With the aid of available literature database and related data-sharing networks, a review is presented of methods for classification and assessment of genetic resources in value, from the perspective of a complete genetic resources economic value assessment system. Besides, analysis was done of the status quo of and existing problems in the studies at home and abroad on values of genetic resources in regional socioeconomic development. It is held that genetic resources contribute significantly to the development of regional socioeconomy. However, little has been done so far on how to assess values of the genetic resources at the species level in China . Compared with what it is in other countries, the genetic resources socioeconomic value assessment system is not complete. What it covers is mostly forests or forest parks and is little related to other aspects. Therefore, how to build up a set of more scientific and complete measuring and evaluation systems, and how to better protect genetic resources will become a focal points in future research.

From the data of two climate scenarios, 20C3M of 1951-2000 and SRESA1B of 2001-2100, and the data of the 1981 - 1990 surveys of distributions of red-crowned crane breeding habitats in Northeast China, 5 climatic factors that may affect stay of red-crowned crane communities in their breeding habitats were extracted, using the theory and methods of the normalized-distance-based hierarchical clustering and information fusion technology, for establishment of a mathematical model for stochastic analysis of sojourn time of red-crowned cranes in their breeding habitats and at the same time, algorithm for the model was studied. With the aid of ArGIS9.3 and Matlab, programs were designed and run and in the end, a timetable was figured out predicting the most suitable, the second most suitable and suitable sojourn time periods for red-crowned crane communities in Northeast China during the years from 2041 to 2050 and from 2091 to 2100. During the period of 1981 -1990, crane communities stayed in the habitats from April to September, while the table listed April, May, August, September and October as suitable sojourn time for all the three grades of suitable sojourn time periods in the years of 2041 - 2050 and only April, May, September and October in the years of 2091 - 2100. The comparison shows that the breeding habitats of red-crowned cranes in Northeast China in 1981 -1990 will no longer be suitable for red-crowned cranes as breeding habitats in 2041 - 2050 and 2091 - 2100,due to climate change. Furthermore, the 3 major temperature-related factors affecting stay of red-crowned crane communities in their breeding habitats are monthly mean of daily maximum temperature, monthly mean temperature and monthly mean of daily minimum temperature, which follow a declining order of monthly mean of daily maximum temperature>monthly mean temperature>monthly mean of daily minimum temperature in extent of their impacts.

Based on literatures available and data and information gathered in scientific surveys of nature reserves, status quo of  in situ conservation and protection gaps for natural vegetation in Jilin Province, China was analyzed. Results show that Jilin Province has a total of 8 vegetation type groups, 11 vegetation types, 18 vegetation subtypes, 32 formation groups and 67 formations. Among the 67 formations, 61 are distributed in nature reserves, thus making the in situ conservation rate up to 91.0%, but about a half are only found in 1 -2 nature reserves. and 6 formations, i.e.. Salix flavida, Artemisia halodendron, Agropyron cristatum, Ceratoides latens,Hordeum brevisubulatum, and Ruppia rostellata are mainly distributed in West Jillin and still waiting for protection. Generally speaking, though most of the natural vegetations in Jilin are under protection, while more efforts should be made to further intensify the protection. In addition, there are still some protection gaps in the in situ conservation, which need to be filled up by further improving the network of nature reserves so as to provide effective protection to the natural vegetations in Jilin Province.

Ecological red line is a new concept recently put forth in China and an important achievement, of idea transformation and active innovation in environmental protection as well. Delineation and protection of ecological red lines is a major step towards realization of ecosystem management. Based on the evaluation of the status quo and sensitivity of regional eco-environments, ecological red line zones of Jiangsu were delineated in line with integrity of the natural ecosystems, consistency of the ecosystem service functions, continuity of the ecological space and importance of the ecosystem service functions. Eventually in the province, a total of 15 types of ecological red line zones were delineated and put under two-level management.

Based on the data collected from 43 zoobenthos sampling sites (7 reference sites and 36 impaired sites) in Huaihe River Valley from July -to Auguest, of 2010, analysis was done of seventeen candidate biological index values for distribution range, correlations and discriminability, and meanwhile, total number of taxa, number of EPT taxa, proportion of sensitive groups and biotic index were screened out to form a B-IBI index system for the Huaihe River Vallley. 3 -point system, 4- point system and ratioing technique was used separately to uniformized dimensions of various parameters and B-IBI value was then the sum of the values of various component indices of the system. Discriminatory power analysis shows that the B-IBI values worked out with the three methods were all quite high in discriminability (Q_I=3), moreover, the three methods were highly correlated (r > 0.90). Health evaluation criteria were established separately based on 25 quantile of the distribution of B-IBI values of the reference sites and 95 quantile of the distribution of all the sampling sites, and comparison was performed between the three methods in accuracy of the evaluation. Results show that the health evaluation criteria established on the B-IBI values of all the sampling sites and dimensions of various parameters uniformized with the 3-point system and 4-point system  are superior to that based on the ratioing method. Therefore, the commonly used 3-point system method was selected for use to establish health evaluation criteria suitable for the Huaihe River Vvalley. B-IBI >19.2 means healthy; B-IBI varying in the range of ＞14.4-19.2, sub-healthy; B-IBI in the range of ＞9.6-14.4, fair; B-IBI in the range of ＞4.8-9.6, poor, B-IBI≤4.8, extremely poor. Evaluation of the 43 sampling sites shows that 6 are in healthy state, 5 in sub-healthy state, and the other 32 in unhealthy state.

An experimental engineering demonstration project of remedying eutrophicated waters through large scale confined growth of water hyacinth was carried out in Dongfeng Ba and Laogan Yutang, two tracts of relatively enclosed waters in Caohai of Lake Dianchi. In line with the project, growth and variation of nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation capacity of water hyacinth was monitored regularly and dynamic changes in water quality of the two tracts of waters were measured in the year after the water hyacinth was planted. Results show that growth rate of the water hyacinth in both tracts of waters peaked up to 759.3 and 601 g•m^-2•d^-1, in July and dropped almost to zero in December. The plants accumulated nitrogen and phosphorus from the water, reaching 1.95 and 0.17 kg•t^-1, respectively, in Dongfeng Ba and 1.74 and 0.14 kg•t^-1, respectively, in Laogan Yutang. Eutrophication degree of the water body was found to have a direct relationship with growth of the plants. Cultivation of water hyacinth in such a way obviously improved transparency of the water body, lowered the concentration of dissolved oxygen and pH in the water, which had no adverse effect on growth of the fish in the water, but beneficial effect on growth and propagation of water hyacinth. At the beginning of the project, waater hyacinth seedlings were released at a rate of 22.5 t•hm^-2, and their coverage of water surface was less than 10%. After 6 months (July to December) of cultivation, water hyacinth lowered the mean concentration of TN, TP and NH₄⁺-N by 7.79, 0.67 and 0.91mg?L^-1, respectively, in Dongfeng Ba and by 1.03, 0.08 and 0.09 mg?L^-1, respectively. in Laogan Yutang. The concentrations of TN and TP in the two water bodies did not show any rising trend and water quality varied smoothly after water hyacinth was harvested mechanically, indicating that the effect of large scale confined growth of water hyacinth remedying eutrophicated water is very effective.

Based on the data of energy consumption of Shaanxi Province in 2001- 2011, carbon emission of Shaanxi Province was analyzed in terms of quantity and pressure. A decoupling decomposition model was established using the LMDI method for analysis of carbon pressure of the province. The extended Kaya identical equation was adopted to analyze impacts of 5 factors, i.e. carbon emission intensity of the energy, energy structure, energy efficiency, economic effect and environmental effect, on the pressure of carbon emission on the environment in Shaanxi Province. Results indicate that the total carbon emission from energy consumption in Shaanxi Province was 248% higher in 2011 than in 2001, and the environmental pressure caused by carbon emission was 141.76% higher. Economic effect plays a promoting role in the growth of carbon emission, while energy efficiency and environmental effect are the two factors that have some inhibitory effect on carbon emission pressure. Therefore, to improve energy utilization efficiency and to increase forest coverage are the two main means to reduce carbon emission pressure in the province.

Diurnal variation of CO₂ flux from the Qinghai Lake alpine wetland ecosystem in summer was analyzed with the continuous eddy covariance technology,and factors affecting the variation were explored by taking into account meteorological observation data. Results show that: the CO₂ flux from the Qinghai Lake alpine wetland ecosystem varied in a U shape during a day in summer. During the time period from 8:00-20:00, CO₂ flux lingered below zero and during the remaining time period, it stayed above zero. Its lowest value appeared at 12:30, being -15.34μmol•m^-2•s^-1 and its daily mean value was -3.65μmol•m^-2•s^-1 (about-13.87 g•m^-2•d^-1), which indicates that the ecosystem is apparently an important carbon sink, absorbing CO₂. Correlation analysis of CO₂ flux with net radiation, air temperature and surface soil temperature shows that net radiation is the main factor affecting diurnal variation of CO₂ flux from the ecosystem in summer, and followed by air temperature and soil temperature. Multivariate regression analysis shows that the relationships of CO₂ flux with its affecting factors fit with the multiple linear regression equation, R²=0.689,and even reach a significant level(P<0.01).

Quantitative study on chemical properties of rain water in forests is of great significance to accurate assessment of concentrations of nutrient elements recycling within forest ecosystem. A tract of planted bamboo forest and a tract of natural secondary forest in a low-mount-hilly area of North Zhejiang, located in the mid-subtropics was selected as subject in the study to explore spatio-temporal variation of various ions in waters of  throughfall, surface runoff, and watershed effluent, relative to forest type. Results show that 1) compared with the bamboo forest, the natural secondary forest had a denser canopy capable of intercepting rainfall and a thicker litter layer capable of holding water, thus greatly reducing throughfall, and surface runoff; 2) concentrations of various ions varied sharply in the precipitation, displaying an order of SO₄^2->NO₃^->Na⁺ >Cl^->K⁺ >Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺ >Mg²⁺; 3).leaching coefficient of Na⁺ with throughfall in the bamboo forest and natural secondary forest was 0.49 and 0.85 respectively, and those of the others increased to various degrees, manifesting positive leaching; 4) compared with rainfall, surface runoffs in both forests demonstrated positive leaching of all the ions, with leaching coefficient varying between 1.12 - 10.16, and K⁺  and NO₃^- on the higher side and Na⁺ and NH₄⁺  on the lower; 5). watershed effluent was a bit lower than rainfall in K⁺  and NH₄⁺ concentration, with net leaching coefficient being 0.90 and 0.21, but higher in Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentration, with net leaching coefficient being 7.55 and 23.78; and 6) the differences between the two forests in chemical properties of rain water at different levels were manifested in ion concentration. All the ions were higher in concentration in rain waters of all the levels in the natural secondary forest than in the bamboo forest, except Na⁺ and Mg²⁺.

A field experiment laid out in the coastal area of salft-affected soil in Dongtai of Jiangsu Province, was carried out to investigate effects of application of dry paper-making waste powder (DPWP) and furfural residue (FR) on soil microbial activity, maize growth and nitrogen (N) accumulation in the soil. Compared to the control, the plots applied with DPWP and FR were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in soil pH and significantly higher (P < 0.05) in soil microbial metabolic activity. The plots applied with FR was also much higher than CK in evenness of soil microbial species (McIntosh index) (P < 0.05), but much lower (P < 0.05) in soil urease activity, which dropped sharply from an excessive high level, 0.50 mg•g^-1•d^-1 , down to 0.33 mg•g^-1•d^-1. In the plots applied with DPWP the maize increased its shoot and root biomass by 29% and 13%, respectively, and its grain yield from 1 119 to 1 515 kg•hm-2, while in the plots applied with FR, the maize significantly increased (P < 0.05) its shoot and root biomass by 60% and 65%, respectively, and its grain yield to 2 371 kg•hm^-2, while it significantly decreased total N concentration in its grains (P < 0.05) from an excessive high level (22.43 mg•g^-1) down to 18.26 mg•g^-1 (P < 0.05). To sum up, the application of either DPWP or FR can alleviate saline-alkaline stresses on maize growth, and increase soil microbial metabolic activities; moreover FR is superior to DPWP in improving soil biological properties and maize grain quality.

To explore ways of maintaining high and stable crop yield in fields of yellow fluvo-aquic soil under long-term fertilization in Xuhuai region, variation of crop yield in a long-term (32 a) fertilization field experiment was characterized and relationship between production sustainability and soil organic matter content was analyzed. Results show that under long-term fertilization, crop yields fluctuated from year to year as affected by climate and some other factors. The yields of wheat and maize varied between treatments in the experiment, displaying a decreasing order of MNPK > NPK > NP > M > N > CK, which remained constant throughout the 32 years unchanged. However, the yield of sweet potato varied quite scharply between treatments and between years, as well. Among the treatments (CK exclusive), Treatment N was always the lowest in wheat and maize yield and their yields declined rapidly with each passing year. Treatment N was even 0.161 and 0.063 lower than CK in sustainable yield indexes (SYI ), respectively, of wheat and maisze. Treatment MNPK was 14% and 102.3% higher than Treatment NPK and Treatment M, respectively, in yield of wheat, and 11.5% and 24.4% higher, respectively, in yield of maize. Morerover, Treatment MNPK was low in yield variation coefficient , and good in sustainability. On the whole, maize was quite stable in yield and more than wheat and sweet potato. Balanced fertilization or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could reduce crops’ dependence on soil basic fertility. Application of organic manure (in Treatment M and Treatment MNPK) increased soil organic matter with a steady trend or a rate of 0.31- 0.37g•kg^-1•a^-1. In sand loamy yellow fluvo-aquic soil under wheat-maize rotation, soil organic matter should be maintained around 15.0 g•kg^-1, a suitable balance level. Therefore, Treatment MNPK, or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer has the effects of building up soil fertility and maintaining high crop yield, and hence is an effective way to sustainable agriculture.

Rice production in Wanzai County of Jiangxi Province was selected as a case for study. Questionnaires were issued to and collected from organic and conventional farmers on agricultural production for comparison and analysis of soil building methods and nutrient input, output and balance of the rice-soil system relative to farming mode. Results show that the proportion of organic farmers who build their soils by applying organic manure and growing green manure crops is significantly higher (P＜0.01) than that of the conventional farmers, and the proportion of organic farmers who adopt interplanting and straw incorporation are is also significantly higher (P＜0.05)than that of the conventional farmers.In terms of nutrient management, both organic and conventional rice production systems had nitrogen surplus, which reached 57.8 kg/hm2 and 36.3kg•hm² , respectively, or 21.7% and 7.6%, respectively, in surplus rate. The two also had phosphorus surplus, too, which reached 35.4 kg•hm² and 64.7 kg•hm², respectively, or 147.5% and 217.9%, respectively, in surplus rate, much higher than the permissible surplus and deficit rates in P budgeting. Compared to conventional farmers, organic farmers are ready to build up their soil by adopting ecological farming practices, but which may alsowould lead to higher N and P surpluses, thus posing certain environmental risk .

Contents of bioavailable phosphorus (BAP) in water and surface sediment of the Shiwuli River in the Chaohu Lake Catchment were analyzed using the conventional chemical analysis method and diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technology, to study N and P distributions in the water and surface sediment of the river. Results show that the concentrations of orthophosphate and total phosphorus ascended first along with the river from the upper reaches downwards and then descended and leveled off above the eutrophication level[ρ（DIP）≥ 0.343 mg·L^-1，ρ（TP）≥ 0.676 mg·L^-1]. The inflow of sewage at the upper reaches is the main cause of the drastic rise of phosphorus concentration in the water and then the concentration decreased in the mid reaches of the river thanks to the reduction of sewage inflow. However, P concentration rose somewhat in the lower reaches, because of the influx of tributaries and agricultural non-point source pollution. In the sediment, four fractions of BAP were found and followed with an order of AAP ＞ Olsen-P ＞ WSP ＞ RDP in concentration. AAP and Olsen-P were significantly correlated with TP content. In the sediments in the mid and lower reaches of the river, P in the pore water tended to transfer into river water, which indicates that certain potential risk existed of P in pore water diffusing into overlaying water. The determination of BAP in the river revealed that significant correlation exists between the DGT technology and the conventional chemical method (P < 0.01). It is, therefore, concluded that the DGT technology can be used as a reliable tool to accurately analyze the water in the Shiwuli River for BAP content in future.

High nitrogen concentration is one of the important causes of water eutrophication. Biological nitrogen removal is an effective way to remove nitrogen from water. A strain of bacteria, coded as WS-2, was isolated from landfill soil and identified as Agrobacterium sp. based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The strain could remove 95.8% of the ammonia in the water within 42 h, producing mainly N₂, nitrate and intracellular nitrogen, which accounted for 42.4%, 23.8% and 19.4% of the initial nitrogen, respectively. Meanwhile the bacteria could remove 80.5% of the nitrate and 97.1% of the nitrite in the water within 84h, producing N₂ and intracellular nitrogen, which accounted for 50.2%-51.0% and 17.0%-17.8% of the initial nitrogen, respectively. It is, therefore, obvious that Strain SW2 bacteria are capable of performing simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification, and during the processes, they turn most ammonia, nitrate and nitrite into gaseous nitrogen and little into intracellular nitrogen. Further experiments of using the bacteria to treat eutrophied water reveal that the bacteria, fixed on polyurethane foams and then subjected to aeration, are capable of removing 84.3%, 71.3%, 94.7% and 55.8%, respectively of COD_cr, total nitrogen, ammonia and total phosphorus, which demonstrates that its strain of bacteria has a high application potential in remedying eutrophied water bodies.

Thermal metabolic activity and Cu²⁺ fixation/transformation ratio (Z) of microbes in paddy soil and marsh sediment from the Huixian Wetland, Central Guilin, under Cu²⁺ (800-4000 μg·g^-1 ) stress were investigated with the microcalorimetric method coupled with conventional analytic methods. Results show that under the stress of 800 μg·g^-1 Cu²⁺, Z of the microbes in the paddy soil and the sediment was 44.93% and 34.59%, respectively, however under the stress of 4000 μg·g^-1  Cu²⁺, it rose to 93.16% and 85.13%, respectively; the 50% inhibiting concentration of Cu²⁺ against the microbes thermal metabolism was 2043 μg·g^-1 in the paddy soil and 2325 μg·g^-1 in the marsh sediment; metabolic activity of the microbes was obviously lower in the paddy soil than in the the wetland sediment. Z of Cu²⁺ increased with Cu²⁺ concentration under the joint effect of the soil and its microbes. Under the same conditions, metabolic rates of the microbes in the paddy soil and in the marsh sediment were significantly correlated (P<0.05，P<0.01). All the above findings show that the role of soil microbes in Cu²⁺ fixed/transformed has obviously changed as wetlands are reclaimed into paddy soil, and can be used as scientific basis for management of the wetland resources in Guilin.

For the purpose of reducing cost and preparing suitable pig feed, three combinations of fermentation mattresses were designed, i.e. 40% rice husk+ 60% mushroom bran (FJ), 40% rice husk+ 60% sawdust (FD) and 40% rice husk+ 60% vinasse (FW), in an experiment to explore  accumulation and activity of Cu in the surface soil at the bottom of the fermentation bed relative to type of fermentation mattress. Results show that after one production cycle, Mmattress FW was found to be higher in Cu absorption capacity, and Cu content in the mattress was 2.02 times higher than the background value. Combination of the mattress did not have much effect on bioavailability of the Cu in the mattress. However, bioavailability of the Cu in the surface soil under Mattress FJ reached 16.86%, obviously higher than those under the other two mattresses(P<0.05). Among the three types of mattresses, Mattress FD was in between the other two in Cu absorption capacity with Cu concentration being 198% higher than the background value, and the concentration of the Cu leached into the soil was 119% higher than the background value and availability of the Cu was 8.37%, the lowest among the three mattresses. From the angle of minimizing Cu pollution, Mattress FD is superior to the other two.Ecological risk assessment indicates that the potential ecological risks of the three fermentation mattresses and their underneath topsoils are still below the threshold of light ecological risk. In order to control Cu pollution while preserving nutrients in the organic manure, it is recommended that a fermentation bed should not last for more than three years.

Heavy acid(HA) and HA-bound heavy in the sludge under composting were extracted using a sequential extraction method with H₂O and Na₄P₂O₇+NaOH, separately,for temporal variation of HA and HA-bound heavy metals. Results show that heavy metals in the sludge under composting were mainly in HA-bound form and a little in water soluble form. Besides, they were quite low in availability and mobility. At the end of composting, water-soluble (FA-bound) forms of heavy metals were low in content, while HA-Pb, HA-Ni and HA-Cu was apparently quite high in proportion to the total heavy metals and increased by 28.00%, 17.34%, and 1.40 percentage points, respectively, over that at the beginning of composting. Obviously, composting promotes transformation of water soluble form into HA-bound form of heavy metals, and HA capacity of binding heavy metals varies, displaying an order of Cu > Pb > Ni > Zn.

Samples of the soils in the vicinity of the Dayi Pb-Zn mining area, Sichuan and the vegetable growing thereon were collected for analysis of contents of Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd, and further for evaluation of heavy metals pollution of the soil using the single factor pollution index and comprehensive pollution index methods. Results show that enrichment factor of the heavy metals exceeded 1 in both the soil near(≤20 m) the pithead and the soil near the ore dressing plant. Soils at Sampling sites X1, X2, and X3 near the gate of the ore dressing plant were all quite high in single factor pollution index of Pb,Zn,and Cd as well as in comprehensive pollution index, which indicates that the soil is severely polluted with heavy metals. Heavy metal pollution in the soil around the ore dressing plant varied spatially at a horizontal level. The vegetables growing in the vicinity of the ore dressing plant had morehihger heavy metal contents in the under ground part than in the above ground part. Transfer factors of the different heavy metals in edible parts of the vegetables were varied and showing an order of Cd > Zn > Pb > Cr. No significant relationship was found between the soil and the vegetable in terms of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr concent, but the correlations between Pb, Zn and Cd were significant in the soil(α ＝0.01).

To further explore rules of the translocation and transformation of soluble organic matter on clay minerals, adsorption behaviors of fulvic acid and humic acid on vermiculite were studied with the aid of multiple analytical techniques including high performance size exclusion chromatography, liquid-state ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that as various functional groups in humus display different affinities to vermiculite, fractionation of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) occur during the adsorption process. Fractions large in molecule size are preferentially adsorbed, whereas fractions lower in molecular size are left in liquid. Elemental analysis shows that HA is more hydrophobic than FA . Compared to FA, HA is larger in molecular weight, thus creating certain steric hindrance effect at iron-adsorbing sites on the surface of vermiculite. When humus is high in concentration (> 20 mg •L^-1), the steric hindrance effect of HA and and cation-π bonding between aromatic groups and iron cations facilitate vermiculite adsorption of FA that is smaller in molecular size. After vermiculite adsorption of HA and FA, pH in the solution increases, indicating that ligand exchange occurs and FA/HA-vermiculite complexes form. Furthermore, the rise of pH of the solution or the fall of the ionic strength enhance electrostatic repulsion between vermiculite and humus, thus lowering vermiculite adsorption of FA and HA. The findings of this study will improve our understanding of the roles of mineral interfacial properties, the effects of FA/HA on adsorption of humus on clay minerals.

To study changes in nitrogen forms in pig-bed litters and their impacts on physico-chemical properties of the underlying soil, water content, pH, and contents of different forms of nitrogen and organic matter in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layer of litters and the >40-60 cm and >60-80 cm layers of underlying soil were determined in an experiment conducted of pig bio-bed from November 17, 2012 to May 24, 2013. It was found that with the litters kept in use longer, the contents of water and organic matter in the litters both displayed a trend of continuous decrease. As pigs kept on excreting urine and faeces, the content of TN, alkalytic nitrogen and NO₃^--N in the litters increased steadily, while pH and NH₄⁺-N displayed a different trend, rising first and then declining. In the underlying soil, because of infiltration, organic matter and nitrogen also followed a rising trend. It is, therefore, necessary to take some measures to prevent downward infiltration of effluent from the pig bio-bed for protecting underlying soil and water from pollution.

Toxic effects of SDS on hepatopancreas and gill of freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, relative to concentration (0, 35, 70, 140 and 280 mg•L^-1) were studied. Results show that SOD activities in the hepatopancreas and gill were closely related to concentration of and duration of the exposure to SDS. On the whole, SOD activity was induced by SDS low in concentration (≤70 mg•L^-1), and inhibited by SDS high in concentration (≥140 mg•L^-1), and tended to decline when exposure to SDS continued. SOD in hepatopancreas was more sensitive to high concentrations of SDS (≥140 mg•L^-1) than those in gill. CAT activities in the two organs were generally similar in variation trend, that is, rising first and declining later on，but degree of the variation was lower in gill than in hepatopancreas. Acid phosphatase (ACP) activity increased and then decreased in hepatopancreas, while it went down-up-down in gill. ACP in hepatopancreas was highly sensitive to SDS and induced in activity significantly after 24h of exposure. So ACP can be used as indicator of SDS stress. Reduced glutathione (GSH) in hepatopancreas and gill displayed a similar variation trend in content, that is, rising first and declining later on. Its content peaked at 48h and 24h in hepatopancreas and gill, respectively. GSH in hepatopancreas plays an important role in resisting SDS stress relatively low in concentration (≤140 mg•L^-1), while GSH in gill increased significantly within 24h of exposure (P<0.01), demonstrating that GSH in gill is more likely to be induced than that in hepatopancreas. It is quite obvious that crayfish can resist SDS stress by regulating its antioxidation system and metabolism, that most enmzymes in crayfish display apparent time/dose-dependent response, and that ACP in hepatopancreas and GSH in gill is very sensitive to SDS stress, and hence can be used as the potential bioindicator of SDS pollution in water.

An experiment was carried out to explore dynamics of water suction of corn stalk in alkali treatment and its relationships with conventional physicochemical indexes. The experiment was designed to have six treatments different in alkali concentration in treating corn stalks, i.e. CK (0), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Results show that all the treatments displayed rising trends in water suction in the first 48 hours, but varied in extent with the concentration of alkali used. Water suction rose from 0.14 kPa to 0.41, 2.30, 2.60, 2.78, 2.94 and 3.21 kPa, respectively, in Treatment CK, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%(w) and the time for water suction rising to peak was shortened with alkali concentration, from 40-48 h in CK to 0-3 h in Treatments 8% and 10%. Pearson correlation analysis indicates that the water suction of the corn stalk granules was positively related to concentration of COD, DOC, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N in the alkali solution. And in Treatment 6%, water suction  was extremely significantly related to NH₄⁺-N content. So that, it is quite obvious that both higher alkali concentration and longer time of treatment can increase water suction of corn stalk granules.Further more, the increasing trend of water suction is consistent with changes in COD, DOC, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N concentrations.

 To control water pollution, improve water quality and largely reduce phosphorus pollution, it is essential and urgent to define critical source areas of non-point source phosphorus output loss. By using the semi-quantitative empirical catchment scale phosphorus loss risk grading scheme, landuse type as source factor and slope and distance from a river as transfer factors, critical source areas of non-point source phosphorus loss in data-deficient small watershed can be identified as definite as possible. Shehe agricultural watershed was used as an example for the work by means of GIS technology. Results show that about 80% of the Shehe watershed was sorted into the category of “low risk” of phosphorus loss with surface runoff, while 13% of the watershed, consisting mainly of farmlands alongside the river was in the category of “moderate risk”, and 7% of the watershed, consisting of upland areas high in slope gradient and close to the river, in the category of "high risk” . It is, therefore, necessary to intensify land management in this critical source area in the watershed in order to reduce non-point source phosphorus output.