Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has been recognized as an effective way to mitigate emission of CO₂ to the atmosphere and may become a critical technology for global CO₂ mitigation, however, the risk of CO₂ leaking from its geologic storage will pose a potential threat to the terrestrial ecosystem, especially the near-surface terrestrial ecosystem. From the aspects of the three major components (ground water, soil and vegetation) of the near-surface terrestrial ecosystem, a review is presented of the potential impact of the leakage on the ecosystem and its process, and progresses and shortcomings of the researches, abroad and at home, in this field are summarized. On such a basis, it is pointed out indicated that the study on impacts of CO₂ leakage from its geologic storage should be focused on evaluation of its impacts on farmland ecosystems, determination of threshold of tolerance of the ecosystems to the leakage, construction of an early warning system for CO₂ leakage, and proposition of a system of countermeasures for the terrestrial ecosystem to avoid or mitigate disasters CO₂ leakage may cause.  

China is one of the world’s richest countries in biodiversity, but at the same time, also one of the countries where biodiversity is under the most serious threat. In 1950s and 60s, a large-scale biodiversity survey was carried out, laying down a solid foundation for composition of a series monographs of the vegetation, flora and fauna of China. Since 1990s, surveys have been going on in key areas to investigate important resources. Besides, categories and criteria for Red List have been developed, endangeredness of wild animal and plant species evaluated and graded, and demonstrative evaluation of the grading of endangeredness of ecosystems carried out. Great progress has also been made in ex-situ and in-situ conservation of biodiversity, and a series of relevant conservation planning reports and documents issued. Based on the achievements in the field of investigation and conservation of biodiversity, a review from the aspects of biodiversity survey, grading and evaluation of endangeredness, in ex-situ and in-situ conservation, policies and planning for biodiversity conservation is presented of the progresses China has made in the past 20 years in researches related to investigation and conservation of biodiversity. In addition, orientation of future research is proposed in light of existing problems. The authors hold that a comprehensive biodiversity survey is a basic work and hence suggest that comprehensive investigation and evaluation of the background of the biodiversity be further carried out, and a biodiversity monitoring network system be established.

In studying balance between carbon emission and carbon sequestration and its dynamics in Shandong Province, the carbon footprint method was modified, and new concepts of carbon carrying capacity and net carbon footprint were brought forth, and models for calculation of these two were built. Results of the study show that during the period from 2000 to 2010 Shandong’s carbon footprint increased by 261.04% or at a rate of 23.73% annually, that is, from 33 033.20×10⁴ t to 119 261.76×10⁴ t, and its use of fossil fuel contributed 91.58%-94.85% to its total carbon footprint, showing that the increased consumption of fossil fuel is the main cause of the growth of its carbon footprint. However, Iits carbon carrying capacity dropped from 1 696.44×10⁴ t to 1 588.01×10⁴ t, or by 6.39%. Its forest carbon sequestration made up 80.97%-88.40% of its total capacity, indicating that forest is the most important factor of the carbon carrying capacity. Its net carbon footprint increased from 31 336.76×10⁴ t to 117 673.75×10⁴ t, or by 275.51%, making its net carbon footprint per capita 1.74-6.14 times higher than the target set for control of global climate change. In the years after 2002, its net carbon footprint per capita remained higher than the nation’s and the world’s, but lower than the United States’. Its net carbon footprint per unit area also reached 17.73-66.58 times higher than the target set for control of global climate change. And its carbon footprint per 10 000 Yuan GDP was reduced by 2.11% annually, which shows that the province has made some achievements in implementing its policies and strategies to reduce carbon emissions. Nevertheless, Shandong Province has become one of the major contributors of carbon emission in China, bringing about a negative impact on climate change, so Shandong Province is still faced with a tough task of reducing carbon emissions.

A relative risk model was constructed for environmental risk analysis of suburban agricultures consisting of different types of habitats and risk sources, by using a rating system to evaluate risk sources and habitats in the study zone and analyzing interactions between risk sources, habitats and risk receptors. A case study was conducted of Changsha City. In the study, the suburbs of the city were divided into nine risk evaluation units in light of with their administrative boundaries, and five types of habitats (cultivated land, vegetable garden, woodland, grassland, and waters), three risk sources (crop farming，livestock breeding and rural daily life) and three assessment endpoints (water quality, soil quality and biodiversity) were set for quantitative environmental risk assessment of the suburban agricultures of Changsha. Results show that Yuelu District is a high risk area with a relative integrated risk value being 108.11，Tianxin District and Furong District are mederate risk areas, and the others ( Kaifu District, Yuhua District, Changsha County, Ningxiang County, Wangcheng District and Liuyang City) are low risk areas. Environmental risk is greated in the suburbs than in the outer suburbs, especially the stress from farming activities. In the outer suburbs, farming is the primary risk source and among the habitats, waters are under higher environmental stress. Although primary risk sources vary from area to area, farmlands are subject to greater environmental stress than the other habitats.

Four different types of agricultural lands, i.e. upland field, woodland, paddy field and vegetable garden, were selected in Fuyang city, Zhejiang Province, as subjects for study on contents of seven heavy metals, i.e. Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg and As, in 0-20cm surface soils for assessment of heavy metals pollution of these soils using the Nemerow composite index method, and for exploration of effects of land use on the pollution. Results indicate that the average content of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg and As in the soils was 26.01, 108.41, 36.42, 0.26, 21.85, 1.66 and 94.81 mg•kg^-1, respectively, and the single pollution indices of Hg and As were much higher than the others’. In terms of the Nemerow composite index, the four types of land use are in the order of vegetable garden , upland field ,paddy field and woodland. The upland field is the higher in Cu and Zn content, and the vegetable garden was highest in Pb and the lowest in Hg. Differences between the lands in Cd,Ni and As were not significant. The disjunctive Kriging risk assessment shows that lands with w(Hg)>0.3 mg•kg^-1 and w(As) >30 mg•kg^-1 are high-risk areas, which are agricultural lands, distributed mainly around cities,towns and industrial and mining sites, suggesting that the Hg and As pollution is closely related to human activities.

Based on GIS technology,the agricultural non-point source pollution potential index(APPI)system was applied to analysis of spatial distribution of agricultural non-point source pollution potentials and pollution loads of the Shayin River Catchment,a typical semi-arid area,consisting of 46 administration villages in Huangqiao Township and Xixiating Town of Xihua County,Henan Provice.The APPI system was also applied to the identification of priority control areas and priority control factors,caculation of N and P loading intensities per unit area and total loads of every village,and determination of types of the sources of these pollution loads.Results show that as a whole,in the study area nitrogen is the major factor of the pollution,which mainly comes into the environment with nutrient loss from farmlands and the from reaing of livestrock and poultry,contributing 52% and 40%,respectively,to the total pollution load.Dayangzhuang,Zhangzhuang and Qianji are identified as high risk areas and priority control areas,ranking in the top of the list of villages in terms of APPI index,N and P pollution load per unit area and total pollution load,of which the main cause is rearomg of livestock and poultry.

Phosphorus loss from the farmland at the surface runoff plot scale (60 m²) and the field scale (10 hm²) with surface runoff was investigated in a plain river network region typical of North Jiangsu Province through two years of field observation. The fields were cultivated with upland crops, like cotton, rape, maize, and soybean crops, separately. Results show that the total phosphorus load in surface runoff from the plot cultivated with cotton was 356.60 g/hm2 and 290.28 g•hm² in 2009 and 2010, respectively, higher than those from the plots cultivated separately with maize, soybean and rapeseed, that is, 169.08, 192.20 and 128.74 g•hm², respectively, in 2010. During the two years of field observation, a total of 11 field-scaled rain-triggered runoff events were observed. Of the 11 events, the average total phosphorus load in surface runoff was 50.66 g•hm² and the mean concentration of total phosphorus in surface runoff was 0.23 mg•L^-1. They were higher from fields than from plots. Rainfall, farmland cultivation and management practices, irrigation-drainage ditch distribution were the main factors affecting phosphorus loss with surface runoff in the plain river network region.

Based on the data collected from a 1.44 hm² stationary sample plot of evergreen broad-leaved forest typical of the Wuyi Mountains, Southeast China, spatial distribution patterns of the plant community and the four major plant populations (Engelhardtia fenzelii, Castanopsis carlesii, Castanopsis fordii, and Syzygium buxifolium) in this study area and their interspecific relationships on different scales were studied using Ripley′L function in point pattern analysis and Programita software. Results show: (1) The sample plot is rich in species diversity, consisting of a total of 139 species of trees, among which, none is in obvious dominancy, while Engelhardia fenzelii ranks first in importance value, being 6.71%. The total number of the woody plants or trees that are listed as top 15 in importance accounts for 56% of the total of the forest. (2) The plant community and the four major plant populations are distributed mainly in cluster, except for the population of Castanopsis carlesii and the population of Syzygium buxifolium that shows certain randomicity on the scale of 42 -55 m and >47 - 60 m, respectively. The plant community was lowed lower than individual plant populations in congregation intensity. (3) Negative intra-specific relationships dominate between the four major plant populations, indicating that intense competitions between species, frequent subrogation of species and unstable composition and structure of the community.

Constructed wetlands have been being used more and more extensively in treatment of rural domestic sewage. The plants used in constructed wetlands are mostly alien garden plants, which might pose threats to rural ecological environment. Environmental risks of eight exotic plants used for this purpose were analyzed for comprehensive evaluation, using a modified Australian weeds risk assessment system and a Chinese alien plants invasion risk assessment index system. Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes have been defined as invasive plants, which are very risky and should be used sparingly; Myriophyllum aquaticum and Thalia dealbata have a high potential risk of invasion and should be used with caution; Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica, Pontederia cordata and Cyperus papyrus are relatively lower in invasion risk and may be appropriately used in constructed wetlands. Analysis of the above-mentioned exotic wetland plants, except the first two for suitable distribution shows that all the wetland plants are suitable to grow in South China, where paddy fields, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and fish ponds are extensively distributed. These wetland ecosystems are vulnerable to threats. It is, therefore, essential to intensify the management of constructed wetlands and wetland plants, by adopting measures likes use of native substitutes, site selection, growth management, isolation and re-use of biomass, etc. so as to reduce the risk of exotic wetland plants, to make better use of them in treating rural domestic sewage and to improve ecological environment of the rural areas.

Simulating chemical properties of the coastal alkaline soil,e.g. ion compostition and concentrations of the ions,in Rudong County,Jiangsu Province,two neutral salts(NaCL and Na₂SO₄) and one alkaline salt (NaHCO₃) were blended into a mixed-salt solution,which was used in this study on its streses on growth and physiological indices of Nandina domestica,Pittosporum tobira,Buxus sinica,Sabina procumbens and Photinia serrulata,by investigating salt injury index,relative dry weight,chlorophyll content,leaf cell membrane osmosis,superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in four treatments,i.e.control (0),3,5 and 8 g•kg^-1.Results show that salt injury index and salt injury rate of the 5 shrubs increased with increasing salt concentration,and the effect varied significantly between the 5 plants,showing an discending order of N.domestica,P.serrulata,B.sinica,S.procumbens and P.tobira.Calculation using the Logistic equation shows that the salt-tolerance threshold of N.domestica,P.serrulata,B.sinica,S.procumbens and P.tobira was 1.74,11.46,6.03,9.63 and 4.75 g•kg^-1,respectively.Moreover,N.domestica was extremely damaged by salt with all the seedlings dead in 5 g•kg^-1 treatment.Thus,its physiological indices were not tested in present study.On the whole,with increasing stress,relative dry weights and chlorophyll contents in leaves of the 4 shrubs were found decreasing in this experiment,while leaf membrane osmosis of the plants increased,and the effect was less significant on P.serrulata and S.procumbens than on the other two.Moreover,compared to the plants in control,S.procumbens and P.tobira in the other 3 treatments were higher in superoxide dismutase activity,whereas P.serrulata and B.sinica was higher only in 3 g•kg^-1 treatment and lower in 5 and 8 g•kg^-1 treaments.With increasing salt concentration,all the plants showed a rising trend in peroxidase and catalase activity,and the effect on catalase activity of P.tobira and peroxidase activity of S.procumbens was most significant,indicating their strong ability to clean oxgen radicals.To sum up,S.procumbens and P.tobira are more tolerant to salts,and can play an important role in greening the coastal area.

In order to explore factors affecting structure of enchytraeid community, a study was carried out in the Mengshan Mountain in September, 2011. In the study, a total of 513 individuals were collected and identified, belonging to 15 species of 4 genus; Fridericia juveniles, Fridericia dianchiensis, Henlea sp6, Enchytraeus juveniles were the dominant species. One-Way ANOVA analysis was performed to compare sampling stations in density of enchytraeid, and found the stations followed the order of S6 > S1, S2 and S4 > S3, S5 and S7. And it was also found that Margalef's diversity index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and species richness was positively related to altitude. Non-matric multidimentional scaling 2-dimensional ordination of specific composition reveals that S4 and S7 were quite similar in specific composition of their enchytraeid communities and S2 and S5 differed sharply from other stations in this aspect. Non-matric multidimentional scaling ordination of density indicates that similarity existed between S4 and S7 and between S1，S2，and S6 in structure of enchytraeid community. Percentage similarity analysis shows that S1, S5, S6 and S7 were quite similar, and S2, S3 and S4 were not so much between each other. Characteristics of microhabitats were the main factor affecting similarity in enchytraeid density and community structure. Canonical correspondence analysis divided the community into 4 species groups. Contents of soil water, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and potassium are the major factors affecting structure of the enchytraeid community.

To explore effects of continuous harvesting on Phragmites australis-dominated wetland, growth and biomass of P. australis and variation of content of soil total nitrogen were monitored in two plots of reed wetland, one subjected to continuous harvesting for 10 years and one left intact, in Jiuduansha, Shanghai for comparison. Results show that reed harvesting significantly promoted density of P. australis (P＜0.05), but had no much effect on shoot height and basal shoot diameter of the plants. The above-ground biomass of P. australis was significantly higher in the harvested plot than in the intact plot（P＜0.05）. However, a reverse trend in below-ground biomass was observed. Reed harvesting not only significantly reduced the content of total nitrogen in the surface soil (0-5 cm), but also affected the vertical distribution of soil nitrogen. The total nitrogen content was generally lower in the harvested plot than in the intact plot in all the soil layers (0-50 cm), and the difference was especially significant in soil layers of 0-10 cm and ＞10-20 cm. In addition, in the intact plot, soil total nitrogen content tended to decrease with increasing soil depth, while in harvested plots, it was found lower in superficial and middle soil layers (0-20 cm) than in the other layers. Therefore, the practice of long-term continuous harvesting may affect the allocation of biomass between the above- and below-ground parts of P. australis, and reduce the content of soil total nitrogen in P. australis-dominated wetland. It is advisable to develop a more reasonable strategy for harvesting reeds in the wetland.

Pure cypress stands, 0.5-0.7 in canopy density, 25 a of age, and 15 degree in average slope, were chosen for experiment of chicken rearing in hilly areas of Central Sichuan. The experiment was designed to have five treatments in chicken density, i.e. 600 (Treatment I), 900 (Treatment II), 1200 (Treatment III) and 1500 (Treatment IV)hm^-2 and control (Treatment V, no chicken), and each, except for Treatment V, had three replicates. After one year of experiment, comparison was made in ecological and economic benefits between the treatments and the control. Results show that chicken rearing in the stands promotes tree growth and improves soil fertility. The treatments were 30.80% and 33.73% higher than the control in growth rate of the trees in diameter at breast height (DBH) and height, and 5.95%, 14.88%, 10.75% and 5.34% higher, respectively, in soil organic matter, TN, TP and TK in the 0 -20 cm soil layer. However, chicken rearing did have some negative effects on understory of the forests, like reducing shrub coverage by 6.67 - 26.50 percentage point, shrub species by 2 - 6; herbage coverage by 9.20 - 27.17percentage point, herbal species by 3 - 8, and litter coverage by 9.30 - 20.90percentage point. Besides, chicken rearing increased soil bulk density by 11.38% -17.99% in the 0 - 20cm soil layer and by 8.40%-15.75% in the >20 -40cm soil layer, and reduced total soil porosity by 3.20 percentage point. Runoff of Treatment, I, II, III and IV, increased by 33.59%, 52.97%, 109.06%, and 144.60% and  sediment yield by 45.59%, 67.27%, 123.65%, and 146.96%, respectively. However, soil losses in the treatments were still much lower than the permissible limit (500 t•km^-2•a^-1) specified in the National Standard for Classification and Grading of Soil Erosions (SL 190-2007). Calculation on the basis of 600 cheickens per hm² in rearing density shows that the input-output ratio was 1:2.76, and the net income reached 68 800 yuan•hm². The comprehensive analysis reveals that chicken rearing at a density of 900 chinckens per hm² is the most appropriate and can be expected to generate considerable economic benefits and reduce water and soil losses.

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate Cd accumulation in two genotypes of rice cultivars, different in Cd enriching capacity and to derive total and available Cd fraction based soil Cd threshold value in rice producing area. Results show that Cd, at 0- 15 mg•kg^-1 had no significant inhibitive effect on growth or yield of rice. Cd accumulation in rice, in general, increased with increasing soil Cd concentration, and Cd concentration in different rice organs varied, showing an order of stalk, leaf,brown rice,and husk. However, no significant difference was found between the two rice genotypes in plant growth and Cd accumulation capacity in the experiment. Cd in brown rice was significantly related to soil total Cd and CaCl₂ extractable Cd. Based on the national food hygienic standards (GB 2762-2005) and Cd accumulation characteristics of the two rice genotypes, Cd threshold value of the Fluvo-aquic soils (pH 7.71) in Tianjin was derived to be 2.1 mg•kg^-1 and CaCl₂ extractable Cd threshold value of the soil 5.7 μg•kg^-1. The findings of this study can be used as scientific reference for  revision of the national standards for soil environment quality and for suitability assessment of soils for rice production.

A pot experiment was carried out to study bioaccumulation of Cd, Cu,Pb and Zn in edible parts of 15 cultivars of water spinaches. Results show that concentrations of heavy metals differed sharply from cultivar to cultivar (P<0.05). By mean enrichment coefficient, the heavy metals followed the discending order of Zn(0.0946), Cd(0.0740),Cu(0.0500),and Pb(0.0012); the concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the edible parts of the plants varied in the range of 0.107 - 0.175; 1.35 - 3.27; 0.091 -0.162,and 23.4 - 38.9 mg•kg^-1, respectively. Cluster analysis of the concentrations of heavy metals shows that the 15 cultivars could be sorted into three groups. Among them Thai cultivar, Sihainongwang willow-leaf cultivar and Sihainongwang Dabaigeng cultivar were low in heavy metal accumulation. Correlation analysis shows that Cd and Cu were significantly  related to K and Ca,and Zn was to K, Ca, Na and Mg, while Pb did not show any significant relationship with any nutrient elements.

An experiment was designed to have 5 treatments, i.e.  0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 mg•L^-1 of ρ (Cu²⁺)  to explore effects of Cu²⁺ on growth and physiological indices of Vallisneria natans. Results show that the effect of Cu²⁺ stress on V. natans was significant. When ρ (Cu²⁺) was 2 mg•L^-1, growth of V. natans was inhibited with the plants shortened in plant height and reduced in fresh weight, but they still survived. When ρ (Cu²⁺) was 4 mg•L^-1, the phenomena of inhibition became more obvious on the plants, of which the outer leaves began to decay and turn black after 30 days of stress. A trace amount of Cu²⁺ was conducive to activation of catalase (CAT) and enhancement of stress resistance of the plants. The experiment found that CAT reacted earlier than MDA and H₂O₂ did, therefore, it was more accurate and effective to monitor changes in CAT activity for physiological studies of stress resistance of V. natans. As 2 mg•L^-1  of  ρ (Cu²⁺) can inhibit the growth of V. natans, so that, it is not suitable to build any Cu²⁺-contaminated wastewater purification system with V. natans as submerged vegetation when Cu²⁺ concentration in the wastewater is higher than 2 mg•L^-1.

To investigate succession of phytoplankton in summer in Xiangxi Bay (XXB) of the Three-Gorge Reservoir (TGR) as affected by environmental factors,continuous field observations were conducted throughout the summer of 2010.Results show that biomass and Chl-a concentration of the phytoplankton in the main stream of the Yangtze River was much lower than that respectively in XXB during the algae bloom season in summer,which was mainly attributed to the fact that the water body of the main stream of the Yangtze River was well mixed,while that of XXB was weakly mixed vertically.As a result the phytoplankton in the latter grew flourishingly and evolved from diatom (in June) to green algae (in July) and then to cyanobacteria (in August).Gray correlation analysis indicates that density of the phytoplankton was closely related to thickness of the euphotic layre and the mixed layer of the waterbody with correlation coefficient being over 0.6 and that succession of the phytoplankton communities was mainly affected by water temperature,waterbody stability and thickness of the mixed layer.

Cyprinus carpio, a common species of fish in Chinese freshwaters, was selected as subject in the study on eco-toxicological effects of MC-LR, atrazine, and their combination on the fish. Results show that the coexistence of MC-LR and atrazine, two non-base toxicants, at relatively low concentration could induce significant histopathological alterations in the livers and gills. The mixture of 1 μg•L^-1 MC-LR and 5 μg•L^-1 atrazine would cause to the fish histopathological damages, such as ruptured epithelium of the central retinal vein, acini pancreas, hemolysis, hepatocyte vacuolation, pyknosis, etc. in liver of the fish. The symptoms were more apparent and serious than those in the fish exposed to single MC-LR or atrazine. Electron microscopic scanning of the gill tissues show that the histopathological damages induced to the gill by MC-LR combined with atrazaine were more severe: especially the gill lamellae array became loose and messy, boundary of the epithelial cells blurred and the cells severely broken. Furthermore, the combined exposure to 5 μg•L^-1 MC-LR and 5 μg•L^-1 atrazine could induce a significant hepatic apoptosis of C. carpio. The findings indicate potential risks of the coexistence of different pollutants, even at low concentration, in the water environment to aquatic organisms, and provide valuable references for determination of safety threshold of pollutants and perfection of aquatic ecological risk assessment of pollutants.

Two-stage Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactors were used to process anearobically digested pig farm wastewater. The installation was designed to have 3 operation modes, a, b and c, that is, in Mode a, the aeration/non-aeration ratio 1.5 h:0.5 h for the first stage reactor and 2 h:1 h for the second stage reactor, and the total aeration time 9.5 h; in Model b, 1 h:1 h and 1.5 h:0.5 h, and 9.5 h, and in Model c, 1 h:1 h and 2 h:1 h, and 8.0 h, to investigate effect of aeration/non-aeration ratio on treatment of wastewater and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen. Results show that when the operation had the temperature controlled in the range of 24-27℃,ρ(DO) at 2.5-3.0 mg•L^-1 during the aeration period, ρ(COD) and ρ(NH₃-N) at 700-800 mg•L^-1 and 90-100 mg•L^-1, respectively in the influent, Model a was the highest in efficiency with TN and NH₃-N removal rate being 58.5% and 68.2%, respectively, indicating that the combination of high aeration/non-aeration ratio with low aeration/non-aeration is more conducive to removal of pollutants in anaerobically digesting pig farm wastewater.

In order to screen out functional strains of bacteria that can be applied directly to promote composting of fresh swine manure,eight strais of bacteria that may possibly promote fermentation of fresh swine manure were isolated from swine manure compost,and indentified with the 16S rDNA molecular biological method as Bacillus subtilis,Enterobacter sp.,Bacillus licheniformis,Brodetella sp.,Nocardiopsis sp.,and Microbacterium sp..Effects of the strains promoting composting of fresh swine manure was investigated separately.Results show that Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter sp. could raise temperature of the pile of manure under composting and extend duration of high temperature,thus accelerating decomposition of organic matter,reducing pH of the pile at the intial fermentation stage,reducing of C/N ratio and water content in the compost,and increasing relative content of total nitrogen.As a result,composting of the manure was accelerated.It is,therefore,held that Bacillus subtilis and Enterobacter sp. are the two optimal strains for use in composting fresh swine manure.When Bacillus licheniformis was used,the temperature of the pile should be properly lowered at the initial stage of the composting so as to improve its effect on composting.Nocardiopsis sp. could be used as supplementary zymogen in composting.As Bordetella sp. could be uesd to raise temperature of the pile under fermentation,but did not show any significant effects on other indices,they are not recommended as zymogens for use in composting fresh swine manure.

During the cotton growing periods of 2009-2010, soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of cottons of SGK321 (Bt/CpTI-transgenic cotton) and Shiyuan 321,seed parent of the former,as control,in cotton fields that had long been cultivated with that respective variety of cotton,in Jiujiang of Jiangxi,Xinxiang of Henan and Kashi of Xinjiang,three major cotton production areas of China,in the Yangtze River Valley,Yellow River Valley and the inland of Northwest China,respectively,for monitoring of dynamics of Cry1Ab protein residuals in the rhizospheres,using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results show that Cry1Ab protein content was significantly higher in soil samples collected from SGK321 cotton fields at the budding,flowering and boll bearing stages than in those from Shiyuan 321 cotton fields,but no significant difference was found between the two collected at the maturing stage.The findings indicate that long-term cultivation of Bt/CpTI-transgenic cotton would not lead to accumulation of Cry1Ab protein in the cotton rhizospheric soil.

Investigations were carried out of status quo of the size, distribution and living of the breeding population of black-necked cranes in the Haizishan Nature Reserve of Sichuan Province in 2007-2010. One nest with two crane eggs and 56 cranes were recorded. Among them 51 were adult and 5 were young birds, accounting for 91.07% and 8.93%, respectively. The group of cranes scattered over gentle hills and lakes ranging from 4400 to 4556m in altitude. Breeding couples and chick-rearing groups were found mainly in shrub swamps and meadow swamps near lakes and rivers, and non-breeding groups in areas quite far apart from waters or in meadow swamps relatively high in landform. In 2009, interviews with inhabitants were conducted in 6 small townships in the Haizishan area. A total of 39 households, about 84.8% of the total visited, responded positively, reporting black-necked cranes were observed in 13 loci, e.g. Langcuo, Xixicuo, Xingyichuo, Chongchongcuo, etc. and nests and chicks were in 7 of the loci. In early April every year black-necked cranes migrate to the Haizishan Nature Reserve, where they begin to mate and breed, and leave for their wintering areas in late October. It is, therefore, held that Haizishan is a najor major breeding site for the central population of black-necked cranes and an important stop in the migration route of the birds.

A pot experiment using rhizospheric bags were carried out to investigate regularity of the degradation of sulfadiazine in acclimated and unacclimated corn rhizospheric soils and non-rhizospheric soils. Results show that the degradation tallies with the first order kinetic reaction model, with degradation rate constant varying in the range of 0.015 -0.043 d^-1 and the half life in the range of 16.8-46.5d. The degradation rate of sulfadiazine added at a rate of 2 , 5 and 10 mg•kg^-1, separately, reached 65.5% and 43.9%, 60.4% and 40.2%, and 58.5% and 34.2%, respectively, in unacclimated rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils after 40 days of incubation.The degradation date of sulfadiazine in acclimated rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils were 77.7% and 58.4%,71.3% and 53.4%,and 66.1% and 51.9%,respectively.Obviously,the degradation rate was much higher in rhizospheric soils than in non-rhizospheric soils and in acclimated soils than in unacclimated soils.The synergy of the root system with appropriate acclimation may significantly improve degradation rate of sulfadiazine in soils.