In the context of increased stresses of global climate change and human activities, watershed scale problems such as water quality degradation, eutrophication, soil erosion, as well as destruction of habital, have greatly influenced the provision and sustainability of ecosystem services. Based on analysis of global research progress with focus on watershed ecosystem services, methods for classification and evaluation of cases of watershed (river, wetland) ecosystem services for study the world over have been summarized,characteristics and connotation of the products and services of watershed ecosystem with water cysling and water ecology as link are elaborated.It is concluded that the key of the research on watershed ecosystem services is water related water resource services and water ecological services,and it is emphasized that watershed scaled sceentific research in future should be intensified and oriented toward serving policy-making and management and towards application.A scientific normalized evaluation of watershed ecosystem services is required to provide a solid knowledge basis for watershed ecological compensation,establishment of mechanisms for ecology restoration and integrated management of watershed water environment.

The objectives of this study are to investigate spatial distribution of soil moisture during the tree growing season,and analyze its influencing factors.Water contents in soil profiles were measured and its environmental and topographic factors analyzed in July and August 2008.The 18 monitored points were divided into 6 sections,where spatial distribution of soil moisture,relationship between soil water content and vegetation,topographic factors and initial soil moisture were analyzed.Soil moistures were measured using frequency domain reflectometry(FDR),air temperatures and raninfalls were measured using the automatic weather stations,the topographic wetness index(I_TW)and slope were woked out from DEM.The data were analyzed using SPPS 13.0 software.Soil water content increased with increasing soil depth in the 10-30 cm soil layer in the forest section,and decreased in soils at 40 cm in depth,and an opposite trent was found in the meadow section.The soil water contents in soils at 10 and 40 cm in depthe were relatively stable and at 20 and 30 cm in depth quite active.The soil water contents in soils at 20,30 and 40 cm in depth were higher in the forest section than in the meadow section,with the maximum difference being 40.47%,whereas at 10 cm in it was higher in the meadow section than in forest section.Soil mosture in all the sections was significantly affected by rainfall,peaking in 1-2 d after the rainfall event.The largest increase in soil moisture was found on the top of shady slopes and in the 10 cm soil layer,and a larger increase in soil moisture on sunny meadow slopes and in the 20-40 cm soil layer.The variation of soil moisture during the observation period was significantly related to slope in the 10-30 cm soil layer and negatively related to I_TW in soils at 30 and 40 cm in depthe,and negatively related with initial soil moisture in soils at 20 and 30 cm in depth.The findings show that,the temporal and spatial variation of soil water content was significantly affected by vegetation and rainfall.In some areas the variation of soil water content was affected not only by rainfall and vegetation,but also by initial soil moisture,slope and I_TW.  

Soils of recovered wetlands different in land use history(paddy and upland farming)and in mode(low dam and high net aquaculture in Baidang Lake and naturally recovered wetland in Caizi Lake)in Anqing were sampled for study of changes in fractal feature of soil particles after returning farmland to lake(RFL).Results show that in Baidang Lake area the fractal dimension of soil particles and the content of <0.01 mm particles decreased after RFL,and the change of the former was less significant in welands that used to be paddy fields than in wetlands that used to be upland fields,while in Caizi Lake area,the fractal dimension of soil particles and the content of <0.01 mm particles in creased after RFL,and the changes of the formaer was more significant in welands that used to be paddy fields than in wetlands that used to be upland fields.The fractal dimension of soil particles of the wetlands in these two areas were significantly and positively related to the contents of fine clay,coarse clay,and fine sit (P<0.01)and to the contens of soil organic matter,total P and available N(P<0.05),but negatively to the contents of coarse silt,fine sand and coarse sand (P<0.01).On the whole,the fractal dimension of soil particales of the wetlands is quite similar to the result of clustering analysis of soil nutrient contents.It is,therefore,suggested that fractal dimension of soil particles be used as a comprehensively quantitative index to evaluate changes in soil of the wetlands after RFL.

The logarithmic mean divisia index method was used to build up a model,i.e. eneryg eco-footprint affecting factor analyzer,for quantitative analysis of major factors affecting the energy eco-footprint in Jilin from 1994 to 2008.It was found that the energy eco-footprint increased from 0.228 hm² in 1994 to 0.524 hm² in 2008.Among the affecting factors,energy intensity and carbon emission were two major inhibitors of energy eco-footprint,contributing 84.54% and 15.46%,respectively of the total effect.Conversly,economic output,energy struture,population size and carbon sequestration were promoters,contributiing 91.39%,4.30%,3.73% and 0.57%,respectively,of the total effect.As a whole,the economic output dominated positive effect was estimated to be 1.73 times as much as the negative effect dominated by energy intensity,thus being a stimulus to increase the energy eco-footprint.In addition,with the positive and negative effects being two variables,the energy eco-footprint was distributed as a complex curved surface.It is,therefore concluded that currently the key to slowing down the energy eco-footprint in Jilin is to promote technological development so as to reduce energy intensity,and to readjust energy structure for bringing its negative effect into full play.

Effects of extracts from Phytolacca americana,an invasive alien plant,on seed germination and seedling growth of Melilotus officinalis,Brassica pekinensis,Plantago virginica,and Digitaria sanguinalis were investigated in laboratory.Results show that ethanolic extract from the plant 1000-4000,4000,and 2000-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration significantly inhibited seed germination of B.pekinensis,P.virginica,and D.sanguinalis,respectively,and water extract 1000-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration also did significantly that of D.sanguinalis with the highest inhibition rates being 32.22%,46.56%,32.69%,and 28.57%,respectively.The ethanolic extract 250-500 μg·mL^-1in concentration and the water extract 250-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration increased root length of M.officinalis seedlings and both the ethanolic extract 250-1000 μg·mL^-1in concentration and water extract 250-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration promoted growth of the seedling in height,and the water extract 500 μg·mL^-1in concentration increased significantly dry weight of the seedlings,with the highest promotion rates being 21.32%,37.89%,12.94%,32.07%,and 18.81%,respectively.The ethanolic extract 1000-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration and the water extract 4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration both inhibited growth of B.pekinensis roots in length;both the ethanolic and water extracts 2000-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration did the plants in height,and the water extract 4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration did seedling dry weight of the plant,too,with the highest inhibition rates being 37.00%,20.95%,25.63%,22.30%,and 13.67%,respectively.The water extract 250-1000 μg·mL^-1in concentration significantly promoted seedling root length of P.virginica,and 250-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration it did seedling height,too,but the ethanolic extract 1000-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration significantly inhibited growth of its root in length,and 4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration it did seedling height and dry weight of the seedlings,with the highest inhibition rates being 58.06%,29.72%,adn 18.36%,respectively.The ethanolic extract 500-4000,1000-4000 and 2000-4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration inhibited the seedlings of D.sanguinalis in root length,height and dry weight,respectively,and the water extract 4000 μg·mL^-1in concentration did the seedlings in root length,with the highest inhibition rates being 70.31%,44.65%,42.43%,and 35.50%,respectively.Obviously,P.americana has a strong effect of allelopathic inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth of B.pekinensis,P.virginica and D.sanguinalis,but an effect of allelopathic promotion on invasive plant M.officinalis,which directly or indirectly strengthens its invasiveness.

In order to explore mechanisms of the successful invasion of Solidago cannadensis,inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)markers were used to analyse genetic diversity of the invansive species S.canadensis and the native species S.decurrens for comparison.Out of 100 primers,12 were chosen for PCR amplification showing good diversity and clear bands.On such a basis,genetic diversities of the two plants were analyzed with the POPGEN32 software.For Solidago canadensis,the percentage of polymorphic loci at the species level,Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index was found to be 95.19%,0.3085 and 0.4158,respectively,whereas for the native species(S.decurrens)the three indices were found to be 89.80%,0.2491 and 0.3834,separately,all lower than the former,respectively.For S.canadensis,the coefficient of genetic differentiation among populations was 0.1182 and the coefficient of genetic variation within the population was 0.8818,while for S.demurrers,it was 0.1313 and 0.8687,respectively,suggestiong insignificant genetic differentiation among the populations and highly consistent heredity of the two species.However,the main genetic variations exist within the populations,so the invasive species is higher than the native species S.decurrens in genetic diversity,which might be responsible for the successful invasion of S.canadensis.

To explore distribution pattern of soil organic carbon(SOC)contents along altitudinal gradient and its relationships with vegetation type and litter thickness,17 transects(10m×120m each)were set up,one in every 100m in altitude from 300 m to 1900 m along a slope of the Shikengkong Mountain,the highest peak of Guangdong in the Nanling National Nature Reserve and soil litter samples collected in all the transects for analysis.Results show that SOC contents in the 0-20 cm and >20-40 cm soil layers varied sharply(P<0.001)along the altitudinal gradient and between the four tupes of forest stands (P<0.01).Generally SOC content increased with elevation,and thickness of the litter layer showed significant effect only on the SOC content in the 0-20cm soil layer.Obviously elevation is the leading factor that determines distribution of SOC contents,and type of the forest stand is another that affects organic carbon content in the topsoil.All these factors reflect changes in the land use and history of the nature conservation.All the findings suggest that reducing anthropogenic interference and maintaining a litter layer proper in thickness may help increase the carbon pool in the forest ecosystem.

A pot experiment was carriend out using canola in sand culture to explore effects of 10 and 30 days of NaCl strees(0、50、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1)on biomass,chlorophyll (Chl),net photosynthetic rate (P_n),stomatal conductivity (G_s),intercellular CO₂ concentration(x_i),transpiration rate (E_w,u)and stomatal limitation(L_s)of canola seedlings.Results show that NaCl stress decreased significantly plant dry weight,especially when the salt was high in concentration and existed for a long time;with increasing NaCl concentration,chlorophyll (Chl)content and Chl a/Chl b ratio both displayed a variation pattern of asceding first and descending later,and peaked under the strees of 200 mmol·L^-1NaCl,for 10 days and under the strees of 100 NaCl for 30 days.P_n,x_iand L_sin canola leaves growing under the stress of 50 and 100 mmol·L^-1NaCl strees were not much affected,but,P_n,G_s,x_i and R_twere markedly decreased when the stress was higher,however,in this case,E_w,uand L_s increased significantly.Correlation analysis indicated that biomass(dry weight)of canola was insignificantly related to Chl content and Chl a/Chl b ratio,but significantly and negatively related to Na⁺,Cl^- content,E_w,uand L_s,and significantly and positively related to root/shoot ration(R/S),K⁺,Ca²⁺content,K⁺/Na⁺,Ca²⁺/Na⁺ratio,K⁺and Na⁺selectivity ratio[S(K⁺,Na⁺)],Ca²⁺and Na⁺selectivity ratio[S(Ca²⁺,Na⁺)],P_n,G_s,x_iand R_t.The findings indicate that in seedings under the stress of 200 mmol·L^-1NaCl for 10 or 30 days,or 300 mmol·L^-1NaCl for 10 days,stomatal limitation was the major restraint of photosynthesis.But when the stress was increased to 300 mmol·L^-1NaCl for 30 days,both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations played important roles in restraining photosynthesis.Na⁺,Cl^-,K⁺and Ca²⁺contents,E_w,u, L_s,R/S,K⁺/Na⁺,Ca²⁺/Na⁺,S(K⁺,Na⁺),S(Ca²⁺,Na⁺),P_n,G_s,x_i and R_tcan all be regarded as indexes for evaluation of canola in salt adaptability.

Phosphorus in the interstitial water of sediment is a major nutrient supply for submerged macrophytes. To study effects of Potamogeton crispus growth on concentrations of different species of phosphorus in the interstitial water of sediments,an artificial lake ecosystem was established using the upper layer and lower layer of lacustrine sediments as the two substrates before and after desilting and Potamogeton crispus was cultured in winter.The interstitial water in each of the two substrates was vertically divided into three layers, i.e. overlying layer, middle layer and bottom layer. Results show that growth of  Potamogeton cripus reduced phosphorus concentrations in the interstitial water in all the layers to a varing degree.The decrease rate in dissolved total phosphorus(DTP) and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP)was the most significant in the overlying layers of the two substrates,reching 68.97% and 83.09% for DTP,and 54.57% and 96.02% for SRP,respectively.At the end of the experiment,the decrease in total phosphorus(TP) was not significant in the two substrates indicating the Potamogeton cripus can effectively control phosphorus pollution in lake with or without dredging.

Processes of nutrients (nutrient salts,N and P)releasing from decaying submerged macrophytes(Vallisneria natans)at the temperature of an early spring were simulated in laboratory to strdy laws of the nutrient release.Results show that the rapidly decaying plant released a lot of nutrients(C,N and P)into the water at the temperature of an early spring.With the time going by,most of the phosphorus released from the plant setteled down into the sediment,whereas only part of the nitrogen went down and part escaped out of the water as gas.The anaerobic condition resulting from decomposition of the plant and the supply of large amounts of organic carbon promoted denitrification in the waterbody,thus accelerating escape of N out of the water.A large amount of plant residues resulted in oxygen deficiency of the water and relaese of large amounts of nutrients,thus leading to deterioration of water quality.It is,therefore,advisable to harvest the aquatic plant to reduce residue biomass in the waterbody.

A small-scaled in-situ field experiment was carried out to study dynamics of nitrogen in farmland originating draninage water retained retained in draninage dithches and in sediments and plants in the ditches as well.Results show that the longer the water is retained in the ditch,the more the nitrogen in the water is sequestrated by the ditch,if the water is retained in the drainage ditch for 8 d or so as recommended.The sequestration rate of NH₄⁺-N was higher than that TN and NO₃^--N.When the water was retained in the ditches for 11 d, NH₄⁺-Nsequestration rate reached 100% in all the four ditches with drainage water different in N and P concentration,i.e.N_HP_L(high N concentration and low P concentration),N_HP_H(high N concentration and high P concentration),N_LP_L(low N concentration and low P concentration)and N_LP_H(low N concentration and high P concentration),whereas NO₃^--N sequestration rate was 84.63%,84.35%,75.67% and 76.14%,and TN sequestration rate 88.02%,89.89%,90.88% and 88.53%,respectively.At the end of the experiment,it was found that N content in the surface layre(0-15 cm)of sediments in the dithches decreased and N accumulation in the plants growing in the ditches was much higher than TN in incoming water,suggesting that the plants absorbed N from the waterbody,soil and sediments at the same time for growth.It is,therefore,recommended that the plants in the ditches should be harvested duly in fall to avoid secondary pollution of N from plant decomposition.

Biochar produced via pyrolysis of housedhold biowaste was used as an adsorbent in an experiment to study kinetics and thermodynamics of its adsorption of Cd²⁺ in solution and to explore effects of incubation time,initial Cd²⁺ cocentration,adsorbent dosage,solution pH as well as particle size of biochar on its Cd²⁺ adsorption rate with the equilibrium adsorption method.Results show that the adsorption basically reached equilibrium after 2 h and the process could be well described with the pseudo second order dynamic equation.The adsorption curves followed an isothermic adsorption model,which could be weel described with the Langmuir model.The Cd²⁺ adsorption peaked at 25℃,reaching 6.22 mg·g^-1 as simulated with the Langmuir model.Cd²⁺ removal rate increased with increasing dosage of biochar and decreasing particle size of bilchar.The effect of pH on Cd²⁺ adsorption capacity was not obvious when initial pH of the solution was 4.0-7.5.When biochar is used to remove Cd²⁺ from wastewater,it is advisable to control the initial Cd²⁺ concentration at 30mg·g^-1,particle size of the biochar at <0.25mm,dosage of the biochar at 8g·L^-1,reaction temperature at 25℃,and duration of the reaction at 1-2 h.In this case,the Cd²⁺ removal rate can be as high as 80%.This indicates that biochar made from household biowaste can be as adsorbent to remove Cd²⁺ in polluted water.

A kind of adsorbent prepared from pomelo peels using the zinc chloride activating method was used in laboratory to test its capability of removing Pb²⁺ from wastewater and to study effects of pH of the wastewater,duration of exposure,dosage of the adsorbent,initial concentration of Pb²⁺ in wastewaer,and temperature on the capability,and kinetics and laws of the adsorption as well.Results show that the effects of these factors enumerated above were significant.The optimal conditions for the adsorption were found to be 5.3-6.5 in initial pH of the wastewater,1.5 h in duration of exposure,10 g·L^-1 in dosage of the adsorbent,100 mg·L^-1 in initial Pb²⁺ concentration of the wastewater,and 30℃ in temperature.Under the circumstance,the adsorbent could remove more than 90% of the Pb²⁺ from the wastewater.Its Pb²⁺ adsorption kinetics tallied with the second-order reaction equation and its adsorption isotherm could well be described with the Langmuir,Freundlich and Temkin models.

The technology of sludge drying reed bed is a new type of sludge treatment technique developed in recent years.To explore variation of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the sludge treated in the sludge drying reed beds, a 3-year experiment was carried out.The experiment was designed to have 3 units.Unit I was set as control(conventional drying bed)with no plant cultivated thereupon;Units Ⅱand Ⅲ had reeds planted(sludge drying reed bed);and Units Ⅰand Ⅱhad an aeration apparatus installed underneath.The first two years were as loading period.Sludge was loaded in during the reed growing season,and loading stopped when the beds were frozen.The third year witnessed natural stabilization of the sludge in the beds.Results show that Units Ⅱand Ⅲ were much better than Unit Ⅰat removing nitrogen and phosphorus from sludge,with total nitrogen removal rate being 56.3%,53.2% and 47.9%,respectively,and total phosphorus removal rate being 18.8%,19.2% and 10.3%,respectively.Aeration helped transformation of nitrogen in the sludge and hence increased removal of N,but it did not have any effect on P removal.At the end of the third year(in November),TN in Units Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅲ was 37.0,31.0 and 33.2  g·kg^-1and TP 7.00,6.33 and 6.30 g·kg^-1,respectively.

A batch soil washing experiment was carried out using Tween80,TritonX-100 and SDS,three different kinds of surfactants to elute organochlorine pesticides from contaminated soil.It was found that Tween80,TritonX-100 and SDS all displayed certain effects,which increased with the application rate of the surfactants.Their effects on cholordane,endosulfan and heptachlor were obviously higher than on mirex.The removal effect of TrintonX-100 on mirex was significantly higher than that of the other two.Treated with Tween80 at 10 g·L^-1,Triton X-100 at 10 g·L^-1 and SDS at 8.50 g·L^-1 ,the soil reduced its total contamination of the four pesticides by 32.8%,59.7% and 60.1%,respectively with elevated temperature,the removal rate of OCPs increased.For such contaminated soils,the use of 10 g·L^-1 TritonX-100 was the best after the samples were shaken for 5 minutes at 50 ℃.

Acute toxicity of copper to larvae of Chironomus plumosus was studied by using the static-test method in the laboratory.The experiment was deigned to have three leves of Cu²⁺ concentration,i.e. 0.005,0.010 and 0.020 g·L^-1. Superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and glutathione S-transferase(GST)activities in the homogenate of tissues of the larvae were monitored after they were exposed to the substance for 24,48,72 and 96 h,separately.Results show that  Cu²⁺displayed significant effects on the activities of SOD and CAT,and such effects were significantly related to dosage of the substance.GST activity was induced after 72 h of ecposure,and peak after 96 h of exposure  (P<0.01). The induction of mouthpart deformity and the developmental response with exposure to three concentrations(0.005,0.010 and 0.020 g·L^-1 )of copper for 7 days were investigated.It was found that teratogenesis of the larvae is significantly and positively related with Cu²⁺ concentration they are exposed to.  

To evaluate impact of printing-dyeing wastewater on aquatic ecological systems,an experiment was carried out using Scenedesmus obliquus, Daphnia magna and Hemibarbus maculates as subjects for test of toxicity of printing-dyeing wastewater.In the experiment the wastewater was diluted with 7346-2 standard diluent into solutions different in concentration,i.e 100.00%,50.00%,25.00%,12.5%,and 6.25%.Results show that the wastewater was somewhat toxic to all the three kinds of aquatic organisms in the aquatic ecosystem regardless of its nutrient level.The 24 and 48 h-EC₅₀(effective concentration for reduction of growth by 50%)of the wastewater was (51.55±4.12)% and (20.40±6.27)%,respectively,to S.obliquus,and (78.20±4.31)% and (53.10±1.88)%,respectively,to D.magna.The 96h-LC₅₀ of the wastewater to cleavage stage,blastula stage,gastrula stage,lava,and 25-day fingerlings of H.maculates was (19.89±1.68)%,(25.95±2.14)%,(27.24±0.88)%,(19.61±2.21)%,and (49.27±3.27)%,respectively.The safe concentration of the wastewater to aquatic organisms was 1.96%.So,discharge of such wastewater should be strictly controlled in practice.

An active desulfurizing strain of bacteria CTD843-T-3 was isolated from bio-active sludge collected in a wastewater treatment plant and loaded into a bio-trickling reactor for consecutive desulfurization of H₂S. When the reaction temperature was adjusted to 30℃, pH to 6.0,and the inlet concentration of H₂S to 500~3000 mg·m^-3,the H₂S removal rate of the strain could be kept over 92%, and the maximum H₂S loading rate could reach 6.5 g·m^-3·h^-1.Through the morphological, biochemical & physiological identification, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the strain was found to be ellipse-shaped, 0.4-0.6 μm in size,gram-negative,and a member of Pseudomonas.

Classification of chemicals by ecological hazard was studied with the multi-class support vector machines(M-SVMs)to improve accuracy and efficiency of the classification.A total of 61 environmental priority pollutants that had already been collected were analyzed for correlation between 7 inexes in the aspects of environmental behavior and biotoxicity.On such a basis a M-SVMs classification model was established and 10-fold cross validation of its dataset was conducted to evaluate classification ability of the model.Then the model was applied to predict ecological hazard of 7 chemicals.Results show that the index of daphnia toxicity,overlapping some of the information of the index of fish toxicity,was excluded from the 7 indexes.So only 6,i.e. as fish toxicity,alga toxicity,biodegradability,bioconcentration,distributivity and adsorbability were selected in building the M-SVMs classification model.The M-SVMs model was quite high in identification rate and cross-validation indicated theat its mean classification accuracy reached up to 86.89%,and its prediction of the 7 chemicals in ecological hazard basically tallies with the actual situation.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) is very high in toxicity and very persistent in soil.It is,therefore,essential to study conditions for bio-remediation of benzo[a] pyrene(BaP) and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene(DBA) contaminated soils.It was found that addition of green manure or straw into the bio-pile significantly promoted the degradation of BaP and DBA;aeration from 0.05 to 0.10 m³·h^-1 did not have any significant effect on their degradation;and the addition of EM actually inhibited their degradation;however,when the addition of green manure was set at 20 g·kg^-1 and the aeration at 0.10 m³·h^-1,the BaP and DBA degradation rate was the highest,reaching up to 64.8% and 74.9%,respectively after 160 days of incubation.