As a result of the succession of the four seasons in nature, water environmental capacity is obviously characterized by temporal dynamic. However, the use of a simple hydraulic design in calculating water environment capacity is unable to reflect the dynamic variation. Based on characterization of the temporal dynamic of the water environmental capacity, a new method, including a suitable water quality model and a dynamic hydraulic design, was put forth for calculating. Using this method, a numerical water quality model was established with the aid of the hydrodynamic (HD) & advection-dispersion (AD) module of the DHI MIKE11 software for the downstreams of the Ashi River after the Xiquanyan Reservoir in Harbin. Water environmental capacities of its various function zones were worked out using the one-dimensional water environmental capacity model. Results show that the COD and NH₃-H water environmental capacities of various function zones were much lower in the the frozen period (from November to next March) than in the non-frozen period (from April to October). Furthermore, by the comparison between months and between various hydraulic conditions in water environment capacity, both the maximum and minimum water environmental capacity control lines were obtained for every function zone every month, which may serve as reference for total volume control of pollution discharge in the Ashi River.

The typical wetland at the estuaries of the Le’an River and Raohe River to the Poyang Lake was selected as a subject for the study on methods for risk assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) pollution of surface soil of the wetland. Four different methods, i.e. the single factor index method, the geo-accumulation index method, the Nemero comprehensive pollution index method and the potential ecological hazard index method, were used and compared for merits and shortcomings. Correlations between diversity of aquatic plants communities and heavy metals pollution of the surface soil were also analyzed by taking into account results of the investigations of aquatic plant communities in various sampling sites. It was found that the surface soil of the wetland was polluted mainly by copper and much less by lead and cadmium. The pollutant of Cu came mainly with the acid heavy metals-containing wastewater discharged through the Dawu River from the copper minings. The four methods were used to evaluate the 6 sampling sites exposed seriously to pollution of the acid heavy metals waste water from the copper minings in the upstreams of the Le’an River and yielded similar conclusions, i.e. extremely polluted. But they differed slightly in conclusion when used to evaluate sampling sites not so severely polluted. Generally speaking, the sampling sites along the Le’an River decreased in ecological risk of the heavy metals pollution with their locations from the mid-streams to the down-streams. Results of the four methods were quite objective. Significant negative relationships were observed of the diversity of aquatic plant communities with the integrated potential ecological risk index of heavy metals pollution in the surface soil and the single-factor potential ecological risk index of copper in various sampling sites.

A study was conducted to compare composite enhanced water-purifying ecological floating-beds (CEPEF, Iris pseudacorus + composite packing + Hyriopsis cumingii ) with traditional ecological floating-bed (only I. pseudacorus) in effect of removing N and P in wastewater. Results show that antagonism existed between H. cumingii and microbes attached to the packing on one side and floating-bed plants on the other, which limitinged the growth of the plants on the floating-bed. After 30 days of treatment with the CEPEF, the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) was were reduced from 9.23 and 2.16 mg•L^-1 to 0.59-1.32 and 0.83-1.20 mg•L^-1 ,respectively, with their respective removal rate reaching 85.70%-93.61% and 44.44%-61.57%, which wasere obviously averagely 19.86 and 17.90 percentage point higher than that with the traditional one (with the highest being 24.05 and 24.53 percentage point) respectively. And the effect was quite stable with the time passing on. Meanwhile, it was also found that the CEPEF peaked in its reoxygenation and N, P removal effects when the density of H. cumingii was controlled between 15 and 28 ind per cubic metre.

DDTs pollution of shallow groundwater in a certain agricultural area in South Jiangsu was investigated and characterized. It was found that the highest DDTs concentration detected was 1.04 μg•L^-1 and the highest detection rate 36.67%. The pollution scattered in patches and high concentrations were found mainly in the northeastern part of the study area. The pollution spread in a wide scope and varied seasonally showing a decreasing trend of high water period, normal water period and low water period. In the area, the unsaturated layer was good in anti-pollution performance and clay minerals and organic carbon in the soil were highly capable of adsorbing DDTs, thus retarding transfer of the pollutant into shallow groundwater, which is the reason why in some parts of the area DDTs was not detected in shallow groundwater. Vertical percolation of DDTs polluted surface water was the direct cause of the pollution of the shallow groundwater. Lateral water movement or supply was probably another important DDTs source to shallow groundwater. Therefore, the scope of DDTs pollution in shallow groundwater is limited in the vicinity of surface waterbodies.

Based on the findings of the first national pollution investigation, issues, like arrangement of monitoring postspoints, sampling for monitoring and data analysis in measuring and calculating rural domestic waste generation and discharge coefficients in the Taihu Lake regionbasin were analyzed in depth. By following the principles of taking into consideration of natural environment zoning and economic income grading, and distributing the monitoring points rationally with stress on key points, a total of 15 monitoring points were set up for two categories of farmer households, with and without sewage system in 6 regions different in type. Steps for sampling of rural domestic waste were analyzed specifically and record forms for the sampling were designed to facilitate standardization of data entry, analysis and processing. Monitoring data were processed for mathematic statistics in line with the Grubbs norm and Dixon norm. Abnormal values, like maximum or minimum values, were verified with the Grubbs norm.

As chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) is used to characterize phytoplankton biomass, its content in a waterbody is commonly used as an indicator of eutrophication level of the waterbody. Although there are a number of measurement procedures currently in use, not a unified standard method is developed. A retrospect is presented here of the development history of the methods for determination of Chl-a. On such a basis, a comparative study was done of the methods in cell discruption technique and type of extractant. By comparing advantages and disadvantages of the various determination methods, a relatively effective method, hot-ethanol method, is proposed. This method is easy to operate, high in extracting rate, stable, reliable and harmless to human health. Besides, a brief introduction is presented the three commonly-used determination methods, i.e. spectrofluorometry, high efficiency liquid chromatographic and spectrophotometry, and their respective procedures, applicabilities, advantages and disadvantages. The comparison demonstrates that the combination of the hot ethanol extraction method with the spectrophotometry is a good method, worth extrapolating. It is expected that the review may provide some bases for development of a standard method for determination of Chl-a concentration in China.

Carbon emissions of 30 provinces, metropolis or autonomous regions (except Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Tibet) of China from 1995 to 2010 were calculated using the IPCC method. Based on total carbon emission, carbon emission intensity and carbon emission per capita, the three indices, the 30 provinces, metropolis and autonomous regions were sorted into 3 categories or grades, i.e. high, moderate and low in carbon emission, through cluster analysis of multivariable panel data. In Grade High, there were Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shandong, Ningxia, in Grade Low,Beijing, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Qinghai, and in Grade Moderate, Tianjin, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Henan, Guizhou, Gansu, Xinjiang. Besides, cointegration test and regression analysis was performed of carbon emissions per capita and GDP per capita of the three groups of provinces. Results show that a co-integration relationship had long been existing between carbon emissions per capita and GDP per capita and fit the environmental Kuznets inverse U curve, and the knee of the theoretical curve of the three groups, high, moderate and low was 41 046, 50 219 and 47 049 yuan (RMB) in GDP per capita, respectively. It is predicted that the total carbon emission of the country will keep go on increasing for a long time, however, with a growth rate of carbon emission lower than that of the GDP, which means the carbon emission intensity will keep on declining.

Based on the model recently modified for accounting of carbon mitigation and the research achievements of the scientists in China as reference for values of some key parameters, Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province was selected for case study to evaluate effects of the popularization of rural household biogas projects in 2000-2010 on carbon mitigation from the following 4 aspects, direct carbon emission reduction by use of methane, substitution of fossil energy reducing carbon emission, carbon emission through leakage, and carbon emission from methane combustion. Results show that carbon reduction per unit (per biogas digestor) varied in the range of 1.10-1.29 tons per year, depending on specification of a digestor (number of pigs in pen and type) and air temperature, and its indirect portion (1.07 t•a^-1) was 4.9 times as much as its direct portion (0.22 t•a^-1). The annual effect on carbon mitigation in the prefecture increased with the increasing number of biogas digestors in 2000 - 2010, and the reduction of carbon emission increased from 39 700 tons per year in 2000 to 709 300 tons per year in 2010. During this period, the use of biogas digestors treating livestock manures directly reduced carbon emission by 1.5744 million tons and the substitution of coal with biogas indirectly reduced carbon emission by 3.6182 million tons, while the carbon emission from the combustion of methane increased carbon emission by 0.1312 million tons and methane leakage by 0.8994 million tons. Balancing of the four factors shows that the total carbon mitigation benefit was 4.1620 million tons.

Rural ecological environment is evolving with the eco-social transformation in Wuxi, and some correlations could be found between the two. Based on the theory of elasticity and GRAP, modeling of response of rural ecological environment to eco-social transformation was completed for analysis of processes of the response and coupling relationship between the two. Results show that the rural ecological environment responded negatively to the eco-social transformation during 1978-2010, and strength of the response displayed a curve of inverted parabola’ pattern, namely rising first and then falling. Non-agriculturalization of the economy was the primary factor influencing the rural ecological environment. The influences of the social urbanization that started in the 1990s and the export-oriented economy that began in 2002 on the rural ecological environment have been growing steadily. And meanwhile, the changing rural ecological environment in turn affected the eco-social transformation. The decrease in ecological land and the deterioration of the environmental quality are the significant factors limiting the eco-social transformation.

Eco-efficiency is considered to be an effective tool of implementing the target of sustainable development and estimating developmental level of circular economy at different scales. Based on researches on regional eco-efficiency indices at home and abroad, an eco-efficiency evaluation index system was established for the construction of circular economy in Shandong Province, and used to evaluate the eco-efficiency of the province. Further more, re-coupling and/or decoupling of economic development with environmental pressure was discussed. Results show that though GDP in Shandong was rising rapidly with an annual growth rate reaching 13.08%, a declining trend with total water consumption and discharge of SO₂ and COD was observed during the period of 2000-2010. The eco-efficiencies of the various natural input factors, as a whole, were steadily increasing, especially with discharge of COD, emission of SO₂ and water consumption, of which the annual eco-efficiency growth rate reached 18.59%, 14.85% and 14.13%, respectively. All the three indices were in a strong decoupling state, while the rest remained in a weak decoupling state. Generally speaking, the contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection has been somewhat dulled, but the pressure of the large volumes of energy input leading to higher carbon emission is still very high.

Eco-efficiency, as it takes into account both economic and environmental benefits, is a core indicator of quantitative description of relationships between environment and economic systems and a hotspot as well in appraising development of eco-industrial parks (EIP). Based on the theories of ecological footprint and eco-efficiency and the ecological footprint accounting methods available, a mathematic model was established for evaluating eco-efficiency of EIP and used to evaluatione eco-efficiency of the Kunshan EIP. Results show that eco-efficiency of the Kunshan EIP has been improving slowly year by year and its main limiting factors are the demands of the practitioners in the park for biological resources and the poor eco-efficiencies of the electronic information industry and the other industries except for the three leading industries.

Changes in landscape pattern of the Nansi Lake wetland were monitored with the fifth round of satellite remote-sensing images (1987 – 2010). Response of the ecosystem of the wetland in service value to the changes were analyzed, using the market comparison approach, shadow project approach, industrial oxygen generation cost method, carbon tax method and value substitution method. Results show that large tracts of reed- and lotus-dominated natural wetlands had been converted into artificial wetlands, such as aquacultural farms, paddy fields, etc., thus promoting the enhancingement of  landscape fragmentation. Impacts of the changes on supply function, regulataory function, cultural function and support function were quite obvious, especially on supply function and regulatory function. Calculation based on the constant prices of 2010 shows that the changes caused decreases in service value of the ecosystem, which included the decrease of in atmospheric element regulation function by 1 170 million yuan(RMB), the purification function by 377 million yuan, and the   water conservation function by 65 million yuan.While the changes did increase materials and food product function of the ecosystem by 1306 million yuan. Ultimately, a decrease of 306 million yuan were caused by the changes from 1987 to 2010. Responses of the ecosystem in other functions, including mitigation of flood, conservation of soil, habitats, biodiversity, entertainment, culture and science ,functions, etc. were not so obvious.

Soil moisture is an important index for sustainable utilization of desert steppe. Based on multi-point field observations of soil moisture and precipitation through two consecutive years of growing seasons, sustainability of soil moisture and spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in soils different in land-use in the studied desert steppe was analyzed. Results show that soils different in land-use differed more sharply in soil moisture, in a dry year than in a wet year; soil moisture increased with the time in all the soils regardless of land use types in the dry years, but undulated in the wet year; the variation of soil moisture displayed a curve of three peaks and three valleys in the dry year in all the soils, but in wet year it was closely related to precipitation, and  soil moisture remained stable for quite a long time, from July to the next April; No matter whether in wet or in dry year, soil moisture was relatively high in alfalfa field and licorice field, lower in licorice-alfalfa mixed grassland and natural grassland, and the lowest in Caragana shrubland. The comparative analysis of the five soils different in land use, and spatio-temporal variations of their soil moisture and water supply and consumption may help better understand ecological process of the steppe on the landscape scale, which will be of some important significance to the effective use of soil moisture and soil and water conservation in desert steppe regions.

Characteristics were studied of the seed banks and seedling banks of the five places that are different in habitats but all invaded by M. micrantha in Longchuan County, Dehong Prefecture of Yunnan Province, China, using the method of field sampling and germination test in laboratory. Results show that  seeds in the soil samples germinated and were identified to be of 40 plant species belonging to 18 families. They differed in species composition, characteristics and spatial distribution of seed germination and seedling bank between habitats. The M. micrantha seed density of rubber forest, woodlot, bushland, grassland, and river bank, the five different habitats, was 75, 109, 165, 124, and 53 seed•m^-2, respectively, showing significant difference between them (P＜0.05). The in-lab germination experiment shows that germination of M. micrantha seeds may last for 8 weeks, and concentrated during the period from the 3^rd to the 5^th weeks. Vertically, its seeds were concentrated mainly in the 0-2 cm soil layer, and then in the >2-5 cm layer, and the 5-10 cm layer, accounting for 81%, 17% and 2% of the total seeds in the 0-10 cm soil layer, respectively. In the field, germination of M. micrantha seeds may last for 6 months, that is, from May to October, and was concentrated mainly in the period from June to August.

Plant diversities of three Kosteletzkya virginica plantations, different in history (1, 2 and 5 years) in Qingkou Saltern of Lianyungang, Jinhai Farm of Yancheng, and Xiaoyangkou Salt Flat of Nantong, separately, and control plots (without K. virginica), one for each, were investigated using the typical quadrat method. Results show that the three plantations had 10, 7, and 9 species of plants, separately, and obviously all more than their respective controls. The controlswhich were dominated by Suaeda glauca and Phragmites australis, forming a mono-type of vegetation;The IVs (importance value) of K. virginica in the three sites were all over 0.6. The IV of S. glauca, P. australis and Aster tataricus in the Jinhai Plantation was 0.225, 0.272, and 0.199, respectively, that of Erigeron annuus and Setaria viridis in the Xiaoyangkou Plantation was 0.228 and 0.241 respectively, and that of S. glauca and Sesbania cannabina in the Qingkou Plantation was 0.433 and 0.332, respectively. In the controls, S. glauca and P. australis were the dominant species, all exceeding 0.6 in total IV of the two. The three plantations did not differ much from their respective controls in fresh plant biomass statistically, but the Jinhai Plantation and the Xiaoyangkou Plantation did in plant dry weight, indicating that the plants in the controls contained more water;. Furthermore, the three plantations were all higher than their respective controls in Berger-Parker richnesss index, Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson diversity index and evenness index, indicating that in the K. virginica plantations, the native species of plants can grow well in synbiosis with K. virginica, thus improving plant diversity of the coastal saline lands of Jiangsu Province.

Total phosphorous (TP) concentration is an good indicator of lake eutrophication,and quantitative reconstruction of the history of variation of TP concentration of water in the lake may reveal the history of nutrient evolution of the lake. Based on the high-resolution study of diatom fossil in drill cores of sediments in that lake coupled with the functional model for diatom-TP conversion for lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,succession of diatom composition in and history of nutrient evolution of the Shitang Lake was quantitatively reconstructed. Results show that diatom flora experienced change from Aulacoseira granulata-dominated composition (prior to 1981) to Aulacoseira alpigae–dominated one (after 1981). Prior to 1981, TP concentration remained around 50 - 60 μg•L^-1, indicating a medium nutrition level, while after 1981, TP concentration increased rapidly to >100μg•L^-1，and the diatom community was dominated by A. alpigae accompanied with an increasing proportion of eutrophy-phil diatoms, such as Cyclotella atomus, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Nitzschia palea, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, which indicated the beginning of eutrophication of the lake. Since the 1980s increasing discharge of domestic sewage, application of chemical fertilizers and expansion of aquaculture have become the major causes of the eutrophication and the change in diatom flora. To a certain extent, the global warming is another contributor. On the basis of the findings, the TP of 60μg•L^-1 is proposed to be the baseline for management of eutrophication of the Shitang Lake. This study also offers reliable reference for setting up targets for management and remediation of the lake and a large number of similar lakes in this area.

Through batch sorption tests, effect of La-modified zeolite (LMZ) on phosphate sorption of Taihu Lake sediments was investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were found to be quite useful to describe sorption equilibrium of phosphate (1-15 mg•L^-1 in concentration) on Taihu Lake sediments in the lake. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum phosphate sorption capacity of the original Taihu Lake sediment was 791 mg•kg^-1, and that of the Taihu Lake sediments amended with 10, 25 and 50 g•kg^-1 LMZ was 937, 1 037 and 1 505 mg•kg^-1, respectively. The pseudo-second-order model could be used to describe phosphate sorption kinetics of the Taihu Lake sediments in the lake. The phosphate sorption capacity of the Taihu Lake sediments decreased with increasing solution pH. The sorption of phosphate on the Taihu Lake sediments was a spontaneous endothermic process. The phosphate adsorption/desorption equilibrium concentration of the Taihu Lake sediments amended with 10-50 g•kg^-1 LMZ was 0.129 - 0.241 mg•L^-1, which wase much lower than that of the original Taihu Lake sediments (0.386 mg•L^-1).The phosphate adsorption/desorption equilibrium concentration of the LMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediments decreased with increasing LMZ dosage. Sequential extractions of phosphorus from phosphate-sorbed original Taihu Lake sediments and LMZ-amended Taihu Lake sediments indicate that most of the phosphate adsorbed by LMZ in the sediments existed in the forms of NaOH-P and HCl-P, which are quite stable and unlikely to get released under anaerobic conditions.

NaCl solution was use used to modify artificial zeolite to explore effect of concentration of NaCl on removal of ammonia nitrogen. Through surface characteristics analysis, static adsorption experiments and adsorption isotherm analysis, comparison was done between artificial zeolite and modified artificial zeolite in ammonia nitrogen adsorption. X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis revealed that the modification made surface of the zeolite rougher, and the zeolite display diffraction peaks characteristic of NaCl crystals at the same time. The experiment demonstrated that modification of zeolite with 1.0 mol•L^-1 NaCl was the best in effect. And the effect of modified zeolite adsorbing ammonia nitrogen was optimal when 1.0g zeolite was applied to treat 50mL of wastewater, 6.52 in pH, and containing 10 mol•L^-1 of ammonia nitrogen for 40min at 25℃, removing 96.02% of the ammonia nitrogen in the wastewater as compared to 87.18% for raw zeolite. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations fit well the processes of the two types of zeolites adsorbing ammonia nitrogen. The saturated  ammonia nitrogen adsorption capacity (21.46 mg•g^-1)of modified artificial zeolite is much higher than that of unmodified artificial sorbent(9.03 mg•g^-1).

A field trial was conducted in heavy metal-contaminated agricultural land located in Gejiu City, Yunnan Province to investigate characteristics of Pb, Cd and As absorption and Pb, Cd and As contaminated farmland remediation potentials of Solanum nigrum, Pteris cretica var. nervosa and Tephrosia candida as affected by planting mode of the plants. The mean concentrations of Cd and As in the experiment soil were both beyond the criteria of Grade III in the “Environment Quality Standard for Soils”(GB 15618-1995). Regardless of planting mode, Cd uptake or concentration was the highest in the shoots of S.nigrum, reaching (6.99±0.25 )mg•kg^-1, As uptake the highest in the shoots of P. cretica var. nervosa, reaching (326.98±93.99) mg•kg^-1, and Pb uptake the highest in the shoots of T. candida, reaching (32.96±5.65) mg•kg^-1. However, these values are still lower than the threshold concentrations for hyperaccumulators i.e. 100 mg•kg^-1 for Cd, 1000 mg•kg^-1 for As and 1000 mg•kg^-1 for Pb. Comparison of planting modes show that in the mode of S. nigrum being planted alone, Pb, Cd and As uptake was all the highest in the shoots of the plant, reaching 1004.97 , 152.04 and 1534.47 g•hm^-2•a^-1, respectively. If the Cd and As contaminated farmland is to be remedied up to the criteria of Grade III in the “Environment Quality Standard for Soils”(GB 15618-1995), the phytoextraction rate of Cd and As should be 2.8116% and 1.413%, respectively, which indicates that the planting mode of monocropping of S.nigrum is a potential method to remedy Pb, Cd and As contaminated farmland, but not fit for remediation of farmlands highly contaminated with heavy metals.

To explore impacts of a new pesticide adjuvant LD-10 (Patent license number: 200810103519.7) and two commonly used pesticide adjuvants NP-10 and NP-4 on non-target organisms in soil, acute toxicities of LD-10, NP-10 and NP-4 to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in natural soil and sterilized soil were determined. Results show that in the natural soil, the 7d w(LC₅₀) of LD-10, NP-10 and NP-4 for earthworm was 482.58, 1077.50 and 343.17mg•kg ^-1, respectively, and 14d w(LC₅₀)  438.38, 984.64 and 316.65 mg•kg^-1, respectively, and in the sterilized soil, the 7d w(LC₅₀)  of LD-10, NP-10 and NP-4 for earthworm was 350.71, 960.95 and 309.63mg•kg ^-1, respectively, and 14d w(LC₅₀)  320.24 , 745.99 and 274.76 mg•kg^-1, respectively, which shows that in both the natural and sterilized soils, the three agents are all low in toxicity to the earthworm, and follow the order of NP-10 < LD-10 < NP-4 in toxicity, however, they are more toxic in the sterilized soil than in the natural soil.

A batch experiment was carried out on remediation of chlordane contaminated soil by microwave, and factors affecting the remediation were studied. It was found that when the soil was 20% in moisture content, 8.5 in pH, and 50 g•kg^-1 in activated carbon amended, and 20 minutes of irradiation with 600 W microwave, the removal rate of the chlordane in the soil reached to 89%,and the effect could be significantly increased if the soil temperature was be maintained above 300 ℃ during the process. The experiment proved that the factors affecting chlordane removal rate followed the order of microwave power > irradiation time > activated carbon amendment rate > moisture content. Analysis of the soil solution shows that the degradation had some intermediates, such as chlordene, heptachlor and nonachlor, which suggests that there existed chlorination and dechlorination reactions in the process.

A new model or method for optimizing land use arrangement is invented based on CLUE-S and Grey linear programming (GLP), and can be used to conduct integrated optimization of quantity structure and spatial distribution of land use, after the data of regional policy social economy, ecological targets and land use status quo are imported into the model. The area of North Jiaxing was selected as a case for study. Three different scenarios, i.e. current trend (A), programmed target (B) and programmed sustainable (C), were simulated. Results show that as Scenario A emphasized social, economic and environmental benefits, its effect of controlling rapid growth of construction land and continuous decrease in farmland was significant. Therefore, Scenario A may provide ecologically sensitive areas with dual protections, environment and food safety, and hence is an ideal optimization programme for land use. The use of CLUE-S model coupled with GLP is an effective solution to the problem of optimal arrangement of land resources, because it can be used to simulate variation of land use in quantity and spatial distribution by taking into account the current situation and development targets of a region simultaneously.

The traditional methods which were used to determine norms for ecological compensation for different kinds of lands usually neglect ecosystem as a whole and are not so applicable in practice because the norms they set are often too high for compensation. In order to determine accurately and objectively norms for ecological compensation for different types of lands, catastrophe progression method was used to analyze and assess service function values of ecosystems, by incorporating research results available. On such a basis, transform factor and equilibrium factor of ecosystem service function values of various types of lands and a model for dynamic accounting of norms for ecological compensation were brought forth based on the catastrophe theory. The model was then applied to calculation of norms for ecological compensation in Jilin Province. According to the calculation, the norm for ecological compensation for farmland, woodland, grassland, wetland, water area and virgin land is 15349, 20185, 16821, 20949, 18268 and 8236 yuan per hm², respectively, in 2012, which is believed to tally quite well with the actual situation of social and economic development in Jilin Province. This example proves that the model is easy to use and quite high in reliability and universal applicability.

Guided by the concept of traditional regional administration, the governments in the watersheds all follow a basic goal of maximizing their own local benefits. Consequently, little attention is paid to common interests of the whole watersheds, which often results in serious conflicts between local governments in the same watershed. It is, therefore, difficult for them to reach a consensus on ecological compensation of the trans-provincial watersheds. The implementation of ecological compensation of a trans-provincial watershed depends on replacement of the concept of regional government administration with that of watershed management and innovation of some relevant mechanisms, including the mechanism of democratic consultation between governments in the watersheds, a multi-subject joint supplying system and selective incentives offered by the central government to local governments.