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Table of Content

Volume 30 Issue 1
25 January 2014
muci
Summary of Livestock Environmental Pollution and Environmental Management Policies
MENG Xiang-Hai, ZHANG Jun-Biao, LI Peng, CHEN Xiao-Kun
2014, 30(1):  1-8. 
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The animal husbandry in China is now gradually shifting from the traditional scattered household breeding to intensive breeding, and as a result, a large number of super-large-scaled animal rearing enterprises have emerged. The expansion of the animal husbandry has triggered aggravation of the problem of animal husbandry polluting  problem to the environment. The status quo of livestock pollutingon to the water, farmland soil and atmospheric environment has been revieweds, the experiences of the USA, the EU, Japan, Canada and some other developed countries or regions in managing environmental pollution from animal husbandry have been introduced and some proposals for policy-making in the aspect of management of the environmental pollution from the animal husbandry in China have been recommended.
Spatial Distribution of Iodine in Underground Drinking Water and Discussion on Region-Specific Supply of Iodized Salt in the North China Plain
QIAN Yong, ZHANG Zhao-Ji, FEI Yu-Hong, CHEN Jing-Sheng, LI Ya-Song
2014, 30(1):  9-14. 
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The incidence of iodine deficiency disorder in China has been greatly reduced since the promotion of iodized salt in the late 1990s, however, the issue of excess iodine causing disorder is also attracting more and more concerns. A total of 4136 groups of water samples were collected from both shallow and deep underground dringking water sources in the North China Plain for analysis of iodine content to explore spatial distribution of iodine in groundwater and its hydrogeological effect. And based on the epidemiology, a reasonable iodine content in drinking water was put forward. On such a basis, the North China Plain was divided into six regions, namely, extremely iodine-deficient region (≤4μg•L-1), iodine-deficient region (>4-8μg•L-1), iodine-proper region (>8-50μg•L-1), drinkable high iodine region (>50-100μg•L-1), high iodine region (>100-200μg•L-1) and extremely high iodine region (>200μg•L-1). A proper iodine amendment rate in salt was worked out for each region. And based on iodine contents in groundwater, the plain could be divided into three regions, namely, iodine required region, iodine unrequired region and iodine-amendment unfit region. Such divisions are of some scientific significance for guiding optimization of salt iodization and solution of the problem of negative impact of the salt iodization. Results indicate that iodine-deficient groundwater is mainly distributed in the pediment alluvial-diluvial plain of the Yanshan Mountains-Taihang Mountains and the Puyang section of the Yellow River alluvial-diluvial plain; extremely iodine-deficient groundwater in the alluvial-diluvial plains adjacent to the mountains; and high iodine groundwater in the Yellow River alluvial-diluvial plain and the eastern coastal plain. The calculation shows that addition of iodine is required to the table salt for the extremely iodine-deficient regions and iodine-deficient regions, where the currently used 20-50μg•g-1 iodized salt is adequate to meet the iodine demand of human body; there is no need to add any iodine to the table salt for the iodine-proper region and drinkable high iodine region, where the iodine content in the table salt should not exceed 9.2μg • g-1; and it is not fit to add any iodine in the table salt in the high iodine regions and extremely high iodine region, where iodine-free salt is recommended.
Effect of Aged Refuse Bio-cover Mitigating Emission of Greenhouse Gases (CH4, N2O and CO2) From MSW Landfills
LIU Jing-Long, ZHANG Yi, ZHANG Hou-Hu, ZHAO Ke-Qiang, HUANG Tian-Yin, YAN Xiao-Fei
2014, 30(1):  15-20. 
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The use of bio-cover composed of aged refuse to reduce emission of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O and CO2) from landfills was studied in depth, analyzing roles of environmental factors in CH4 emission and CH4 oxidation relative to thickness of the aged refuse cover. Results show that when temperature varied in the range of 5-45℃, the mean CH4 oxidation rate of aged refuse was 2.35 times that of clayey soil and 4.71 times of that of sandy soil, and it increased with rising temperature and peaked at 35℃. When moisture content in the cover layer was maintained in the range of 16%- 24%, all the three covers peaked in CH4 oxidizing capacity. The mean CH4 flux from the sandy soil cover and the semi-mineralized refuse cover was 329.8 and 91.7 times of that from the pure aged refuse cover, respectively. Addition of aged refuse in the cover would increase the flux of N2O oxidation. The mean flux of N2O emission from the pure aged refuse bio-cover was 2.1 times (P<0.05) and 3.5 times(P<0.05) of that from the semi-aged refuse cover and sandy soil cover, respectively.
Analysis of Development of Ecotourism in Nanxi River Basin Based on Ecological Carrying Capacity
PEI Xue-Jiao, SONG Ying-Chang
2014, 30(1):  21-26. 
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Scientific evaluation of ecological carrying capacity of a region is an important link to development and management of ecotourism therein. Analysis and evaluation was performed of the supply and demand of ecological carrying capacity in the middle and upper reaches of the Nanxi River Basin in 2010. Results show that the supply was higher than the demand, being at a ratio of 1.3:1; however, deficits still appearared in the carrying capacity of the fractions of grasslands and waters; the ecological footprint per traveler was 1.22 times as higher than as the local per capita ecological footprint. On the whole, the ecological carrying capacity of this basin is enough to support benign development of ecotourism. Nevertheless, it is essential not only to strengthen continuous conservation and input of its ecotourislogicalt resources, but also to pay high attention to supervision and restriction of flow-based tourism.
Spatial Distribution of the Red-Crown Crane Population in Zhalong Wetlands Over the Last 30 Years
WANG Zhi-Qiang, JIANG Li, LIU Xian-Zhao, ZHANG Tong-Guo, CHEN Hao
2014, 30(1):  27-31. 
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Spatial distribution of patterns of a population is a key issue in population ecology and spatial ecology. Location data of the nests of the red-crown crane population in the Zhalong Wetlands during the period from 1981 to 2008 were collected for analysis of spatial distribution patterns of the red-crown crane population and its dynamics using the Mean Center Model and the Euclidean Nearest-Neighbour Distance Model and further for exploration of causes and mechanisms of the variation. Results show that in the past 30 years or so, spatial distribution of the red-crown crane population in the study area had its centroids moving from the central part of the studied area towards the southwest part and then towards the northeast part and dispersion degree of individual crane nests displayed a wavy curve, i.e. slowly rising→ gradually declining → rapidly rising →gradually falling. The spatial distribution patterns of the population were all aggregative ones, but varied significantly in intensity from year to year, which is mainly attributed to drastic changes in habitat environment, such as aggregated water shortage and artificial disturbance (large scale engineering projects in the wetlands), and to accidental disturbance, like wildfire , too.
Costs and Benefits of Coastal Wetland Nature Reserves: A Case Study of the Yancheng National Nature Reserve
GU Rong, GAO Jun, ZHANG Song-He, XU Wang-Gu, JIANG Ming-Kang
2014, 30(1):  32-37. 
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Ecosystem services and preservation costs of the coastal wetland ecosystem of Yancheng National Nature Reserve were analyzed. Various methods,i.e. market method, shadow-engineering method and expert evaluation method were used to valuate the ecosystem services of the coastal wetland. It was found that in 2010 the total cost of preserving the wetland ecosystem was 8.18×109 RMB, of which 1.95×107 RMB was management cost and 8.16×109 RMB opportunity cost, while the benefits of the reserve totaled 1.83×1010 RMB. Results of the calculation show that the benefits the Yancheng National Nature Reserve generated far outweighed its costs, indicating that the existence of the Yancheng National Nature Reserve has a certain yield advantage in economics. Accordingly, the established Yancheng coastal wetland nature reserve has generated great ecological benefits, of which the advantage embody mostly long-term comprehensive benefits and could hardly not be encashed directly in money. Therefore, the construction and management of nature reserves should have an overall and long-term concept, which will not allow any sacrifice of the nature reserves for short-term or local interests. Only by then can we truly realize perpetual conservation and sustainable utilization of the nature reserves.
Identification of Factors Affecting Expansion of Spartina alterniflora and Their Intensities Using CA-Markov Model
SUN Xian-Bin, LIU Hong-Yu
2014, 30(1):  38-43. 
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Expansion process of alien species is an important content of the study on management and control of ecological invasion. Based on the 1991, 1997 and 2007 remote sensing images of the coast of Yancheng, Jiangsu, expansions of Spartina alterniflora under different conditions were simulated and factors affecting the expansion and their intensities were identified with the aid of GIS technology and the Markov-CA model. Results show that (1) the actual annual expansion rate of S. alterniflora was 24.39% during the period of 1991-1997 and 7.76% during the period of 1997-2007, indicating that the species expanded rapidly in the former period and the expansion slowed down during the latter period; (2) the annual expansion rate of S. alterniflora, when the plants were let grow freely, was the highest, reaching 9.40% and 6.78% during the two periods, separately, and declined to 7.10% and 5.49%, separately, when growth of the plants was affected by competition of other species in the community and to 7.10% and 5.24%, separately, when growth of the plants was affected by both competition of other species in the community and artificial disturbance; (3) affected by competition of other plant species in the community, the annual expansions rate of S. alterniflora decreased by 2.30 and 1.29 percentage point,respectively, and affected by artificial disturbance, it did by 0 and 0.25 percentage point, respectively;and (4) the Markov-CA model built in this study can be used to get some valuable insights into the relationships between the expansion processes of exotic plant species and its affecting factors, which may provide some scientific basis for rational exploitation of wetland resources and conservation of biodiversity in the coastal zone of Yancheng.
Characteristics of Enchytraeid Community Structure Relative to Vegetation in Kunyu Mountain, Shandong, China
JIANG Wan-Xiang, CHEN Jing, WANG Hong-Kai, ZHUO Li-Ling, HE Shi-Shui, WANG Ming-Shan, DENG Yan-Mei, ZHANG Ying-Xia
2014, 30(1):  44-49. 
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To understand distribution of Enchytraeids in various vegetation zones and its affecting factors, field investigations were carried out of Enchytraeid community structure relative to vegetation in Kunyu Mountains in September 2011. A total of 351 individuals of clitellates belonging to 4 genera and 10 species were collected. Among them were five species of Fridericia sp., two species of Hemienchytraeus sp., two species of Enchytraeus sp. and one species of Marionina sp., and Hemienchytraeus bifurcates, Fridericia sp5 and Fridericia dianchiensis were dominate species, whose density was 2458, 2125 and 1333 ind·m2 and relative abundance  16.5%, 14.2% and 8.9%, respectively. One-Way ANOVA analysis was used to compare different vegetation zones in earthworm density and biodiversity. Results show that mixed forest was the highest in both and followed by broadleaf forest, and coniferous forest and farmland areas were lower. Their means of density, Shannon-Wiener biodiversity, Margalef biodiversity, richness, and Simpson dominant index was 14 917 ind·m2, 0.92, 0.22, 4 and 0.52, respectively. Non-matric multidimentional scaling (NMS) ordination was used to explore similarity of Enchytraeid communities between different sites. Results show that Stations S1 and S2 were very similar, and Stations S5 and S6 were also very similar in community structure, while Stations S3 and S4 were quite different from each other and from the other stations. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicates that the correlation between species and environmental variables reached up to 96.2%, which suggests that soil water content, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are the major factors affecting structure of the Enchytraeid community.
Modelling of Evapotranspiration of Soybean Field in the Sanjiang Plain
JIA Zhi-Jun, WU Wen-Xin, ZHAO Hai-Liang
2014, 30(1):  50-56. 
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Based on the eddy covariance measurements and microclimate observational data available, comparison was done between the Penman, FAO Penman-Monteith (PM), Priestley-Taylor (PT) models in accuracy of simulating evapotranspiration of soybean field in the Sanjiang Plain. Results show that the values of evapotranspiration (ET) simulated with the models were all higher than the measured one when constants were adopted as parameters in modeling. The Penman model was in particular, being on average 174.6% higher. And the Penman and PM models both fell below zero in modellingmodeling efficiency (EF), which indicated that the two models were too poor in estimation accuracy to be used to predict actual ET of soybean field. In the Penman and FAO PM models, crop coefficient (Kc) was positively related to leaf area index (LAI), but negatively to saturated vapourvapor pressure difference (VPD), both at an extremely significant level; and in the PT model,  α value was also positively related to LAI and wind speed and negatively to VPD, both at an extremely significant level, too. With Kc and α modified with the multiple linear regression equation, the three models improved estimation accuracy markedly, with mean bias error(MBE) ranging from -0.10 to 0.0 mm•d-1, and root mean square errors (RMSE) and EF being 0.67 mm•d-1 and 0.61, respectively. ANOVA further indicated that no significant difference existed between the three models in simulated value, but relatively speaking, the PT model was slightly superior to the other two in intercept, slope and MBE. Therefore, the modified PT model is an optimal one among the three for use to estimating ET of soybean field in the Sanjiang Plain.
Inhibitory Effects of Extracts From Straws of Two Plants on the Growth of Spirogyra sp.
SHAN Ying, WANG Li-Qing, ZHANG Wei, GU Wan-Wen
2014, 30(1):  57-62. 
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Effects of extracts, varying in concentration (4, 8, 12, 16, 20mg•L-1) from Oryza sativa and Thalia dealbata straws inhibiting growth of Spriogyra sp. were studied. Results show that the extracts in all the treatments displayed inhibitory effects on Spirogyra sp.after 96h of exposure, with content of chlorophyll in Spriogyra sp. cells decreasing with the increasing of extract concentration, demonstrating a significant dose-effect relationship. The 96h,EC50 of T. dealbata extract was 6.85mg•L-1 and of O. sativa extract, 11.27mg•L-1, obviously showing that the former is higher than the latter in toxicity to Spriogyra sp.. Extremely significant positive relationships were observed between of MDA content in Spriogyra sp. cells and concentration of O. sativa extract (P<0.01,r=0.977), and between MDA content and concentration of T. dealbata extract (P<0.01,r=0.964), too. MDA contents were higher in T. dealbata treatments than in O. sativa treatments, regardless of extract concentration. Among all the treatments, the one of T. dealbata extract, 20 mg•L-1 in concentration, had the highest MDA content, reaching  1.884μmol•g-1 or being 105.20% higher than that in the treatment of O. sativa extract the same in concentration. A similar trend was also observed with electrolyte exosmosis (REL), that is to say, REL is higher in all the T. dealbata treatments than in their corresponding O. sativa treatments, except for the treatments 0 or 4 mg•L-1 in extract concentration. The PSⅡ maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), the PSⅡactual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ) and the maximal relative electron transport rate (ηe,t,max) of Spriogyra sp. were found to be negatively related to concentration of the extracts. In the treatments of O. sativa extract, Fv/Fm of Spriogyra sp. was 96.58%, ΦPSⅡ,96.74% lower and ηe,t,max, 84.56% lower in the treatment, 20 mg•L-1 in concentration than in that 0 mg•L-1 in concentration, while in the treatments of T. dealbata extract Fv/Fm was 82.24% lower, ΦPSⅡ,96.17% lower and ηe,t,max, 43.40% lower in the former than in the latter. Alll the above findings suggest that the extracts of the straws of the two plants have some potential value in controlling growth of Spriogyra sp. in water environment.
Effect of Bellamya-quadrata-Shells-and-Fish-Bones Mixture Removing Phosphate in Water
YANG Meng-Juan, LIN Jian-Wei, ZHAN Yan-Hui, FANG Qiao, ZHENG Wen-Jing
2014, 30(1):  63-70. 
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An experiment was conducted to study effects of Bellamya quadrata shells, fish bones and mixture of Bellamya quadrata shells and fish bones removing phosphate in water. Results show that in water, 20 mg•L-1 in initial phosphate concentration, 7 in pH and 303K in T, and the phosphate removal rate by Bellamya quadrata shells (4 g•L-1) reached as high as 86% after 36 hours of exposure; the phosphate removal rate by fish bones(2 g•L-1)was comparatively low in the absence of Ca2+, reaching 36% or so after 5 hours of exposure; and the phosphate removal rate of by the mixture of Bellamya quadrata shells and fish bones (6 g•L-1)was significantly higher than Bellamya quadrata shells or fish bones, reaching as high as 96% after 12 hours of exposure. Besides, pH and the existence of Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, or Mg2+ in the water did not show much effect on phosphate removal rate of the mixture, while the existence of HCO3- inhibited the removal, and the existence of Ca2+ promoted the removal. The chief mechanisms of the mixture removing phosphate include surface adsorption of phosphate on Bellamya quadrata shells and fish bones, and precipitation of calcium phosphate. Fish bones act as cores for heterogeneous nucleation, promoting calcium phosphate precipitation, while Bellamya quadrata shells and fish bones do as Ca source, releasing Ca2+ to form calcium phosphate that precipitates.
Capacity and Mechanism of Litchi Pericarps Adsorbing Malachite Green
PAN Xin-Ge, LI Xiao-Chen, WU Tao, YANG Ji-Li
2014, 30(1):  71-76. 
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Batch assays of litchi pericarps adsorbing malachite green (MG) in water were conducted were conducted for exploring its influencing factors, such as dosage of adsorbent, pH and duration of exposure, adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics, and its mechanism as well. Results show that the optimal dosage of adsorbent for raw litchi pericarps (RLP) and modified litchi pericarps (MLP) adsorbing malachite green was 4 and 2 g•L-1, respectively, the optimal pH, 7.0, and adsorption equilibrium time, 120 min. The adsorption processes of both RLP and MLP could be well described with the Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal models, and they fitted the pseudo-second-order dynamic model. The maximum MG adsorption capacities of RLP and MLP is 72.46 and 169.49 mg•g-1, respectively. Additionally, results of the thermodynamics tests suggest that the MG adsorption processes by RLP and MLP are both spontaneous endothermic ones.
Environmental Exposure Assessment of Three Typical Kinds of Veterinary Antibiotics
WANG Na, WANG Zan-Chang, GE Feng, XU Jing, SHAN Zheng-Jun
2014, 30(1):  77-83. 
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 A method was established to the predict environmental exposure level of veterinary drugs, and used in the study on environmental exposure assessment of sulfadimidine (SDM), oxytetracycline (OTC) and enrofloxacin (ENF) in China, which are the 3 most frequently used types of veterinary antibiotics in China. In animal dung, SDM ranged between 53.07-735.07 mg·kg-1 in PEC, OTC between 13.30-160.51 mg·kg-1and ENF between 1.60-40.35 mg·kg-1; while in soil, the highest PEC did between 534.84-13820.24 μg·kg-1 with SDM, between 172.66-3054.71 μg·kg-1with OTC and between 67.61-2484.71 μg·kg-1with ENF; and in water it did between134.27-3469.62 μg·L-1 with SDM, between 0.12-2.18 μg·L-1with OTC and between 0.02-0.87 μg·L-1 with ENF.  By comparing PEC with the measured data reported in literatures, primary exploration was done to evaluate applicability of the veterinary drug environmental exposure prediction modelof veterinary drugs in China.
Simulation of Structure and Biogas Production Properties of Corn Stalk Relative to Pretreatment Method
LI Ping, WEI Xiu-Li, JIANG Tao, LI Ping, ZHENG Ji-Shu, GAO Li-Hong
2014, 30(1):  84-89. 
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An experiment was carried out using biogas slurry and NaOH solutions different in concentration to pretreat corn stalks at 25℃ for biogas production to explore relationships of NaOH dosage with fiber structure of the pretreated corn stalk physico-chemical properties of the pretreatment solution, and energy production characteristics. Results show that 7 days after pretreatment with NaOH solution 4 mg•g-1 in concentration, COD concentration in the pretreated material solution became basically stable, with pH ranging between 7 and 8. At that time, the material was ready to be packed into the biogas tank for fermentation. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe changes in fiber structure of the pretreated corn stalks. It was found that the corn stalks pretreated with 4 mg•g-1 NaOH becasme rough and porous on the surface, thus facilitating contact of anaerobic microbes with the substances, and eventually increasing biogas production by 4.5 times as compared with the use of untreated corn stalks, reaching 225.8 mL•g-1 dry matter. Taking anaerobic digestion performance, pretreatment cost and engineering operation into consideration, the method of using 4 mg•g-1 NaOH solution to pretreat corn stalks is easier to be etended.
Biodiversity Risk Assessment: Methods and Case Study
DING Hui, XU Hai-Gen, WU Yi, CAO Ming-Chang, LEI Jun-Cheng, YANG Yun-Fang
2014, 30(1):  90-95. 
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Attempts were made to define biodiversity risks, analyze their sources, work out principles and hierarchy for establishment of a biodiversity risk assessment index system and then to build up the system. Biodiversity risk assessment was performed of 2376 county-level administrative units, all over China. Results show that generally R (risk value) varies in the range between 0.0059 and 0.8283, and is less than 0.3 in most areas. High risk areas are located mostly in Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, etc., with R being higher than 0.3291, while low risk areas are distributed mainly in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, etc., with R being lower than 0.0568, and moderate risk areas in Northeast China and North China. In the areas, the most abundant in biodiversity (TS≥0.2958), there are still 38 county-level units moderate in R, owing mainly to the greater area of nature reserves and smaller pressure, with average ER being 0.2906, and average RP being 0.1423.  However, in the areas, the poorest in biodiversity (TS≤0.0502), although there are 22 units with RP being quite high and with 0.4704 on average and 145 units that do not have any nature reserve, while as a whole their R are not so high, with average being 0.0570 and 0.0481, respectively.
Application of Improved Grey Correlation Analysis Method to Water Quality Assessment of Beihengjing River in Shanghai
WANG Zhuo-Wen, WANG Song-Qing
2014, 30(1):  96-100. 
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The application of the traditional gray correlation analysis method to water quality assessment is prone to cause appearance of "disorder" and "reverse order" in grey correlation analysis. To overcome these problems, the traditional method was modified by nondimensionalizing the original data with the standardization method that was less affected by polar value and rewriting the formula of absolute difference into a new one based on the distance from point to area to improve accuracy of the calculation. Meanwhile, in light of the properties of the water of the the Beihengjing River which was seriously polluted by NH3-N and TN, weights of the indices were adjusted. The application of the modified grey relational analysis method to evaluation of the water quality of the Beihengjing River in Shanghai shows that its results match the reality better than the traditional one and any other conventional methods.
Estimation of Excretion of Nitrogen and Phosphorus with Manure from Dairy Cow Based on Ingestion of N and P with Feeds
LU Jian, CHANG Zhi-Zhou, HUANG Hong-Ying
2014, 30(1):  101-106. 
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Through monitoring of ingestion and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus by dairy cows of an on- scale dairy farm in summer and winter, analysis was done of relationship between the ingestion and excretion and a model was established for estimation of discharge of N and P from the farm in summer and winter. Results show that in water and summer, averagely, an adult dairy cow excretes 31.14 and 13.90 kg•d-1 of feces per day, respectively, and a lactating cow excretes 270.71 g•d-1 N and 66.67 g•d-1 P with feces and urine,  16.4% and 19.2% more than a dry cow does, and 150.7% and 174.0% more than a heifer does, respectively. Daily Iingestion of nitrogen and phosphorus with fodder of a dairy cow daily varies sharply from cow to cow different in physiological stage (P<0.05), displaying an order of lactating cow > drying cow > heifer. Daily Eexcretion of nitrogen and phosphorus with feces and urine from a cow daily also varies shaprply from cow to cow different in physiological stage (P<0.05). The cows excrete with feces and urine more than 50 % of the nitrogen and phosphorus ingested. Positive relationship was found of N and P ingestions with fodder with and N and P excretions with feces, urine and milk in summer and winter. A model can hence be built up by fitting with a regression equation for estimation of N and P excretions with feces and urine based on N and P ingestions with fodder. The model may provide references for feces management and pollution prevention in dairy farms.
Determination of PAH Metabolites in Biles of Carp and Tilapia with Fixed Wavelength Fluorescence Method: Inner Filter Effect, Effect Analysis and Source Apportionment
SONG Chao, QU Jian-Hong, MING Jun-Chao, QIU Li-Ping, HU Geng-Dong, CHEN Jia-Zhang
2014, 30(1):  107-112. 
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Levels of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites in biles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from aquafarms around the Tai Lake and of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) from aquafarms around the  Hongze Lake were determined with the fixed wavelength fluorescence method (FF method) to explore for appropriate dilution rate and optimum sample size to optimize this determination method through inner filter effect and variation analysis, and further to perform source apportionment of the PAHs. Results show no significant correlation between fluorescence ratio of the PAHs in biles of the crucian carp and Nile tilapia and biliverdin, indicating that there was no inner filter effect existing in bile; however, the fluorescence ratios of various PAHs all displayed obvious rising trends with increasing dilution rate and the variation between the various PAHs also intensified. Intensified variation would lead to lower effect value and bigger sample size. It is, therefore, proper to control the dilution rate at around 1:1000, and correspondingly, the optimum sample size of crucian carp and Nile tilapia would be 6-7 and 27-62, respectively. The PAHs pollutants in the water body around the aquafarms in the two lake regions are all petroleum-sourced, which is possibly the result of fuel leakage of vessels sailing in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and of the waste discharge from the developing industry in the regions. The findings of this research may provide some reference for rational use of FF method in bio-testing PAHs.
Comparison in Photosynthetic Characteristics of Several Salt-Tolerant Species of Trees and Shrubs in Coastal Polders
LIU Qian, ZHONG Qi-Cheng, CAO Liu-Fang, WANG Lu, LU Ying, WANG Kai-Yun
2014, 30(1):  113-118. 
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In order to investigate adaptability of several salt-tolerant species of trees and shrubs to saline alkali soil in coastal polders, leaf photosynthetic characteristics were determined of 9 such species of plants transplanted in the same period in the Dongtan Polder of Chongming Island. It was done during their peak growing season using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis analyzers. Results show that among the four species of trees (Robinia pseudoacacia, Photinia serrulata var. serrulata, Ligustrum lucidum and Sabina komarovii), R. pseudoacacia was the highest in Pmax (21.28 μmol•m-2•s–1), YAQ(0.049μmol•μmol-1) and PLS(2 031 μmol•m- 2•s-1), but lower in PLS (13.60μmol•m- 2•s-1); and among the five species of shrubs (Amorpha fruticosa, Cassia sophera, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus and Bambusa multiplex), A. fruticosa  was the highest in Pmax (20.92 μmol•m- 2•s-1), YAQ (0.048 μmol•μmol-1) and PLS (1 980.67 μmol•m-2•s-1), but the lowest in PLS (2.95 μmol•m- 2•s-1), and A. fruticosa  was the highest in EWU (10.58 μmol•mol-1) and lower in Tr (1.86 mmol•m-2•s-1). The findings suggest that: in terms of leaf photosynthesis, R. pseudoacacia and A. fruticosa are the tree and shrub species that are more adaptable to the saline alkali soil in coastal polders, which can serve as scientific basis for revegetation in coastal polders.
Effect of Foliage Application of MnSO4 and FeSO4 on Photosynthesis of Shimenzaoshuo Chestnut
CHEN Jin-Pu, FAN Wei-Guo, YANG Hong-Qiang, BI Run-Xia, YANG Jian-Qiang
2014, 30(1):  119-123. 
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An experiment of foliage application of 0.3% MnSO4 or 0.3% FeSO4 solution to Shimenzaoshuo chestnut trees, three-year old, was conducted to explore effect of the foliage application on photosynthesis of the chestnut leaves. Photosynthetic indexes, such as chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency (WUE) and stomatal limitation were measured between 10:00 am and 11:00 am with SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter and CIRAS-2 photosynthetic instrument on sunny days. Results show that the application of either of the solutions increased chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and WUE of the chestnut leaves and the application of FeSO4 solution also improved stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the trees. Analysis of the diurnal variation of photosynthetic indices reveals that the net photosynthetic rate of the leaves of young chestnut trees varied following a curve of parabolic shape with a peak appearing at 1:00pm. In CK, the stomatal conductance and the transpiration rate of the young chestnut leaves displayed a curve of “M” shape, while in the treatments of foliage application, they did a curve of parabolic shape, indicating that the foliage application of the solutions is conducive to enhancing photosynthetic capacity of the young chestnut tree leaves.
Content of Chlordane in Oysters ( Crassostrea rivularis ) in Coastal Waters of South China and Its Spatio-temporal Distribution
GAN Ju-Li, KE Chang-Liang, CHEN Jie-Wen, LI Liu-Dong, WANG Zeng-Huan, JIA Xiao-Ping
2014, 30(1):  124-128. 
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During 2008-2012, Ostrea oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) were collected in coastal waters  of South China as bio-indicator of chlordane pollution of waters off the coast. Chlordane is a kind of pesticide commonly used in recent years. Contents of chlordane in soft tissues of oyster were determined using the technology of quartz capillary column - gas chromatography - microelectron capture detector. Results show that chlordane was detected in 17 samples out of a total of 115, collected from all the 23 stations, . The contents of chlordane were ranging from 2.1 to 9.3 μg·kg-1 (wet weight), obviously lower than the residual limit for food safety in Canada and China, and much lower than that in European Union, Australia and Japan. The average chlordane content of the samples was 0.69 μg·kg-1 w. w. in this study, relatively lower than that of the other bivalves in the waters off the Asian-Pacific coasts. Chlordane content in the oyster samples varied sharply with the location they were collected from, displaying an order of West Guangdong (1.17) > East Guangdong (0.77) > Hainan (0.63) > the Pearl River Estuary (0.41) > Guangxi (not detected). The annual mean was obviously high in 2008 reaching 1.61 μg·kg-1 w. w and gradually declined down to 0.26 μg·kg-1 w. w. in 2012, . The spatio-temporal variation of chlordane contents in oysters indicates that the sources of the chlordane in the habitats of the oysters are not completely fixed and not stable in intensity either. In the oyster samples, the ratio of trans-chlordane to cis-chlordane in content in the oysters was in the range from 0 to 1.58 with a mean of 0.58, which differs from that in industrial chlordane(the ratio was 1.26), indicating that the chlordane in oysters had already undergone isomer conversion or bio-degradation.
Practice and Reflections of Remediation of Eutrophicated Waters:A case study of Haptophyte Remediation of the Ecology of Dianchi
ZHANG Zhen-Hua, GAO Yan, GUO Jun-Yao, YAN Shao-Hua
2014, 30(1):  129-135. 
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From the aspect of theories and practice of remediation of eutrophicated waters the world over, the methods used in recent years for remedying eutrophicated waters and their effects have been elucidated. The theories and methodology for haptophyte remediation of eutrophicated water is getting gradually mature with on-scale practicing of the technologies of open water confined rearing, efficient mechanical harvesting and complete biomass utilization. The risk of wild spreading of floating plant Eichhornia crassipes and failure of timely removing the plant expansion causing secondary pollution of the waters is efficiently evaded. Through controlled cultivation of E. crassipes, TN and TP in the water of the Dianchi Lake was significantly reduced from 13.47 and 1.34 mg•L-1 in the inflow to 2.93 and 0.10 mg•L-1 in the outflow of the lake, respectively. All the findings indicate that lake eutrophication can be effectively controlled as long as careful planning and proper bio-technology, like controlled cultivation of, E. crassipes, is adopted.