A review is presented of researches on effect of application of of biochar in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus losses with agricultural non-point source pollution from farmland. From the aspects of mechanism of the effect and soil environment impact of biochar, the emphatically effects of biochar on adsorption and transformation of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil as well as  on crop growth and soil leaching processes have been described. Biochar can not only improve soil environment, increase soil available nitrogen and phosphorus, and promote nutrient uptake and growth of crops, but can also hold water and nutrients left unused by crops for late release, thus inhibiting translocation and transformation of the nutrients in the soil and eventually realizing the objective of reducing N and P losses. In the end, prospects, orientation and focal points of the researches in this field are discusses.

Species distribution models are widely used to assess the effects of climate change on species distribution. Random forest (RF) model is a relatively novel machine learning method among species distribution models, quite high in accuracy. To use the method to assess effects of climate change on potential habitats of animal species, three animal species, Syrmaticus reevesii, Manis pentadactyla and Macaca thibetana, were selected as research subjects and the meteorological data of 2050 and 2080 were figured out with the aid of the three atmospheric global circulation models (GCM), i.e. MIROC32-medress, CCCMA-CGCM2 and BCCR-BCM2.0 and a greenhouse gas emission default scenario (SRES-A2). The climate dataset of each period consists of 19 bio-climatic factors, which were all cited as environment variables for the random forest model to predict potential habitats for the three species of animals under the current climate conditions and in the two future time periods (2050 and 2080), characterize shifts of the potential habitats of the species with movement of the potential habitat centroids in position, and analyze changes in area and altitude of the potential suitable habitats of the species. At the end, prediction accuracy of the model was evaluated with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the true skill statistics (TSS) methods. Results show that the potential habitats of the three species would move gradually northwards and upwards in altitude. Among them, Manis pentadactyla’s would move the fastest and in 2080 it would reach as far as 133km up to the north, while Syrmaticus reevesii‘s would move upward in altitude the fastest and in 2080, it would be 152m higher than the current. Besides, the potential habitats of all the three species would gradually expand in area, with Syrmaticus reevesii‘s expanding by the largest margin. It is, therefore, suggested that the impact of global climate change on species should be taken into account in develop long-term protection strategies for wild life.

Based on a ten-year (1999-2010) SPOT VEGETATION dataset, spatio-temporal vegetation phonological phenological features on the Shaan-Gan-Ning Loess Plateau were studied. The method of harmonic analysis of time series (HANTS) was adopted to pre-process the raw data, the fourier interpolation method to turn NDVI ten-day data into daily data, and the threshold value method and the maximum ratio method to specify vegetation phonological phenological phases. Results show that the multi-year average of vegetation phenology space distribution in the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region varied with the latitude, that is to say, the lower the latitude, the relatively earlier the growth season started (SOG) and ended (EOG)and the shorter the growth season (LOG). Moreover, it started 3 days earlier (P<0.01), ended two days earlier (P<0.01), and lasted one day longer (P>0.05) with the attitude rising every 100 m. During the ten ten-year period (1999 – 2010), the annual rate of change in vegetation phenology, SOG, EOGand LOG in that region, was -0.02, 0.003 and 0.02 d?a^-1, respectively. The vegetation phenology in most part of the Loess Plateau tended to have SOG advanced, EOG postponed and LOG extended, which were supposed to be related to variation of precipitation and the river net system. In high latitude regions, arid and low in temperature, vegetation growth started stagnation earlier and shortened in life cycle.

Spatial distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the waters around the estuaries of the Feiyunjiang River and the Aojiang River (27°45-27°08′N，120°05-120°09′E) were investigated in August and November 2010 for analysis of its relationship with some major environmental factors, such as nutrient salts, suspended substances (SS), etc. Results show that concentrations of inorganic nitrogen, labile phosphate and suspended substances gradually decreased, while salinity and pH gradually increased from the estuary waters to offshore waters. In August, the parts of the estuaries were found to be low in DO concentration, and a strip of high sea surface temperature(SST ) was in the center of the investigated region. In November, a strip of low SST was observed in the estuary of the Feiyunjiang River. The average concentration of chlorophyll-a in August and November was 5.2 and 0.9 µg·L^-1, respectively. The abundance of phytoplankton was quite high in August, averaging 2344.6 × 10⁴ m^-3, but quite low in Novermber, being 33.1 × 10⁴ m^-3 on average. The distributions of phytoplankton abundance and meso-zooplankton density were similar to that of SS concentration in trend, being high in the estuary of the Feiyunjiang River and declining towards the offshore zone. Phytoplankton abundance was not much related to environmental factors, except for in August（P ＜ 0.05）when it was negatively related to salinity. West Pacific tidal waves, inland runoff via rivers, coastal currents and sea topography are the factors that jointly determine the ecological processes of the estuaries of the Feiyunjiang River and Aojiang River. However, during the hight water season, inland runoff via rivers stands out as the dominant factor influencing plankton distribution.

Status quo was investigated and evolution trend analyzed of eutrophication in 25 lakes in the typical lake regions of China, and causes of the eutrophication in these lakes explored. Results show that about 52% of the investigated lakes were at eutrophication level status during the period from 2009 to 2010. Lake Hunlun in Inner Mongolia, as well as the lakes in Jiangsu were severely eutrophicated and the lakes in Northeast China were at moderate eutrophication level, while those in Xinjiang at low eutrophication level. However, the lakes in Yunnan have evoluted into two extremes in eutrophication. In the past 30 years. 16 (80%)of the total 25 lakes investigated demonstrated a significant rising trend in eutrophication, indicating that this period is one of rapid development of lake eutrophication in China. Alpine lakes in Yunnan, in particular, are the most significant in eutrophication, while the lakes in Jiangsu show a eutrophicating trend that is not optimistic, either. The investigation suggestes that human activities are the major cause of the eutrophication. As the point source pollution has been gradually put under control, agricultural non-point source pollution has emerged as the primary source supplying nutrients to lakes in Jiangsu, Yunnan and Northeast China, causing eutrophication, which deserves attention from all the aspects concerned.

Locust habitats have a close relationship with occurrence of locust plagues. Correct classification of locust habitats into types is a key step to study the relationship between locust and its habitat in prediction and early-warning of locust plagues. Based on the multi-temporal Landsat TM data of the New Bohai Development Zone of the years of 1992 -2010, locust habitats in the three typical historical periods in that region were classified and the modified locust habitat type extraction method and factors affecting occurrence of locust plagues were analyzed, taking into account the meteorological data of the period. Results show that this modified method makes full use of the vegetative phenological information in the multi-temporal data and fairly well solve the problems of the same-object-has-different-spectra-simultaneously and different-objects-have-the-same-spectrum in identifying critical habitat types. The locust habitat type classification maps of the periods reached 89.92%, 90.84% and 92.23% in overall accuracy, with Kappa factor being 0.8695, 0.8809 and 0.9047, respectively. Comparative analysis shows that during the three periods reed fields remained almost unchanged in area, while grasslands expanded to 596.2 km² at the time of a large outbreak. Further analyses reveal that outbreaks of locust plagues during the period were a result of the joint effects of habitat types and climatic factors in the research area. For instance, in 2000, the outbreak of locust plague was mainly attributed to the higher temperature, less rainfall and expansion of grassland in area; while in 2009 a much small outbreak was to the expansion of alfalfa fields, shrinkage of grassland and more rainfall in the study area.

In order to explore characteristics and evolution laws of the phytoplankton community in Suzhou River in the summers and autumns of the four years after implementation of the Suzhou River Rehabilitation Project, and status quos of the phytoplankton communities and water pollutions in various sections of the river, a survey was conducted, collecting samples six times from the five sampling sites set along the Suzhou River during the period from Jun. Nov. of 2012. A total of 259 species of phytoplankton belonging to 95 genera of 8 phyla were identified and recorded during the survey. On the whole the phytoplankton community was composed mostly of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta, with Cyclotella bodanica, Cryptomons erosa and Scenedesmus quadricanda being the predominant species and the indicator species of organic pollution of waterbodies. Density of the phytoplankton community varied in the range from 0.46×10⁴ to 1.91×10⁴ L^-1, with the highest observed under the Wuning Road Bridge in June and the lowest at Zhaotun in August. The Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index of the phytoplankton community in the Suzhou River was 3.22±0.38 and 0.75±0.09，respectively. In light of the three parameters, the water of Suzhou River was moderately polluted. Compared with the corresponding period of 2005, apparent changes had taken place in dominancy of species in Suzhou River, with severe pollution indicator species (Chlorella vulgaris and Oscillatoria tenuis) replaced by moderate pollution indicator species (Cyclotella bodanica, Cryptomons erosa and Scenedesmus quadricanda). The river was no longer pitch black and odorous, but the water in the lower reaches was still obviously worse in quality than that in the upper reaches. The concentration of TN, TP and N/P ratio in the downstreams reached 4.61 mg•L^-1, 0.44 mg•L^-1 and 16.48, respectively, during the survey. Correlation analysis of the Shannon-Wiener index with various environmental factors shows that temperature and N/P ratio were the main factors affecting diversity index of the phytoplankton community of the whole river, and the correlations of diversity index with TN and N/P ratio were rather significant in the downstreams. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of the density of the dominant species of phytoplankton with environmental factors shows that besides temperature, N: P ratio was the most important factor influencing density of the phytoplankton community in Suzhou River.

To explore species diversity of myxomycetes in tropical forest ecosystems in China, the Huanglian Mountain National Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province was set as a sample for investigation of composition and abundance of the myxomycetes therein. From samples of barks and ground substances, collected from the reserve and incubated in a moist chamber, a total of 47 species of myxomycete, belonging to 16 genera of 8 families in 6 orders, were obtained, Arcyria cinerea was the most dominant species with relative abundance reaching 18.07%. From the ground substances 45 species were harvested and 38 from the barks, which obviously indicates that the ground substances are higher than the barks in myxomycetes species richness. Myxomycetes on the ground substrates were 4.81±0.65 in species diversity index and myxomycetes on the barks were 4.59±0.03, of which the difference is not significant（P＞0.05）. All these indicate that myxomycetes in the Huanglian Mountain Nature Reserve do not have any preference for substrate types. Species diversity index of myxomycetes also varied with season, from wet-season (3.78±0.05) to dry-season (4.58±0.02), and the difference was significant（P＜0.05）, which indicates that substrates collected in dry-season had more myxomycete spores. The total species diversity index of the myxomycete in the Huanglian Mountain was 4.96, higher than those reported in tropical nature reserves in the other parts of the world, which indicates that the tropical forest ecosystem in China possesses a rich store of myxomycetes resources.

Surveys were conducted from October 2012 to April 2013 of common cranes (Grus grus) and white-naped cranes (Grus vipio) wintering in the Poyang Lake for population size, distribution and flocking features, as well as age composition of the common cranes. The maximum number of common crane individuals in one entry of record was 599 and of white-naped crane individuals was 600.Common crane populations were observed and recorded in 18 of the 34 lakes (or farmland) surveyed in four nature reserves, and peaked in size during the period from January to early March and 62.87% of the population gathered in Bashazhou Nature Reserve in Boyang County. White-naped cranes were observed and recorded in 12 of the 34 lakes (or farmlands) surveyed in four nature reserves and peaked in population size from late February to early March and 95.77% of the population were found in Poyanghe Nature Reserve. Comparison with the records of the past years reveals that changes happened in major gathering area of common cranes, but nothing did with white-naped cranes. The mean size of flocks of common cranes and of white-naped cranes was 8.50±19.84 (n=148) and 7.52±21.47 (n=63), respectively, indicating no significant differences between the two species in any wintering periods (P>0.05). The flocks of common cranes were mostly family-based ones, which accounted for 70.07%, and flocks of individual gathering was the second, accounting for 23.36%. The flocks of families were mostly composed of families of two adults plus one offspring, each, which accounted for 46.88%. The flocks of individual gathering were often composed of 5 – 9 individuals each, which accounted for 71.88%. The mean flock size of the former was 2.76±0.69 (n=96) and of the latter 13.84±20.82 (n=32). The two types of flocks did not change much in size with time period (P>0.05). In the flocks of common cranes, juveniles accounted for 20.21%. In light of the situation in the Poyang Lake, some corresponding measures arehave been proposed for protection of the two species of cranes therein.

In order to explore responses of the alpine ecological system on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to changes in snow-cover in line with the projection of global climate change, during the period from November 2010 to April 2012, ata the east edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, in situ soil incubation in PVC tubes was conducted under snow covers, different in thickness (30, 50 and 100cm) for a set time period (60, 90 and 150d), and effects of the snow cover on soil microbial dynamics were monitored. It was found that the snow cover, 50 or 100cm thick, lowered biomass of soil microbes and population of soil fungi, but did not affect much to population of soil bacteria. Meanwhile, duration of snow cover did not cause any significant change in population and biomass of soil microbes, though early snow cover rendered the soil with relatively high temperature  and relatively fewer freeze-thaw cycles. However, the interaction between thickness and duration of a snow cover would significantly affect population and biomass of soil microbes (P<0.05). The soil under a snow cover 30cm in thickness for 90 days was significantly higher in biomass and population of soil microbes than that under a snow cover 50 or 100cm in thickness.

A four year stationary field experiment was carried out on straw incorporation in Shajiang (lime concretion) black soil in Mengcheng, Anhui for exploration of variation of soil organic matter composition and carbon pool management index in the plow layer and analysis of relationships between organic matter composition, crop yield and carbon pool management index. Results show that straw incorporation significantly increased the contents of total soil organic matter and labile soil organic matter and carbon pool management index (P<0.05). Straw incorporation coupled with N fertilization (360～720 kg?hm^-2) increased the contents of total soil organic matter and labile soil organic matter and carbon pool management index in the top soil by 10.1%-15.8%、20.4%-32.5% and 41.7%-74.6%，respectively, as compared to straw incorporation alone. The treatment of straw incorporation coupled with N fertilization at a rate of 540 kg?hm^-2 was the highest in increment of labile soil organic matter and the increase occurred mainly in the fraction of inertia labile organic matter. Grain yield of maize was significantly related to total organic matter, labile organic matter and carbon management index ( P <0. 01 ). The above findings indicate that straw incorporation coupled with N fertilization improves quality of soil organic matter, and the effect is especially significant when N application rate is set at 540 kg?hm^-2 in Shajiang (lime concretion) black soil.

Juvenile of tamed mullets [(3.37±0.19)cm in length and (0.36±0.02)g in weight] were cultured in waters being 20 (CK), 15, 10, 5, and 0, separately, in salinity for 20d in laboratory. Activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase (NKA) and contents of malonialdehyde (MDA) in gills, muscles and intestines of these juveniles were determined on the 0^th, 5^th, 10^th, 15^th and 20^th days. Results show NKA activities and MDA contents were significantly higher in branchia and intestine than in muscle of the fish living in the water of CK, the same as the normal environment in salinity. Responses to lower salinity varied with the organ. However, NKA activities did more intensely in gills and intestines than in muscles (P<0.05), while MDA contents did reversely. During the first 10 days,  the juveniles living in waters lower in salinity were found much higher in NKA activity in all the three organs than those living in CK (P<0.05), which reveals that appropriate low salinity stress (0-15) could stimulate NKA enzyme activity in the fish, thus enhancing the fish’s ability to adapt to low salinity environment. During the first 5 days, MDA contents in the three organs were much higher in juveniles living in waters lower in salinity than in those living in CK (P<0.05) and generally negatively related to salinity of the water they lived in. With the experiment going on, NKA activities and MDA contents in the lower salinity groups declined gradually and leveled off, leaving a narrow gap from the levels in CK, which demonstrates that the fish is quite high in adaptability to salinity. However, the restoration of NKA activity and MDA content to the normal level took time, of which the length depended on organs, showing specificity and continuation of the organs.

Spectral absorption characteristics, distribution and potential sources of CDOM (chromophoric dissolved organic matter) in 14 rivers running in 6 districts of Shanghai were investigated in August 2013. Results show that spectral absorption coefficients of CDOM in the rivers, regardless of districts, all displayed an exponentially decreasing trend in all bands from ultraviolet to visible light with CDOM spectral absorption coefficient a(355) varying in the range of 2.34 -4.33m^-1. Spectral absorption coefficient of CDOM in rivers varied sharply from district to district. On the whole, CDOM spectral absorption coefficient was higher in rivers running in the urban area than in rivers in the suburban area. Correlation analysis reveals that, CDOM spectral absorption coefficient a(355) was closely related to permanganate index and turbidity, separately, but not so much to concentration of chlorophyll a (average 30.59μg•L^-1), which suggests that the CDOM in the rivers may mainly come from the terrestrial sources, such as urban domestic sewages, industrial wastewater, agricultural non-point source pollution, etc.. Analysis of M, ratio of a(250)/a(365), and S, spectral absorption slope, brought about the same conclusion. The study of CDOM optical properties in the river water of Shanghai would help understand distribution of underwater light field in the rivers of Shanghai, and lay down some theoretical basis for restoration of aquatic vegetations in the rivers.

To explore how cadmium (Cd) is distributed in the water body of the Ganjiang River catchment, 44 water samples (22 in rainy period and 22 in dry period) were collected from key sections of the rivers during the rainy and dry periods for analysis of contents of the dissolved Cd using the HG-AFS method (hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer). Results show that the mean content of dissolved Cd in the river water was very low (0.112±0.111 μg?L^-1), and there was a significant seasonal difference in content of dissolved Cd in the water between the rainy（0.095±0.116 μg?L^-1）and the dry periods（0.128±0.160 μg?L^-1）（P<0.05）. The content of dissolved Cd in the trunk stream (0.116±0.038 μg?L^-1) was slightly lower than those in the tributaries (0.121±0.102μg?L^-1) and declined with the water flowing from the upper reaches to the lower. In light of the spatial distribution of dissolved Cd in the river, the section of the Ganjiang River between the Ganzhou City and Xiajiang County should be set as the critical section for monitoring of Cd pollution of the Ganjiang River Catchment.

A batch experiment combined with the zeta potential, FTIR and XRD methods, was carried out to investigate adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) by Fe(Ⅲ)-modified crop-straw biochar and its mechanism. Results show that in modification, Fe(Ⅲ) complexed with functional groups and formed a physical coverage layer of iron hydroxide precipitation on the surface of the biochar, thus lowering negative charge and increasing positive ones on the surface, and hence promoting Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption.  The effect of Fe(Ⅲ) modification was more significant on peanut straw biochar than on rice straw biochar. At pH 5.0, the modification increased the maximum Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption of peanut straw-biochar and rice straw biochar by 79% and 29%, respectively. When pH of the suspension varied in the range of 4.0-6.5, Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption of the original biochar and the Fe(Ⅲ)-modified biochars decreased with rising pH, and a similar trend was found with the effect of Fe(Ⅲ) modification on Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption of the biochars. The increase in negative charge on the surface of biochars was the main reason for the decrease in Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption with the rising pH. Electrostatic adsorption and specific adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) occurred simultaneously on the surface of Fe(Ⅲ)-modified biochars. Meanwhile, specific adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) also decreased with rising pH. Therefore, as Fe(Ⅲ)-modified crop straw biochars are quite high in Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption capacity under acidic conditions, they can be used as absorbents to remove Cr(Ⅵ) from acidic wastewater.

A pilot test was conducted to explore efficiencies of three chlorophyll-a removing methods to treat aquaculture water, i.e. ozonation alone, suction cavitation-assisted ozonation and extrusion cavitation-assisted ozonation. Results show that after 140 min of exposure to ozone, 3 L•min^-1 in ozone flow rate, and 110 mg•L^-1 in ozone concentration and 12.5 L•min^-1 in inflow rate, chlorophyll-a removal rate in aquiculture water lingered around 62.3% with ozonation alone, 78.8% with suction cavitation-assisted ozonation, and 82.2% with extrusion cavitation-assisted ozonation. Moreover, comparison was also made between the three methods in ozone utilization rate and energy consumption rate. Hydrodynamic (extrusion) cavitation-assisted ozonation reached 94.8% in ozone utilization rate, 47.0% higher than ozonation alone. By comparing chlorophyll-a removal-rate per unit energy consumption, it was found that extrusion cavitation-assisted ozonation and suction cavitation-assisted ozonation was 17.9% and 34.1% higher than ozonation alone.

In order to get to konow how soil phosphorus is distributed in and leached from the soils around Lake Dinachi,soil samples were collected from the lakeshore buffer zone and farmlands around the lake for analysis of physicochemical properties,distribution of soil phosphorus and its relationship with groundwater.Results show that soil organic carbon and total nitrogen was higher in the buffer zone than in the farmland,and so was COD and total phosporus in shallow groundwater.No significant difference was observed between the soils of the lakeshore buffer zone and the farmland in total phosphous concentration in the 0-40 cm soil layer,however,the former was much lower than the latter in Olsen-P concentration.Ca-P was the dominant fraction of inorganic phosphorus in the buffer zone soil,accounting for 63%-69% of the total inorganic phosphorus.The buffer zone soil was also apparently higher than the farmland soil in proportion of O-P to soil total inorganic phosphorous,but much lower in proportion of Al-P and Fe-P.All these indicate that the 3 years of buffer zone construction has led to apparent differentiation of fractionation and distribution of inorganic phosphorous in the soils around the lake.Correlation analysis shows that depth of shallow groundwater table was in extremely significant negative relationship with COD and total phosphorus in the groundwater,and that phosphorus in groundwater was also in siginificant or extremely siginificant negative relationships with Olsen-P,AL-P and Fe-P in the surface soil layer.All the findings indicate that the surface soil layer around the lake is the major source of phosphorous leaching into the lake,and depth of shallow groundwater table the major factor affecting soil phosphorus leaching in the area.

DNA damage of Vicia faba root tip cells caused by phenanthrene was investigated using the comet assay. The resulting comet image was analyzed using Software Komet Version 6.0. Olive tail moment (OTM) was found to be the most preferable parameter to evaluate DNA damages. As observed in the cellular comet assay, the DNA damage of Vicia faba root tip cells was aggravated with rising phenanthrene concentrations (0-0.6 mg•L^-1) in solution. With a high concentration (0.6 mg•L^-1), the OTM increased by 132.63% as compared with the control. An obvious phenanthrene dose-dependent relationship was observed for DNA damage. However, DNA damage by 0.1 mg•L^-1 phenanthrene was time-dependent, aggravating with the passing time in the first 12 h and then mitigating in the second 12 h. In order to determine pathways of phenanthrene-caused DNA damage, direct effect of phenanthrene on Vicia faba root tip cell DNA was assessed with the acellular comet assay. It was found that phenanthrene at 0.05 mg•L^-1 caused significant damage (OTM 22.27±0.42) to Vicia faba root tip cell DNA and the damage aggravated with the increasing phenanthrene concentration (0-0.6 mg•L^-1).

Bare sandlot, sparse herbaceous grasses, grass-shrub transition, and shrubbery are the major stages of vegetation succession on sandlots in alpine valleys of Tibet, China. Based on large volume of field surveys, vegetations on alpine valley sandlots were sorted into the four stages of the succession, and hyperspectra of the vegetations different in succession stage were obtained using an ASD Field Spec3 spectroradiometer during the field surveys for comparative analysis to determine hyperspectral characteristics of the dominant psammophyte community and variability between vegetations of different stages in spectrum. Results show that as key dominant psammophytic species for dividing stages of vegetation succession, Artemisia sphaerocephala, Hedysarum scoparium, Artemisia younghusbandii, Artemisia wellbyi, Hedysarum mongolicum, Sophora moorcroftiana, and Orinus thoroldii, varied significantly in hyperspectrum, and the variations manifest mainly in red edge position, red edge shape, red valley and cellulose absorption band. During the process of vegetation succession from bare sandlots to sparse herbaceous grasses, to grass-shrub transition, and to shrubbery, vegetation coverage of the psammophytic communities increased while bare sandlot decreased gradually in area; spectral reflectance on the whole kept on intensifying; the spectral feature of red valley caused by Chlorophyll absorption intensified; the near infreared moisture absorption valley strengthened; and the feature of soil background spectrum gradually weakened. Moreover, the spectra of the dominant psammophyte communities of various succession stages varied quite considerably in consistency.

A conceptual model of agricultural land use systems was established through analysis of the process and characteristics of input and output of the systems. With the aid of the model, analysis was done of environmental risk sources in the processes of agricultural land use from the aspects of input, land use processes and output of the systems. Methods for identification and assessment of environmental risks of the systems were explored. On such a basis, relevant environmental risk factors at a town or township level were identified one by one and assessed by level. In light of the number of risks each evaluation unit is concerned about, comprehensive risk level of each unit is assessed. Taojiang County of Hunan Province was cited for case study. Environmental risks of sewage irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides application, plastic mulching, straw burning and some other human activities were assessed. Results show that the comprehensive environment risk level in the southern part of the county is higher, because of intensive industrial and mining activities and land use, and the county as a whole displayed a declining trend from south to north in comprehensive environment risk level.

Taking into account the situation of natural resources and environment in Jiangsu Province from 1999 to 2010, the losses of the resources and the environment, and green GDP of the province in value were measured and calculated. It was held that its loss of natural resources in value increased in the recent 12 years, reaching 3 097 165.6 million Yuan in total, and its economic development became more and more dependent on natural resources, especially energy; the total loss of environment caused by pollution reached to 93 911 million Yuan in value, showing a fluctuant rising trend on the whole and the environment would go on suffering damage; and its green GDP increased from 658 937 million Yuan in 1999 to 3 626 814 million Yuan in 2010, which accounted for 86.65%, on average, of the traditional GDP annually during the 12 years, and the total cumulative green GDP of the 12 years reached 20 633 450 million Yuan. Meanwhile, its losses of natural resources caused by consumption and losses of environment caused by pollution began to decline in terms of percentage of the GDP, and dropped by 1.414 and 0.26 percentage point, respectively, in the 12 years, while its green GDP gradually increased in terms of percentage of the GDP, too, and rose by 1.95percentage point in the past 12 years. Generally speaking, economic growth reduces the negative externalities of social resources and environment, and embodies structural benefits.

Mixtures of pig or cow manure and wheat straw, prepared in two different ratios, 75:25 and 50:50, were used in a composting experiment, with or without inoculation of efficient cellulose-lignin degrading bacteria. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Results show that with composting going on, the total organic carbon (TOC) displayed a declining trend in all the treatments, while humus carbon increased its proportion in TOC; Inoculation of the microbes promoted mineralization of TOC and formation of humus. The humic substances accumulated more in the mixtures with microbial inoculation than without inoculation, which shows that the microbial treatment tends to increase the proportion of humic substances. The ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid (H/F) increased with the decomposition process in the mixture of cow manure and wheat straw, while it increased first and then decreased in the mixture of pig manure and wheat straw. At the end of the composting, the treatments with inoculation were higher in H/F than those without inoculation, indicating that microbial inoculation promoted humic acid formation. To sum up, a high proportion (75:25)of manure in mixture plus microbial inoculation can promote formation of humic substances, which is more obvious with the mixture of cow manure and wheat straw than with the mixture of pig manure and wheat straw.