Desertification is one of the most serious global problems nowadays.According to China’s situation,not only does desertification occur in dry and semi-dry zones,but in humid and semi-humid zones,as well. The area of desertification-prone land in China is 1117000 km²,accounts for about 11.6 % of the total land of the country,of which,areas of desertification-prone land under wind erosion effect,water erosion effect and physical and chemical effect cover 33.2%,33.8% and 33.0% respectively.In addition,latent desertification-prone land susceptible to wind and water effects are 535000 km² and 875000 km² respectively,and latent salinization-prone land is 173000 km².In China,under fragile eco-condition,desertification is caused by rapid increase of population,irreasonable activities such as misuse of water resources.overreclaimation,overgrazing,undue collection of fuel wood and destruction of soil and vegetation,and environmental pollution due to industrial development.Combating desertification is in fact the rehabilitation of degradated environment.After a few decades of efforts,a few desertification-prone areas are taking a turn for better,but the overall situation is on-going.So that desertification is an important issue for environmental protection and sustainable development and must be paid high attention to.On the basis of summarizing the pilot experience in China,some basic countermeasures of combating desertification are introduced in this paper. 

The status of biodiversity and the causes which endangering species in Shandong province have been discussed.The contribution of nature reserves to biodiversity conservation and the shortcomings existed in nature reserve management have been comprehensively analyzed.Measures and tentative plan for development of nature reserves and biodiversity conservation in Shandong province have been proposed. 

Based on the climate,soil and vegetation conditions of the study area in Taihang Mountains,this paper discusses the roles of various plant communities on bird attracting, the seasonal changes and the causes of bird succession.the efficiency of attracting bird by using artificially handed nests,and the influence of eco-environmental changes on bird attracting.The result of the study showed that 45 genera from 24 families of 11 orders of bird were found in the study area,and bird of Paseriforems order accounts for a large proportion. 

The statistics for the identifying of bird species in artificial wetland has been carried out by investigation.The results show that 55 species of waterfowls including Red-crowned Crane have been attracted to the 220 hm² of artificial wetland.By comparing the situations before and after the establishment of artificial wetland,the regulating and supplementing roles of artificial wetland to the function of ecosystem of the whole nature reserve have been described.

A study on Cd phytotoxicity to hybrid rice and conventional rice at different growth stages was conducted using water cultures.The results showed that the principal toxic effects of Cd on rice before ear initiation were the reduction of the photosynthetic production,with as typical features:the hardening of roots,yellowed leaves,and emaciated vegetation.In the stages from ear initiation to heading,the main phytotoxicity of Cd was inhibition of the differentiation and development of the reproductive organs which lead to luxuriantly tillering and sterility of caryopses.After the heading stage, the main effects of Cd toxicity were that the transport and redistribution of nutrients in vivo were disturbed.Typical features were the appearance of a large numher of later tilleis and pooly mature rice.The largest influence of Cd on rice nutrition appeared to be the reduction of the physiological availability of nutrient elements(N,P,K) absorbed by rice plants.and the increased accumulation of these elements in rice leaves and straws at the ripening stage.As to the effect of rice yield(brown rice),the most sensitive stage for both rice genes to Cd toxicity was from ear initiation to heading. Hybrid rice was more sensitive than conventional rice to Cd pollution. 

The sensitivities of different species of paddy rice to chlorsulfuron have been observed.The results show that“9-92”,“9325”and“9380”paddy rice species were highly sensitive to chlorsulfuron residue.Based on the results of adding method,the effects of chlorsulfuron residue on the height,littering,dry matter accumulation and yields of paddy rice are significant.The yield of“9-92”rice decreased by 2.32 %-23.58%.In Yanjiang Plain,Menghe Plain and the hilly areas of Zhenjiang municipality the application of chlorsulfuron should be banned in farmlands with no serious herb problems existing.

By doing researches on soil ecological environment factors including water content,temperature,porosity,nutrients,microbe species and their activities,it is clear that the intercropping of Chinese date with winter wheat is helpful to water and soil conservation.In Summer,it lowers down the soil temperature and density,and increases the soil porosity,organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen.In addition,it promotes the proliferation of microbes and their activities.The economic benefit resulted from the intercropping is obvious.The results of the research suggest that this measure is good for the improvement of soil eco-environment. 

The concept of expert system is introduced.The comparison of expert system with conventional programs and other computer decision aids are made.The applications of expert system to agriculture and natural resource management are summarized.The significance and the trends of expert system development are described. 

According to the characteristics and the conditions of production and use of chemical pesticides,the necessity and the urgency of supervision and management on environmental safety of pesticides has been expounded.Suggestions on carring overall supervision and management on environmental safety of pesticides from their production,process,storage,transport.supply,marketing to use are put forward.

Taking Wuling mountainous region of Hubei Province as an example.this paper deals with some theoretical and practical issues regarding the eco-economic management of mountainous region from the viewpoints of eco-economics.It includes the analysis of the eco-economic characteristics of mountainous eco-economic system,the problems existing at present,the operational principles and the macrostrategies for management. 

Taking Qinghai province as an example,this paper discusses the rural energy problem and its effect on natural eco-environment in dry and semi-dry areas of Northwest China.Aiming at the eco-environmental problems and social problems caused by irrational energy consumption structure,shortage of commercial energy supply,low utilization efficiency of daily life energy and serious damage of non-renewable energy resources,suggestions on countermeasures for solving the rural energy problem and conserving eco-environment in Qinghai province have been given. 

The paper gives a brief description of the terms,characteristics, development,present state and several typical processes of high solid anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes. 

The paper discusses the main utilization appoaches and techniques for agricultural organic wastes in China.The development trends in this field are also discussed. 

The eco-environmental characteristics,the restricting factors and the potentials for the sustainabledevelopment of agriculture in Yangqungou Village,Linger County,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region have beendiscussed.The measures and approches of developing eco-agriculture in loess hilly areas have been summarized.Theintegrated benefits of developing eco-agriculture in Yangqungou Village in the three-year pilot study period have beenanalyzed.

The data structure of ecosystem is different from the commercial’s.Based on the substantial conditions of Fengqiu Agro-Ecological Experiment Station set by Academia Sinica,combined with the ecosystem dats management models of Sevilleta Station of LTERN,USA,this article focuses on the character,structure and application of the metadata.All the above works are fundamental to the study of data management of ecosystem. 

The results of investigation and analyses carried out in Summer of 1994 for the residues of fiveorganophosphorous pesticides in Chinese Cabbage in Nanjing show that the average concentration of methamidophos in thesamples was 0.063 mg/kg,with 11.5% of the samples exceeding the standard.The other four organophosphorous pesticides were not detected in the samples.