soil submersion(10 cn surface water layer).Results show that when compared to the control,soil waterlogging and soil submersion significantly increased the plant's ground diameter and reduced its ratio of root dry weight to shoot dry weight,but had no significant effects on its height,fresh weight,height increase rate and fresh weight increase rate.Soil submersion also increased P,K,Na and Mg contents significantly in its roots as compared to the control.However,no significant differences were observed between the three water treatments in leaf chlorophyll content,SOD activity,POD adtivity,MDA content and root activity.In addition,T.   ‘Zhongshanshan 406’ displayed its excellent adaptability to soil submersion,having amplitude lenticels and aerial roots.In short ,  T.   ‘Zhongshanshan 406’is tolerant to water stress and has an outstanding potential as a wetland plant.
Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Population of Soil Microbes in Dryland
WANG Jing, ZHANG Tian-You, YANG Juan-Juan, WANG Gai-Xia, WANG Ya-Ya
2011, 27(6):  55-58. 
Abstract ( 806 )   PDF (606KB) ( 1470 )  
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Using the dilute plate counting method and the most probable number method,populations of soil microbes were investigated in drylands under conventional film mulching,annual mulching covering two ridges,or biennial mulching covering two ridges.Results show that among the three great groups of microbes,bacteria were the highest in population and followed by actinomyces and fungi.The biennial mulching significantly incrreased the populations of the soil microbial physiological groups,except for azotobaceria.However,the population of the soil microbial physiological groups decreased with the increase in soil depth.Positive relationships were found of bacteria and actinomyces with soil microbial physiological grops(except for azotobacteria).
Variation of Microbial Activity in Reclaimed Soil in Mining Area
QIAN Kui-Mei, WANG Li-Ping, LI Jiang
2011, 27(6):  59-63. 
Abstract ( 968 )   PDF (667KB) ( 1753 )  
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A field experiment was carried out,using a compound of coal gangue,fly ash sludge as substrate for planting ryegrass.Soil enzyme activity and microbial functional diversity at different stages of reclamation were analyzed,so as to explore feasibility of fertilize-free soil reclamation in mining area.Results show that soil enzyme activity and microbial functional diversity increased after the reclamation.Total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium decreased by 72.05%,67.86% and 60.19%,respectively,and activities of saccharase,dehydrogenase,urease and alkaline phosphatase increased by 130%-756% after 23 months of reclamation.Results of the Biolog Eco plate indicated that 16 months and 23 months after reclamation,average well colour development(AWCD)of microbial population,Shonnon diversity,Simpson index and Mclntosh index were all significantly higher than those before reclamation(P<0.05).The indices were positively related to soil enzyme activity and soil organic matter(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and negatively to total nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Sludge could be added as an organic amendment in soil reclamation in the mining area,which contributes to the improvement of plant growth and microbial activity.
Factors Affecting Dechlorination of 2,4-Dichlorophennol Contaminated Wastewater by Zero-Valent Iron System and Reaction Mechanisms
LIANG Jian-Kui, ZHANG Yong-Xiang, WANG Ran, REN Zhong-Yu, LAN Shuang-Shuang, JING Qi
2011, 27(6):  64-67. 
Abstract ( 859 )   PDF (688KB) ( 1414 )  
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An experimnet was carried out using mixture of iron filings,furnace slag and river sand to dechlorinate simulated 2,4-DCP-contaminated wastewater,with a view to exploring its affecting factors,like particle-size and rate of iron filings,ration of iron filings to furnace slag,pH,etc.,and its reaction mechanism.Results show that all the above-listed factors had significant effects on dechlorination.The Fe0 system could remove as much as 97% of the contaminant when its iron filings was 2-5 mm in particle size,pH of the wastewater remained unchanged,and the ration of iron filings to furnace slge was 31:9.After dechlorination 2,4-DCP in the wastewater was turened mainly into 2-CP,4-CP and phenol,leaving the water be much improved in biodegradability for further treatment.
Research on the Growth Characteristics and Accumulation Ability to N and P of Eichhornia crassipes in Different Water Areas of Dianchi Lake
CHEN Li-Ping, DUAN Yi-Wen, SI Qin-Da-Lai
2011, 27(6):  68-72. 
Abstract ( 834 )   PDF (731KB) ( 1560 )  
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In order to study the growth characteristics and accumulation ability to N and P of water hyacinth in different water areas of Dianchi Lake, Eichhornia crassipes were planted by fence facilities with the initial planting amount of 3kg    
Research on the growth characteristics and accumulation ability to N and P of water hyacinth in different water area of Dianchi Lake
ZHANG Ying-Ying, ZHANG Zhi-Yong, WANG Ya-Lei, LIU Hai-Qin, WANG Zhi, YAN Shao-Hua, HAN Ya-Ping, YANG Lian
2011, 27(6):  73-77. 
Abstract ( 1100 )   PDF (1296KB) ( 1542 )  
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In order to study  the growth characteristics and accumulation ability to N and P of water hyacinth in different water areas of the Dianchi Lake,Eichhornia crassipes were planted by fence facilities with the initial planting amount of 3kg·m-2 in six experimental points in Caohai and Waihai of the Dianchi Lake.Water quality of the experimental water area, growth characteristics of E.crassipes and plant total nitrogen content and total phosphorus content were monitored every two weeks.The results showed that since the concentrations of N and P in the Caohai water were higher than other experimental water area, the average biomass growth rate of E.crassipes was 542g·m-2·d-1 with the accumulated biomass of 85.37kg·m-2 throughout the year,plant total nitrogen content of 32.9g·kg-1 and total phosphorus content of 8.24g·kg-1. Since the concentrations of N and P in Baishan bay of  Waihai water were lower, the average biomass growth rate of E.crassipes was 150 g·m-2·d-1 with the accumulated biomass of 27.00 kg·m-2 throughout the year,plant total nitrogen content of 15.0g·kg-1 and total phosphorus content of 6.49g·kg-1 . In brief, pH, the concentrations of N and P in water and wind wave are the main factors affecting the growth of  waterE.crassipes .
Effectiveness of MAP Method Coupled With Ultrasonic Technology in Removing Nitrogen and Phosphorus From Poultry Feces
PENG Xu-Ya, HE Yun, HE Qing-Ming
2011, 27(6):  78-82. 
Abstract ( 941 )   PDF (887KB) ( 1550 )  
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To efficiently remove  nitrogen and phosphorus from highly concentrated  livestock and poultry wastewater,an MAP(magnesium-ammonium-phosphate)sedimentation method coupled with ultrasonic technology is used.Studies have been done to explore optimal conditions for use of the method through controlling and regulating pH,n(Mg2+):n(NH4+):n(PO43-)and duration of the reaction.Results show that the MAP sedimentation method may achieve its best effect within the first 10 min of reaction,removing 95.10% of ammonia nitrogen and 97.10% of ammonia nitrogen and 97.40% of phosphorates in wastewater,when pH is controlled at 9.5,and n(Mg2+):n(NH4+):n(PO43-)at 1.2:1:1.Moreover,when the method is coupled with 60 W ultrasonic irradiation for 6 hours and increased aeration of 200L·h-1,its N removing efficiency can be further improved up to 98%.
Isolation and Characterization of Cadmium-Resistant Endophytic and Rhizobacteria From Solanum nigrum in Orefield
HE Lin-Yan, LI Ya, LIU Tao, HE Wen-Tian, WANG Ying-Jiao, SHEN Xue-Mei, WANG Meng-Chi, YU Qian, SHENG Xia-Fang
2011, 27(6):  83-88. 
Abstract ( 1067 )   PDF (1031KB) ( 1456 )  
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Concentrations of Cd in the plant of Solanum nigrum and in the rhizospheric soil of the plant growing in the Nanjing Qixia Pb-Zn Mine Area were determined,and Cd-resistant endophytic and rhizobacteria were isolated from the plant and characterized with respect to heavy metal resistance and production of plant growth-promoting factors.Results show that the soil was seriously polluted by Cd,with total Cd content averaging 19.74 mg·kg-1.The Cd bioaccumulation coefficient of the stem and leaf of the plant was 1.21-9.65 and 0.65-4.76,respectively,which suggests that the plant is highly capable of enriching Cd.A total of five Cd-resistant strains of bacteria were isolated from the plant and the rhizospheric soil of the plant,Strain AR1 from the root,Strain AY1 from the leaf and Strains BGJ4 and CGJ1 from the rhizospheric soil.Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequencing reveals that the 5 Cd-resistant strains all belonged to the genus of Bacillus,capable of producing IAA and iron carriers.Strain AR1 could even survive and grow well in the medium containing 30 mg·kg-1 of Cd2+.Rapeseed plants growing in vermiculite contanining 1.5 mg·kg-1 of Cd2+,were found to increase roots growth after inoculation with the isolates AR1,AY1,and BGJ4.All the findings indicate that Cd-resistant bacteria producing IAA and siderophores in S.nigrum may be used for plant growth promotion and bacteria-assisted phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil.
Effect of Zinc Stress on the Growth and Zn Accumulation of Artemisia stolonifera
YAN Min, ZHANG Shi-Rong, ZHAO Xiao-Ying
2011, 27(6):  89-93. 
Abstract ( 818 )   PDF (770KB) ( 1420 )  
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A pot experiment of Artemisia stolonifera was conducted to investigate its tolerance to and accumulation of Zn under Zn stress.Results show that its plant height,root length and biomass all increased with the increasing Zn concentration till Zn reached up to 500 mg·kg-1in the soil and then declined with the rising Zn concentration in the soil,showing an obvious effect of Zn stress on the plant.Compared to control,the treatment of 1500-3500 mg·kg-1Zn was much higher in POD(peroxidase)activity in roots and the treatment of 3500 mg·kg-1Zn was in CAT(catalase)activity in roots,however,no significant changes in POD and CAT activities in leaves were found.The highest Zn concentrations in root and shoot were found to be 999 and 3214mg·kg-1,respectively,and the largest amount of Zn accumulation was 3.40 mg·pot-1in root and 17.33mg·pot-1 in shoot.The Zn bioaccumulation coefficient was 0.26-0.82 and the Zn translocation coefficient 0.65-1.05,in shoot.Obviously,Artemisia stolonifera is a kind of plant high in tolerance to Zn and in Zn enrichment potential and can be used to remedy Zn polluted soils.
Gas Chromatographice Determination of Ethiprole and Its Metabolic Products in Environmental Samples
WU Wen-Zhu, SHI Li-Li, GUO Min, HAN Zhi-Hua, SHAN Zheng-Jun
2011, 27(6):  94-97. 
Abstract ( 932 )   PDF (581KB) ( 1398 )  
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To determine residues of ethiprole and its metabolic products in the environment,a determination method is established consisting accelerated solvent extraction(ASE)with ethionine,cleaning-up extraction with florisil column and determination using a gas chromatograph(GC)equipped with an electron capture detector.Results of the experiment show that the minimum detection level of ethiprole and its metabolic products is 0.01mg·kg-1 in soil,rice plant,rice hull and brown rice;0.01 mg·kg-1 in paddy water.The mean recovery rate of ethiprole and its metabolic products ranged from 72.8% to 103.6% in paddy water,paddy soil,rice plant,rice hull and brown rice.And relative standard deviation of the determination varied from 1.3% to 12.5%.
Modification of River Health Comprehensive Assessment Indes and Its Application to the Changjiang River
SUN Xiao-Ling, CAI Qing-Hua, LI Feng-Qing, YANG Shun-Yi, TAN Lu
2011, 27(6):  98-103. 
Abstract ( 914 )   PDF (1151KB) ( 1452 )  
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River health comprehensive assessment index (RHCAI) is integrating the  conditions of river, such as hydrology, physical morphology,riparian zone, water quality parameters and aquatic organisms,for assessment of  health status of rivers. Compared with river hydrology index and other indices, the index of aquatic organism is too simple to quantify the health status of complex river ecosystem. Hereby  EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichopter) relative abundance index and family biotic index are added as secondary indices of aquatic organism index. Both the original and modified RHCAIs were used to  evaluate river health of Changjiang River for comparison.Results show that the river was generally good in health with all scores>60 and all the observation sites were either in good health or subhealth.However,it was also found that the health condition of the river declined significantly with the flow from the upstream to the downstream of Changjing River and its major tributary--Donghe River.All the three sites being the lowest in RHCAI scores were found in the main stream of Changjiang River,while the sites being the highest in RHCAI scores were located in the headwater region.These findings demonstrate that the modified RHCAI is able to show slight diferences between the observation sites in health status,and fully and objectively reflect health condition of rivers.    
Empirical Research on College Students' Consciousness of Animal Protection
ZHANG Shu-Xia, LI Chao-Ji, WANG Bing
2011, 27(6):  104-108. 
Abstract ( 804 )   PDF (722KB) ( 1405 )  
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The consciousness of animal protection is discussed from the following three aspects or variables:knowledge,attitude and behavior.Based on interviews and questionnaire surveys,main factors affecting college students' awareness of  animal protection were analyzed and relationships between the three aspects of the awareness and between the awareness and degree of the support from the students to government laws and policies on animal protection were explored.Furthermore,a model for the relationships between the three aspects of the awaress was bulit up.Results show that college students have a high level of animal protection awareness,and gender,profession and origin are important factors affecting their awareness;the three variables follow the route of knowledge→attitude→behavior in affecting the awareness;better animal protection awareness will promote positively formulation and enforcement of animal protection laws and policies.
Immobilization of  Actinomycete-Produced Celluase
HAN Hong-Peng, HAO Qing-Mei, ZHANG Li-Qin, XING Wen-Hui
2011, 27(6):  109-113. 
Abstract ( 839 )   PDF (849KB) ( 1496 )  
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Agar,gelatin and gelatin-agar were used as carriers in an experiment to immobilize cellulase produced by actinomycete 2235 that is capable of decomposing cellulose.Activity of the cellulases fixed with different carriers on different substrates,CMS-Na and filter paper separately,was measured to determine which one was the best carrier.Results show that gelatin is the worst while gelatin-agar the bese.Activity of the cellulose immobilized with gelatin-agar on filter paper and on CMCase could be as high as 3317 and 8868 nakat·mL-1,respectively.