This is a speech given by Mr. Song Jian, director of Environmental Protection Commission of The State Council of China, in the open ceremony of Nature Conservation Meeting held in July, 1990 in Changchun. In the speech, the current political, economical and environmental protection situations both in China and abroad have been analysed. Conserving biological diversity as central task of global ceo-environment conservation has been discussed in view of the outstanding problems in conservation and construction of eco-environments being confronted throughout the world. On the basis of specific situation of China, Mr. Song suggested that the most effective approach to control the deterioration of ceo-environment and to conserve bio-diversity was to establish nature reserves. At the same time, it was proposed that measures for strengthening the management of nature reserve included taking legal system road, carrying out scientific management and seeking financial support by various ways.

This is a speech given by Mr. Qu Gcping, administrator of National Environmental Protection Agency of China in the close ceremony of Nature Conservation Meeting held in July, 1990 in Changchun. In the speech, Mr. Qu pointed out that great attention should be paid to the nature conservation and the environment protection departments should carry out, in particular, the control of rural environmental pollution, conservation of rural environment and supervision of the ceo-environment destruction caused by major economical construction activitics in preventing the destruction of ceo-environment. lie required that the environment protection departments throughout the country should cooperate intimately with other local departments in making investigation of local natural environmental condition and in planning development programme for local nature reserves, bringing all related departments into full play their roles. At last, I Ic emphasized the importances of placing nature conservation in a prior position, of proper planning and intensifying environmental management in promoting the national economics of China to be dcvclopc under sustainable, stable and coordinativc ways. 

This is a speech given by Mr. Jin Jianming, deputy administrator of National Environmental Protection Agency of China, in tlic open ceremony of Nature Conservation Meeting held in July, 1990 in Changchun. In the speech, the recent history of nature conservation in China has been reviewed and divided into initial foundation period (1972--1978); rapid development period (1979--1983) and more rapid development period ( 1984--1989). The main achievements in nature conservation in China during the last decades includestrengthening step by step the construction of legal sjstcm in nature conservation; carrying extensive propaganda and education in nature conservation; organizing activci)- scientific survey and research of natural environment and resources ; accelerating the construction of nature reserves; establishing some reserve bases special for the transplantation of endangered biological species; conducting ceo-agricultural experiments at a lot of selected sites; controlling the extension of rural environment pollution lo certain degrees; taking actively part in international cooperation and exchange. The serious situation to be conlrontcd in natural conservation in China has been analysed. The current problems in the management of natural conservation in China have been indicated. "Die specific objectives and tasks in nature conservation in rcccm and future include strengthening the construction and management of nature reserves; controlling rural environmental pollution and conserving rural ceo-environment; strengthening the administration of construction projects and preventing the destruction of ceo-environment. It is proposed that the stragetics and measures ior conserving eco-environment include defining the responsibilities of environmental protection departments and bringing them into full play their unified functions in supervision and management; perfecting the standard systems in natural conservation regulation and supervision and relevant check systems; strengthening the construction of management systems in nature conservation; carrying out step by step the system of goal and rcspondibility in nature conservation and the system for checking rural ceo-environment; extending the experience obtained from typical units to a large scale area and strengthening tlic scientific research, propaganda and education and international cooperation in nature conservation.

The experiences for carrying out natural conservation in I Fcilongjiang province include the foundation of natural conservation units under provincial, municipal, county and village levels to form an administration network within the province, establishment of 51 natural reserves and 206 eco-agricultural experimental stations in the province; promulgation of more than 60 management regulations and measures; roles of the environmental protection departments in taking actively part in coordinating the relationship with other administration departments and motivating the efforts from all sides to carry jointly out natural conservation.

The authors suggest that the essential measures for sound natural conservation include great attention attached by the leaders, intensifying macroscopic management, mobilizing all related departments into full play their roles in nature conservation In practice, the construction and scientific management in nature reserves should be intcnsiGcd, and the environmental administration to the natural resources development and construction projects should be strengthened in order to prevent eco-environment destruction, and the ecological agriculture should be popularized in order to promote rural economical development. 

In the processes of rural economic development of Jiangsu province, the rural eco-environments have been polluted and destroyed to certain extent due to the increasing amounts of discharged waste gases and waters and solid wastes from town and village industries, great amounts of applied agricultral chemicals and irrational exploitation and utilization of natural resources. To counter this tendency, the provincial environmental protection bureau has strengthened the environmental administration to town and village enterprises, popularized ceo-agriculture construction, promoted coordinativc development of rural economics and environmental protection, and intensified the construction of legal system for the purpose of conserving rural eco-cnvironcmnt. 

In the processes of carrying out nature conservation, Anhui urban and rural construction and environmental protection bureau has found that the natural environments in Anhiri have been seriously dcstructcd. The bureau has been fully rcali7cd that it is necessary to strengthen environmental administration to exploitation and construction projects in order to conserve natural environments. By taking actively environmental administration measures to the resources cxploition and construction projects, the destructions of eco-environment has been effectively alleviated in recent years.

Qinghai province is located in the Qinghai -XiTang Plateau, with very fragile ecological condition. Natural environment conservation has been set as main strategic goal by Qinghai environmental protection bureau. In order to realize the strategic goal of natural environment conservation, four demonstration projects have been constructed, which include afforestation in the south and north mountains around Xining city, loess plateau soil and water conservation and comprehensive realignment in cast part of Qinghai province, irrigating Qinghai Lake and Iluangshui river with water from Datong river, and comprehensive realignment of Iluangshiri river pollution. The provincial environmental protection bureau has actively earned the leadership of the central government for nature conservation, coordinated and brought the advantages from other rdatcd departments together to promote nature conservation, transferred its responsibility, used legal systems in promoting management, established a professional group for nature conservation.

The important constituents of environmental protection arc eco-environment improvement and natural resources conservation. A cooperative group in rural eco-environment conservation has been set up, composed mainly of members from agriculture and forestry departments of municipal government with participation of other relevant comprehensive departments. The purposes and tasks of this group have been assigned Based on the analysis of eco-environmental problems and studies of stragctic policies, the eco-cnvironmcnt around Beijing can be divided into three parts, i. c. urban eco-system in the city center and near the city, agro-ecosystem which composed mainly of agricultural production in suburb plain area of Beijing and forestry ceo -system which composed mainly of forestry and fruit production in mountain area The constructions of focal and experimental eco-projects have been carried out, including focal forest construction for conserving water resources and comprehensive harness of small scale watershed , planting wind-resistant and sand-fixing forest, carrying out experimental project for sand control, comprehensive utili/ation and treatment of domestic animal wastes; extending the experiments of ecdo-agrucultural projects and popularizing biological prevention and control for reducing the uses of agricultural chemicals.

Based on the relevant regulations of China and five fundamental principles, the system of eco-environment idcx assessment at couty level, which consists of more than 20 indexes in nine aspects, has been established. On the basis of results of implementation of the system at selected county, the index system will be incorporated into the assessment responsibility system of environmental protection target at county level government. 

In the processes of environmental administration to the development projects, the environmental protection bureau of Xijiang Uygur Autonomous Region has paid attention to the propaganda, improved the environmental knowledges of leaders of relevant departments and professional programme, looked actively forward the cooperation and coordination from other related departments, strengthened supervision and administration, insisted to deal practical problems according to the related rules and regulations, summarized the experiences and explored the methods in providing good scientific services.

The town and village enterprises in Tianjin city have being developed very rapidly in recent years. Measures for guiding town and village enterprises to healthily development for the purpose of prelecting agricultural eco-environment include strengthening supervision and administration of environmental protection bureau to the town and village enterprises under the guidance of active support principles, paying special attention to the macroscopic control based on the principle of overall consideration and rational arrangement, sticking on combination of social, economical and environmental benefits in guiding town and village enterprises to the development of pollution free; strengthening supervision and administration in the processes of environmental regulation implementation. The experiences obtained by the municipal environmental protection bureau in strengthening environmental administration to town and village enterprises are the importance of the leader’s attention, the establishment and improvement of administration organiZation, strengthening propaganda and education in environmental protection for raising leaders and public’s environmental and legal concepts; taking suitable and flexible administrative measures for different town and village enterprises; close cooperation with the environmcnta] protection departments and related branches from town and village enterprises. 

Mulan county, located in the center of Heilongjiang province with semi hilly-mountain, is an agricultural county. Great efforts have been put in the construction of rural environment The environmental protection work has been placed in a prior position in the county government programme. The environmental protection programme of the county can be summarised as natural resources conscration, environmental pollution control and control of population growth It can be further divided into 11 detailed taskcs, i.e. water resources conservation, conservation of water, forest, pasture, land, wild animals and plants, aquatic, mineral products resources and resident quarter, energy saving, exploitation and utilization of new energy resources, pollution prevent and control for industrial enterprises, population growth control. A scries of eco-environment conservation regulations have been set up By the way of using the experience of selected units to promote the work to the entire county, eight regulations for eco-environment construction have been comprehensively implemented throughout the county. Their work has been proved to be very fruitful.

The experiences of the administrative office of Laoticshan Snake Island Nature Reserve of Liaoning province in mobilizing efforts from the masses to take part in conserving biological species and natural resources have been briefly introduced. In order to strengthen nature conservation, a natural conservation network at three levels, rules and regulations for the nature reserve and pledge for protecting birds and snakes have been established and improvxxi In order to provide scientific basis for management and sustainable utilization of the nature reserve, a scries of scientific research have been carried. In order to raise all or part of the money for the expense of nature reserve, they have carried out animal production, such as artificial raising snake, and comprehensive utilization of Pallas pit viper.

The forestry construction during last 40 years in China has been briefly summarized, with special introduction to the construction of five main forestry ecological projects, which arc Northeast, Northwest and North China shelter-forest system; middle and lower reaches of Changjiang river shlter-forest system; coastal area shelter-forest system; plain forcstation and Taihangslxm mountain area afforestation. The forestry departments have mainly carried seven aspects of work in the construction of nature reserve, which include establishing guidlinc for the construction and management of nature reserve; consenting natural habitats and imminently endangered biological species; fulfilling rcgioiwation for nature reserves; canning out scientific research and survey, exploring ways for developing a diversified economy in nature reserves; formulating policy and regulation for strengthening the construction of legal system and exchanging with the outside. The environmental protection office of Ministry of Forestry has taken following measures in strengthening nature conservation, which include strengthening natural eco - environmental and natural resources conservation; strengthening cooperation and coordination among the departments; seeking financial support for the construction of nature reserves, providing favourable policy for the nature reserve, correctly handling the rclatiouship with local residents.

The authors think that the crux of the natural conservation is rational utilization of natural resources, and that preservation of sound eco-environment is the fundamental basis for sustainable, stable and coordinative development of economics and environments. New systems for nature conservation can be established and perfected on the basis of uniGcd management, dividing the work with individual responsibility, and strcngtcning supervision and inspcctioa The authors suggest that nature conservation should be incorporated into the programmes of national economy and social development. 

The eco-environmental problems existing in China such as soil erosion, desertification, pasture deterioration, decrease of arable land, forest resources and biological species, increase of natural calamity, shortage of water resources and acid rain have been analyzed It is proposed that natural environment conservation should be incorporated into national policy. It is required that the environment protection departments at different levels should place natural environment conservation in a suitable position and establish general and specific policies in nature conservation and improve overall administration system and carry out regional administration to natural environments. The main responsibilities of the office of comprehensive administration of NEPA arc also introduced The office is responsible for overall supervision and administration of natural environment throughout the country, and also responsible for the environmental protection administration and eco-environment monitoring to development and construction projects which have greater impacts on eco-environment In recent years, the office will be mainly involved in the macroscopic management of natural environment and in rural environmental protection and environment administration to development and construction projects. 

The departments of environmental protection and affiliated organizations of China have done four main works in nature reserves and biological species conservation in last decade. They have organized scientific surveys in a scries of nature reserves, sponsored in editing red data book of animals and plants of China, established a scries of nature reserves, biological species reserves and transplanted biological species reserves. In recent three years, the office of Nature Reserve and Biological Species Conservation of KF.PA has mainly involved in strengthening formulation of the administration regulations in nature reserves; paying close attention to the declaration and assessment for national level of nature reserves; stimulating administration to local nature reserves and biopecies on the basis of investigation and research carried by going down to the grass-roots units; organising and coordinating scientific research projects to provide services for making scientific decision in supervision and administation. In the future, the office will be involcd in the work of furtlicr strengthening supervision and administration to nature reserves, extending the experience of selected typical examples to a large scale area for the purpose of stimulating the development of nature reserves property, making greater contribution to global conservation of biological diversity and improving style of work. 

The overall development, present situation of pollution and environmental management of town and village enterprises in China have been summarized. The existing problems in the environmental management of town ,and village enterprises have been analyzed. Measure and strategics for solving these problems have been proposed, which include carrying out the investigation of polluton producing town and village enterprises throughout the country, summarizing the administration experiences; establishing a scries of practical environmental administration method and technical policy for different pollution producing town and village enterprises; personnel training for town and village enterprises in environmental management; establishing and perfecting the organization of environmental protection managements; strengthening the research and establishing demonstration projects for town and village enterprises in the treatment of pollutants, and so on.