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Table of Content

Volume 31 Issue 6
25 November 2015
Current status of the range and effective protection area of nature reserve in China
XU Wang-gu,WANG Zhi, QIAN Zhe-dong, ZHANG Hao-nan,FAN Lu-ning,JIANG Ming-kang
2015, 31(6):  791-795.  doi:DOI:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.001
Abstract ( 407 )   HTML ( 7)   PDF (1099KB) ( 2665 )  
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Delineation of ranges and functional zones of nature reserves is very important to the administrations in their routine management and supervision. As a matter of fact, nature reserves without boundaries and functional zones delineated can hardly provide the natural ecosystems and rare animals and plants with effective protection in practice. Status quo of delineation of ranges and functional zones of the nature reserves in China was analyzed and area of effectively protected nature reserves was evaluated. Results show that about 40% of the nature reserves still do not have boundaries delineated, and among the 60% that have already defined their boundaries, about 20% have not yet set up any functional zones. Therefore, the data in the statistics and directory of nature reserves of China about number and area do not truly reflect the status of how the nature reserves in China are protected. It is, therefore, essential to arouse more attention from the administrative departments to improve the issue of delineation of boundaries and functional zones for nature reserves as soon as possible in China.

Evaluation of the Status Quo of Natural Vegetation Conservation in China.
ZHOU Da-qing, XIA Xin, ZHANG Hao-nan, QIAN Zhe-dong, WANG Zhi, JIANG Ming-kang
2015, 31(6):  796-801.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.002
Abstract ( 398 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (961KB) ( 2138 )  
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Based on the data of field surveys of 1 458 nature reserves, general planning and related openly published literature, an in-situ natural vegetation conservation evaluation index system was established; status quo of the in-situ conservation was analyzed; gaps in the protection of natural vegetation were determined. In line with the evaluation index system, the in-situ natural vegetation conservation in China was divided into 7 levels, that is, “Effectively Protected”, “Well Protected”, “Moderately Protected”, “Less Protected”, “Status Unknown”, “Not Protected”, and “Not Evaluated”. Among the 583 types of natural vegetation in China, 4 were not evaluated and 579 were evaluated. Among the 579, 522 were protected to varying extent. Among the 522 types of vegetation, 58 were sorted into “Effectively Protected”, 154 into “Well Protected”, 110 into “Moderately Protected”, and 200 into “Less Protected”, accounting for 9.9%, 26.4%, 18.9% and 34.3%, respectively, of the total types of vegetation in China. Besides, gaps still existed in conservation of natural vegetation in China, referring to the two types, i.e., “Status Unknown” and “Not Protected”, which, together, accounted for 9.8% of the total types of vegetation in China. Generally speaking, most of the natural vegetation have been put under in-situ protection in China, but the conservation needs to be further intensified. Regarding to the protection gaps, it is suggested that more studies should be done to determine their locations, areas and conservation values, and further to consummate the nature reserve network so as to timely include those in the gap into the nature reserve network of China.

Status Quo of Distribution of Human Activities in the National Nature Reserves.
XU Wang-gu, QIN Wei-hua,LIU Xiao-man,XIA Xin, ZHOU Da-qing,FAN Lu-ning,JIANG Ming-kang
2015, 31(6):  802-807.  doi:DOI:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.003
Abstract ( 335 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (1062KB) ( 2296 )  
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Human activity is one of the main threats to the protection and management of nature reserves. According to characteristics of each type of human activity and land use, classification was done, and patches of human activity and land use in the 407 national nature reserves in 2010 were extracted with the aid of GIS and RS technology, for further analysis and statistics of status of the distribution of human activities in the national nature reserves, of which the results would, as expected, provide some basic information for administrative departments in managing and controlling human activities in nature reserves. Results show that human activities did exist in 405 national nature reserves, covering a total area of 2.424 3 million hectares, or 2.58% of the total area of the national nature reserves in China. In addition, human activities were mainly concentrated in experimental areas of the nature reserves, covering 1.430 6 million hectares or 59% of the total area of human activity patches. Among the types of human activity, agriculture was the major one, which could be found in 360 national nature reserves, covering a total area of 2.110 3 million hectares.

Comparative Study on Soil Environmental Standards for Heavy Metals in China and Other Countries: Cadmium.
WANG Guo-qing,DENG Shao-po,FENG Yan-hong,ZHENG Li-ping,ZHANG Ya,LIN Yu-suo
2015, 31(6):  808-821.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.004
Abstract ( 1199 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (1311KB) ( 2712 )  
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Cadmium contamination of soils poses a hazard to safety quality of agricultural products and brings about harmful effects on ecoenvironment and human health. It is, therefore, of important significance to develop reasonable standards for Cd in soil environment in China to the enhancement of management of Cadmium contamination in soil environment. A total of 156 data concerning soil environment standards (SESs) for cadmium (Cd) pollution were gathered 〖JP〗from 52 regions in 16 countries and 2 international organizations. By taking into consideration the types of land use suitable to the standards, SESs for Cd pollution in 32 tracts of agricultural land, 70 tracts of residential land and 56 tracts of industrial (and commercial) land were analyzed. Results show that: (1) Grade II criteria for Cd of the “Standard for soil environmental quality” GB 15618-1995, of China applicable to agricultural lands, are more stringent than the international SESs for agricultural lands; (2) the riskbased remediation goals for rural residential, urban residential lands of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China are more flexible than the international SESs for residential land, while the standards for soil Cd monitoring and Cd contamination control in nonagricultural land in Taiwan region are generally lower than the median value of the international counterparts; (3) Grades A and B criteria of the Standard for Soil Quality Assessment of Exhibition Sites [HJ 350-2007 (interim)] of China are more stringent than their respective international counterparts for industrial (and commercial) land; and (4) the variation in SESs from different countries and regions may be attributed to differences in objectives of and technical methodology used for developing SESs for soil Cd, differences in acceptable risk levels and toxicity parameter values of cadmium, differences in land use patterns and assumption of associated exposure scenarios and differences in human health risk assessment models and parameters. This study aims to provide technical support for developing/revising the SESs for Cd in soils for different land uses in China.

Advancement in Study on Development of Ecological Risk Assessment Framework.
LONG Tao,DENG Shao-po,WU Yun-jin,ZHU Xin,LIN Yu-su,ZHOU Jun-ying
2015, 31(6):  822-830.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.005
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Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a process of evaluating possibilities of ecological stressors generating adverse ecological effects, so that, it may provide some theoretical and technical support for management of environmental risks. An ERA framework is a system of standardized procedures and methods that defines the general contents, technical route, and critical steps and procedures of ERA and corresponding products of each phase, thus providing paths for efficient transformation of the scientific methods of ERA into eco-environment management strategies. Starting from the 1990s′, some developed countries, such as the United States, have gradually developed technical frameworks for ERA with a series of relevant standards, guidelines and technical documents, which directly supports the eco-environment-protection-related laws and regulations under enforcement, and influences decision-making concerning eco-environment protection and management of eco-environment in these countries. However, in China, there are no standardized guidelines and methods available for practical implementation of ERA. Four sets of ERA frameworks closely related to soil environment pollution prevailing in the USA, UK and Australia were taken as examples to introduce contents of international ERA frameworks. In addition, analysis was done of directions of the development of researches on ERA framework of China, taking into account the advancement in the study on methods for ERA in the fields of environmental impact assessment and pesticide safety assessment.

Advances in the Study on Secondary Pollution of Volatile Organic Compounds in Remediation of Contaminated Sites.
ZHANG Xiao-fei,CHEN Qiang,DENG Shao-po,LONG Tao,HUANG Yao,LIN Yu-suo
2015, 31(6):  831-834.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.006
Abstract ( 573 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (988KB) ( 2625 )  
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In recent years, the number of engineering projects for remediation of contaminated sites in China has been increasing rapidly. During implementation of these projects, the issue of secondary air pollution occurring in remedying pesticide chemicals polluted sites is attracting more and more concerns. Sources of VOCs in remediation of contaminated sites were analyzed, and scientific efficient management of the remediation projects was put forward as the major means to block the source of secondary air pollution from releasing pollutants into the air. Shortcomings in implementation and management of these projects in the country were also analyzed. Advancements in the study on and management measures of the issue in China and other countries were reviewed.

Evaluation and Development Strategy of Provincial Rural Human Settlement Construction in China.
GAO Hui,JIN Jia-sheng,LI Feng,ZHOU Chuan-bin
2015, 31(6):  835-843.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.007
Abstract ( 506 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1329KB) ( 2268 )  
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Coordinated urban and rural development, optimal rural settlement and better living quality of farmers are the major contents of the concept of new urbanization. Based on the theory of the Society-Economy-Nature Complex Ecosystem (SENCE), a complete set of rural settlement construction evaluation index system has been set up, which consists of five sub-goal layers, that is, eco-environment, infrastructure, public service, living conditions, and economic development. By referring to how to evaluate sustainable development and urban human settlement,  Fully Arrayed Polygon Aggregate Index Method was adopted to calculate evaluation indices of the five sub-goal layers, separately, and then aggregate index of rural settlement. Results show that both the Beijing-Tianjin region and the coastal region of Southeast China were the highest in the four sub-goal layer indices (infrastructure, public service, living condition, and economic development index) and aggregate index of rural settlement, followed by the regions of Northeast China, North China and Central China, and the region of West China at the end. But in terms of the eco-environment index, a reverse order was found. That is, West China >Northeast China and North China > Beijing-Tianjin, coastal region of Southeast China and Central China, In the end, based on the calculation of aggregate indexes of rural settlement, the provinces of the country are sorted into four grades of regions: excellent, good, ordinary and poor, and strategies for improvement of rural settlement in different grades of regions are brought forth with a view to providing some guidance for construction of rural settlement by grade.

Local People's Perceptions of Tourist Exploitation of Wuyishan Scenery District, a Mixed Heritage Site.
YOU Wei-bin,YU Jian-an,CHEN Bing-rong,LIU Cui,JI Zhi-rong,WU Li-yun,ZHU Jian-qin,HE Dong-jin
2015, 31(6):  844-852.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.008
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Perceptions and attitudes of the local people towards tourism industry are the most direct factors affecting evaluation of tourism development of a sightseeing place. In order to fully understand conceptions of the local people on tourism development of the world cultural and natural heritage-Wuyi Mountain for decision-making in management of the region, surveys through questionnaires and interviews were performed to collect information and data about the perceptions of and demands for tourism development from local residents in the core areas of the Wuyishan Scenic District (WSD). Factor analysis and ANOVA was done to analyze perceptions of the local residents on influences of tourism development and relationship between the perceptions and demographic social characteristics. Results show that the established indicator system is good enough for use to assess local people′s perceptions on tourism development from the following seven aspects, including infrastructure construction, environment sense, economic concept, income/employment, primitive culture and customs, reputation inheritance, and allocation of business opportunities. It is generally considered among the local people that tourism has become a mainstay industry in the region; the infrastructure facilities have improved greatly; the residents′ income has been increased and their minds have grown more and more positive and opener towards tourism development. However, there is a limited portion of the residents who are seldom involved in the new industry, but exposed to the impact of people from elsewhere sharing benefits of the tourism developmentand have to ensure the negative effects of the tourism development causing changes in environmental and resident experience. People of different demographic groups differ sharply in conception of economic concept, than in conception of primitive culture and infrastructure facilities,little in conception of income/employment and allocation of business opportunities; and the least in conception of environmental experience and reputation inheritance (P<0.05). People different in gender, age and annual household income do not differ much in conceptions of the seven common factors (P<0.05); while people different in education, occupation, household size, annual household income from tourism, and ratio of tourism related income to the annual household income do to a varying extent. And people living in different villages have obvious different perceptions of infrastructure construction, economical concept, income/employment, and allocation of business opportunities. It is, therefore, essential for decision-makers to consider the heterogeneous demands of residents living in different villages in the four types of perceptions mentioned above when they make policies or implement management.

Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of PM2.5 Concentration in the Pearl River Delta.
CHANG Jing-liang,YU Hong,LUO Wei-wei
2015, 31(6):  853-858.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.009
Abstract ( 533 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2235KB) ( 2392 )  
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PM2.5 has been the primary air pollutant in many cities of China and an expanding public concern as well because of its severe impacts on human health and visibility. The knowledge of spatial variability of PM2.5 is of great importance to revelation of the mechanism of PM2.5  pollution. The monitoring data of hourly mean PM2.5  concentration collected at the 57 monitoring posts in the Pearl River Delta region throughout the year of 2013 were pooled and analyzed and seasonal and annual means at each monitoring post were forked out. The theory of spatial autocorrelation analysis was adopted in analyzing strength of the spatial autocorrelation and spatial clustering patterns of PM2.5  concentration relative to season. Results show that in the Pearl River Delta,PM2.5  pollution varied sharply from season to season and its mean value in winter was 3 times as high as that in summer. Spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that (1) within the radius of 90 km, existed positive spatial autocorrelation of PM2.5  concentration and its scale effect was apparent in the Delta, which indicates that spatial autocorrelation declined two times at the city scale and then the regional scale; and (2) the global Moran′s I of PM2.5 concentration varied with season, being 0.542, 0.752, 0.602 and 0.628, in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively, which demonstrates that spatial autocorrelation varied, following an order of  summer> winter > autumn> spring. The spatial clustering pattern of PM2.5 concentration shows that in Shenzhen and the coastal areas PM2.5  concentration appeared to be in a low-ow clustering pattern (L-L), while cities or areas quite far away from the coast, like Guangzhou, in a high-high clustering pattern (H-H).

Monitoring of CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere Over Qianyanzhou Area, Jiangxi.
TAN Xin,ZHU Xin-sheng,XIE Min,OUYANG Yan,CHEN Fei,ZHU Kuan-guang,LIU Zhi-jun,ZHU Zhi-hao
2015, 31(6):  859-865.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.010
Abstract ( 491 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1706KB) ( 1750 )  
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas and a recognized contributor to the global warming. An observation site equipped with an automatic CO2 monitoring analyzer was set up at the Qianyanzhou Experiment Station of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Jiangxi Province, to monitor CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. The monitoring data during the period from March 2013 to March 2014 and  synchronous meteorological data were analyzed to explore background CO2 concentration in the air of the region as representative of East China and its variation characteristics, as well as track of the air mass that influences the region. Results show that the mean CO2 volume fraction concentration of the region was 409.2×10-6. CO2 concentration varied sharply in a day, peaking at 07:00 and bottoming at 15:00 and also in a year with the seasons, being the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. Besides the impact of human activities, vegetation photosynthesis and altitude of the boundary layer were all main factors affecting CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Backward trajectory and PSCF (potential source contribution function) analysis reveals that CO2 in the atmosphere of Qianyanzhou comes mainly from its northeast, the Yangtze River Delta region and its north, the cities in North China. 

PAHs Contamination in the Surface Soil of China and Its Sources.
DENG Shao-po,WU Yun-jin,LONG Tao,LIN Yu-suo,ZHU Xin
2015, 31(6):  866-875.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.011
Abstract ( 957 )   HTML ( 0)   PDF (1306KB) ( 1980 )  
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Statistics was performed of the data published in the literature during the years of 2004-2007, of the survey of the 16 kinds of PAHs, specified by the US  EPA for priority control, in the surface soil (0-30 cm) of China. The survey encompassed a total of 41 research projects and 2 353 sampling sites, covering 34 cities (or prefectures). According to the geographic locations, the research area was divided into five regions: the northeast region, JingJin and its surrounding region, Yangtse Delta region, Zhujiang Delta region and Midsouthwest region. On the countrywide scale, the amount of total PAHs in the surface soil varied in the range from ND (not detected) to 27 580.9 μg·kg-1, with mean value being 1 462.55 μg·kg-1. The contents of 7 carcinogenic PAHs varied in the range from ND to 3 657.67 μg·kg-1  with mean value being 636.44 μg·kg-1, which accounted for 44% of the total of the 16 PAHs. On the country wide scale, the proportions of 2-3ringed PAHs, 4ringed PAHs and ≥5 ringed PAHs to the total of PAHs were more or less the same. But the regions varied sharply in content of PAHs. The PAHs in the surface soil of the northeast region, and the JingJin and its surrounding region, both of which are located in North China, and the Yangtse Delta region, which lies in the transition from South to North China, were dominated with 4 ringed and ≥5 ringed PAHs, of which most representative individuals were carcinogenic, while those in the Zhujiang Delta region and the Mid southwest region, which are located in South China, were with 2-3ringed PAHs, of which few representative individuals were carcinogenic. Analysis using the character istic compounds ratio method [Ant/178, Baa/228, Ilp/(Ilp+Bpe) and Fla/(Fla+Pyr)] shows that the PAHs in the surface soil of China come mainly from combustion of grasses, woods and coal, and also from vehicle exhaust and petrol industry, accounting for a comparable proportion. The Ilp/(Ilp+Bpe) and Fla/(Fla+Pyr) ratio analysis reveals that in the JingJin region, the PAHs in the surface soil came mostly from combustion of grasses, woods and coal, while in the Yangtse Delta and the Zhujiang Delta regions they did by a large proportion from vehicle exhaust. In terms of total PAHs in soil, 23% of the soil in the country was not contaminated, 31% little contaminated, 8% contaminated and 38% heavily contaminated. However, the evaluation based on Bap indices indicates that about 20% of the soils in the country was contaminated. Whatever, the two assessments both demonstrate that the proportion of PAHs contaminated soils was obviously higher in North China than in South China.

Environmental Risk Analyses of Non-Point Source Pollution From Fertilization in Anhui Province, China.
LIU Qin-pu
2015, 31(6):  876-881.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.012
Abstract ( 475 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (1758KB) ( 1908 )  
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Anhui,being one of the major agricultural provinces in China, is faced with a series of environmental problems, of which nonpoint source pollution from chemical fertilizationin farmlands is one. In order to better understand the potential threats of fertilization to the rural ecosystem and agricultural sustainable development in Anhui Province, China, environmental risk assessment (ERA) of fertilization was conducted. An index model for environmental risk assessment of nonpoint source pollution from fertilization was established and spatio-temporal variation of fertilization and environmental risk of non-point source pollution from fertilization in Anhui was analyzed. Results show that in Anhui of 2013, the total chemical fertilization intensity was 853.6 kg·hm-2 on average; the environmental risk index of the non point source pollution from chemical fertilization was 0.72; the total environmental pollution risk ranked moderate; N:P:K in fertilization was 1:0.52:0.49; the environmental risk index of N, P and K single-element fertilizers was 0.72, 0.78 and 0.65, respectively; the environmental risk of the three kinds of single-element fertilizers ranked moderate, serious and light, respectively; and their spatio-temporal distribution displayed an obvious aggregation effect. In the 16 prefecture-leveled cities, the problem of excessive fertilizationin farmlands existed universally. Though varying sharply from region to region in severity, it displayed a specific pattern of distribution. Environmental risk was very serious in Huainan, serious in Bengbu, Lu′an, Wuhu and Tongling, and moderate in the rest of the cities.

Spatial-temporal Variation of Plant Diversity in Different Habitats inOutskirts Intensified Agricultural Landscape
LI Xiang, DUAN Mei-chun, YU Zhen-rong, LIU Yun-hui
2015, 31(6):  882-887.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.013
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Investigations were conducted of species composition and abundance of vegetation in suburban agricultural region, Qianjiang, Hubei Province in 1996 and 2013, for the purpose of revealing trend of the temporalspatial variation of distribution of plant diversity in agricultural landscapes on the background of the development of intensive agriculture and urbanization. Results show that the plant diversity in the studied area as a whole displayed a declining trend from 1996 to 2013; in the cropland habitat, species richness dropped quite fast and species composition tended to be simplified, and even dominant species of the habitats, regardless of type, changed significantly, more in the semi-natural habitat than in the cropland habitat; but the two types of habitats did not differ much in number of agro-tolerant species. In the semi-natural habitat, species richness and species composition did not change much, but urbanization led to loss of some of the semi-natural habitats, which would pose a threat to the maintenance of species composition. These findings indicate that agricultural intensification affected plant diversity in the suburban agricultural landscape significantly. However, the impact was relatively not so strong in the semi-natural habitats as in the cropland habitats. Obviously the semi-natural habitats may play an important role in protecting agriculture landscape plant diversity. Therefore, for conservation of plant diversity in the suburban agricultural landscape, it is essential not only to lower the degree of agricultural intensification by adopting more environmentfriendly measures, but also to strengthen conservation of semi-natural habitats in the process of urbanization.

Effects of Drought Stress on Growth and Photosynthetic Characteristics of  Eucalyptus Grandis Saplings
ZHOU Guang-liang, LUO Jie, HU Hong-ling, HU Ting-xing, CHEN Hong, WANG Rui
2015, 31(6):  888-894.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.014
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To study effects of drought stress on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of  Eucalyptus grandis  saplings, a pot experiment kept under continuous drought was performed. Growth and photosynthetic parameters of the saplings were monitored once every two days after irrigation, that is, on D2, D4, D6, D8, D10, D12, D14 and D16, while the sampling with normal irrigation as DO. Results show that (1) during the first 6 days, although growth of the saplings in ground diameter and plant height declined, it did not differ much from that on D0 (P>0.05); however, with the stress going on(D8-D16), the growth of the saplings in ground diameter and plant height dropped significantly. (2) with the stress going on, the content of chlorophyll a (Chl a) in the saplings decreased significantly (P<0.05), whereas chlorophyll a/ chlorophyll b ratio(Chl a/b) followed a risingandthenfalling trend, and the content of Chlorophyll b and carotenoids on D2 did not change much from their respective ones on D0 (P>0.05), but were getting much lower from D4 than those on D0(P<0.05); (3) with the stress going on, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs) of the saplings decreased significantly (P<0.05)while intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) decreased first and then increased; (4) with the stress going on, apparent quantum yield(YAQ), RuBP apparent carboxylation rate (Ec), light saturation point(Lsp) and COsaturation point(Csp) of the saplings were all on declining trends, while light compensation point(Lcp), CO2  compensation point(Ccp) on rising ones and maximum net photosyntheticrate(Pmax)was on a declining one. In summary, with the drought stress aggravating, the content of photosynthetic pigments in the saplings decreased; stomata closed partly; photosynthetic organs were damaged to some extent, thus greatly reducing the saplings′ ability to use light and CO2 and their photosynthetic rate, and consequently suppressing growth of the E. grandis saplings.

Effects of combined fertilization on bleeding sap collection and its nutrition composition of wine bamboo, Oxytenanthera braunii
LI Wei-cheng,SHENG Hai-yan, PAN Yan-hong,ZHOU Yan, LUO Qing-hua, YANG Hui-ming
2015, 31(6):  895-901.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.015
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To explore for optimal fertilization methods for wine bamboo groves in the semi-arid region of Southwest China, bamboo bleeding sap was collected from wounds of wine bamboo poles in groves applied with bamboo biochar-based bio-manure (ZT) or organic manure for analysis of annual collection rate (CSap) and nutrition composition of the bleeding sap as basic data for preparing a functional beverage out of the sap and for designing ZT application methods in the wine bamboo groves. Results show that in the groves applied with ZT for the whole year, bleeding sap collection could last from May (beginning of the rainy season) till November (beginning of the dry season), with the prime season covering the four months between July and October and the sap yielding peak(2.66 L)occurring in September, and traces of sap flow could still be observed in January, which indicates that the effect of ZT on sap yielding was significant. Besides, the data on soil water content and soil temperature in the soil layer 10-15 cm in depth in the dry season also indicate that the application of ZT may help conserve soil moisture and temperature. In the groves applied with ZT and organic manure (CK), CSap was found in significant correlations with environmental parameters, such as air temperature (TA), air humidity (MA), wind speed (SW), soil water content at 0-5 cm depth(WS5)and at >10-15 cm depth (WS15). Treatment ZT was higher than CK in K, Ca, Fe, Mn and Cu content and in collection rate, content of protein, reducing sugar and amino acids and pH of the bleeding sap. Analysis of the bleeding sap from wine bamboo shows it contains 18 amino acids, among which GLU, ALA, and PRO are comparatively high in content. Therefore, the sap is rich in nutrient and hence a good raw material for development of a natural beverage. Application of ZT may prolong the sap collection period, increase sap yield and the contents of multi mineral elements, conventional nutrients and amino acids in the sap. So ZT, i. e. bamboo bio-char-based biomanure, may enjoy a bright future in application as a biomanure.

Invasion and Hazard of Pomacea canaliculata in Jiangxi Province and Regularity of Its Outbreak in Rice Field.
ZHOU Bing,XIE Chunyang-di,YAN Xiao-hong,HANG Jia-en,HE Pi-zhou
2015, 31(6):  902-909.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.016
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Pomacea canaliculata  is a kind of aquatic gastropod mollusk that has come from other countries and is now commonly seen damaging rice production in South China. Jiangxi is one of the main provinces that have been invaded by the species. A survey was carried out using questionnaire over 11 prefecture-level cities in the province to investigate distribution of P. canaliculata  and damage it had caused. At the same time, a point sampling method was adopted to explore regularities of outbreaks of  P. canaliculata at various rice growing stages. Results show that (1) P. canaliculata were found in almost all corners of the province, displaying a declining trend from south to north in hazard, with Ganzhou and Ji′an being the two most severely infested areas; (2) P. canaliculata is very high in fecundity, laying 236.86 eggs per egg mass with hatching rate up to 90.80%; and (3) outbreak of P. canaliculata occurred at all growing stages of early, late and single-cropping rice, and its damage was more serious to rice at vegetative stages, like seedling and tillering stages. Damage of  P. canaliculata to rice was more serious in early rice fields than single-cropping and late rice fields. In early rice fields, the P. canaliculata community was composed mainly of baby snails, young snails and young grown-up snails, while in the single-crop and late rice fields, the community was dominated with grown-up snails. So, it is quite obvious that the seedling and tillering stages of rice are the critical periods for control of P. canaliculata. The findings in the research may serve as a theoretical reference for the study to reveal mechanism of the invasion and the control of P. canaliculata.

Impacts of  Larix Plantation and Three Other Natural Types of Vegetation on Soil Property in Southern Da Hinggan Mountains.
ZHENG Hao,GAO Ji-xi,TENG Yan-guo,WANG Jin-sheng,ZOU Chang-xin
2015, 31(6):  910-915.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.017
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Impacts of artificial forests, being a special category of biological communities under human interference, on soil properties, have long been an issue of controversy. Hence, a tract of Larix plantation, quite common in the area, and three tracts of other natural types of vegetation ( Quercus mongolica, Prunussibirica and grassland) under similar natural conditions were selected in the South Da Hinggan Mountains for investigation of impacts of vegetation on soil properties. Results show that the soils under the four types of vegetation were all silt loam in texture, and 1.06 g·cm-3(Quercus mongolica),1.07 g·cm-3(Larix  spp.), 1.21 g·cm-3(Prunussibirica) and 1.23 g·cm-3(grassland) in bulk density, 0-40 cm in depth, indicating that the soils under the artificial  Larix plantation and natural Quercus mongolica woodlot were better than those under the two others in aeration and moisture retention. Analysis of soil chemical properties shows that all the items of soil nutrients, i.e. organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium, in the soils under all the four types of vegetation, except for total N in the deep soil layers under grassland, were up to Criteria Grade I of the Standard for Soil Nutrients for the Second National Soil Survey. However, soil nutrients decreased in content with increasing of soil depth. The soil under the artificial  Larix woodlot was 5.84 in pH, right in the range of soil acidity (5.5-6.8) for natural  Larix  forests to survive in. And principal component analysis shows that the soil under artificial  Larix woodlot was better than that under grassland, but slightly worse than that under Quercus mongolica in soil properties. Based on the above findings, it could be concluded that the plantation of  Larix forest would not lead to deterioration of soil properties.

Community Structure of Phytoplankton in the Mainstream of the Yangtze River in Hubei.
WANG Yue,XIA Shuang,PEI Guo-feng
2015, 31(6):  916-922.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.018
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Community structure of the phytoplankton in the mainstream of the Yangtze River in Hubei was investigated during May to June, 2014. A total of 57 sampling sites were laid out between the Sanjiang Bridge of Yichang and Xinzhou of Huangmei for sampling of phytoplankton. Results show that 11 genera of 4 families of Cyanophyta, 17 genera of 8 families of Chlorophyta and 140 species 30 genera of 10 families of Bacillariophyta were gathered and identified. Bacillariophyta, dominated with Cyclotella, was the most abundant in the phytoplankton community and followed by Cryptophyta, Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta. With the water flowing from upstream to downstream, the proportion of Bacillariophyta reduced gradually, while the proportion of Cryptophyta increased and the proportions of Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta are remained almost unchanged. The average cell density was the highest at the sampling sites between the estuary of the Songzi River and the Zhongzhou River bend (Section B) (about 7.4×106  L-1), lower between Shanjiangkou and the Zhicheng Bridge (Section A) (3.0×106 L-1) and the lowest between the Dongting Lake Bridge and Xinzhou (Section C). Composition of the phytoplankton varied significantly with velocity of the flow. In the water moderate in flowing velocity, Bacillariophyta dominated, accounting for as high as 70.0%, in the water low in flowing velocity, Cryptophyta and Bacillariophyta did, being quite close in proportion, 47.2% and 37.5%, respectively, while in the water, rapid in flowing velocity, Cryptophyta became the dominant one. Taking into account comprehensively the cell density,the ShannonWeaver biodiversity index and the Pielou evenness index of the phytoplankton, it can be concluded that this section of the Yangtze River is poorly or moderately eutrophied in water quality.

Biological Criteria of Fluoride for Freshwater Hydrobiont in China.
ZHENG Li-ping,LONG Tao,DENG Shao-po,CHEN Qiang,LIN Yu-suo
2015, 31(6):  923-927.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.019
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Data of acute toxicity of fluoride to 19 genera of freshwater hydrobiont in China were collected and screened. Based on the data, biological criteria of fluoride for freshwater hydrobiont in China were derived using the species sensitivity ranking method (SSR) of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and compared with what was obtained using the criteria derivation methods of the Netherlands (RIVM-SSD) and of Australia and New Zealand(AUNZ-SSD). According to the results of the performance of SSR, the criterion for protection of freshwater hydrobiont against acute toxicity of fluoride in China is 11 mg·L-1  and that against chronic toxicity, 2 mg·L-1. The log-normal, log-logistic and Burr Type Ⅲ models can all be used to fit the toxicity data. Compared with the criterion obtained with the SSD method, the one derived with the SSR method tends to be more conservative. The results of the study may serve as technical support for development of fluoride criterion in the water quality standard and management of watershed water environments.

Effect of Chlorpyrifos EC on the Function Diversity of Soil Microbial Community.
WANG Jin-yan,DAI Chuan-chao,BU Yuan-qing,ZHI Yong,SHAN Zheng-jun
2015, 31(6):  928-934.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.020
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BIOLOG-ECO methed was used for the investigation of  the effect of 480 g·L-1  chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate (EC) on soil microbial functional diversity. The results demonstrated that (1) the average well color development (AWCD) of the lower chloripyrifos concentration treatments (≤12.5 mg·kg-1) were greater than that of the control soil, and the irritation disappeared after used 20 d. On the contrary, the ability of microbial utilizing carbon source was inhibited in the highest chloripyrifos concentration treatment at 125 mg·kg-1. (2) Between the chloripyrifos treatments and control, the carbon source utilization characterization of soil microbial exhibited significant differences, as utilization of ester compounds was improved, while that of sugar compounds was not improved significantly. (3) The results of principal component analysis (PCA) show that the carbon source utilization of soil microbial at treatment had significant difference with below 12.5 mg·kg-1 treatments and the control. (4) The diversity index results showed that the highest concentration of chloripyrifos (at 125 mg·kg-1) in soil could significantly inhibit soil microbial community richness, while the lower level of chloripyrifos (≤12.5 mg·kg-1) promoted microbial community richness.

Bioaccumulation of Nonylphenol Isomer in Metaphir eguillelmi and Its Influence on Growth.
ZHI Yong,SHAN Zheng-jun,BU Yuan-qing,WANG Jin-yan, CAI Xiao-yu
2015, 31(6):  935-941.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.021
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A laboratory experiment was conducted using 14Ctracer to investigate bioaccumulation of  14C—p353—NP in Metaphire guillelmi and its influence on growth of the worm. Results show that after 96 days of exposure, the concentration of  14C—p353—NP in Metaphire guillelmi was measured to be 4.45~6.79 mg·g-1(wet weight)with BSAF being in the range of 0.95-1.89. In the 14C—p353—NP treated groups, earthworms exposed to 14C—p353—NP, 128、160 and 200 mg·kg-1  in concentration were inhibited significantly in growth(P<0.05).Bioaccumulation of 14C—p353—NP in Metaphire guillelmi and its inhibitory effect on growth was closely related to concentration of  14C—p353—NP in the soil and duration of the exposure and their interaction (P<0.001). It was found that 14C—p353—NP might keep on accumulating in Metaphire guillelmi, and inhibiting its growth till it reached up to its sublethal concentration (≤200 mg·kg-1). The findings of the research may serve as basic data for assessment of bio-toxicity and ecological risk of p353—NP in soil.

Effect of Microorganism Immobilization Techniques on Microorganism Abundances in Polluted Ponds.
DI Pan-pan,ZHANG Li,WANG Yan,ZHANG Zhen-hua,YAN Shao-hua,YI Neng,GAO Yan
2015, 31(6):  942-949.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.022
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Microorganism immobilization technology is used in situ to purify polluted water. To explore effect of the technique purifying polluted ponds and mechanism of the microorganisms involved in N removing denitrification in the purifying process, and to elucidate relationships between microbial abundance and water properties, spatiotemporal variation of the abundances of 16S rRNA and denitrifying genes (nirK, nirS, and nosZ) in water was analyzed using the realtime PCR technique, while changes in water quality (CODMn, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, TN, TP) of the ponds that accept domestic sewage were monitored from March to May, under subtropical climate. Results show that compared with the influent water, the water in the treated pond was much lower in concentration of CODMn, NH4+ and TN and much higher in transparency. Total bacteria and nosZ-type denitrifying bacteria varied in a similar pattern, peaking on D3 in abundance (3 days after the treatment was done) up to 2.58×108 and 2.98×104 copies·mL-1, respectively, on average, while nirK- and nirS- types of denitrifying bacteria did not varied much in abundance in the initial period of the experiment, and then soared up after D30. The parameters of water quality had much influence on bacterial abundance. The abundance of 16S rRNA genes of total bacteria, which was closely related to pH and transparency (R=0.431 2 and -0.659 7, P<0.001) of the water, while, the abundance of nirS type denitrifying bacteria was to temperature (R=0.789 9, P<0.001), and concentration of NO3--N, NO2--N and TP (R=-0.555 9, -0.756 9 and -0.446 3,P<0.001) and the abundance of nosZ-type denitrifying bacteria was to transparency (R=-0.453 4,P<0.001), and concentration of NH4+-N and PO43--P(R =-0.527 2 and -0.491 4,P<0.001). All the above findings indicate that the microorganism immobilization technique is applicable to in-situ purification of polluted waterbodies through growth of the highly efficient denitrifying bacteria attached on the film and harmonization of environmental factors for growth of the native bacteria in the water, especially denitrifying ones. The interactions of the two effects make it possible to have polluted water purified.

Study on On-Line Control Parameters of Commutative Multi-Influent Cascade A2/O Process.
ZHANG Yue-feng,LI Han,ZHU Guang-can,XU Zhuo,Lü Xi-wu
2015, 31(6):  950-954.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.023
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Through continuous monitoring of the parameters, such as DO, pH,ORP and water quality, of every reaction tank at various stages of the first half cycle of the operation of the CMICAO technology (commutative multi-influent cascade A2/O), relationships between the parameters and water quality were explored. It was found that when the CMICAO operation went on under optimal conditions, the concentration of TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TP in the effluent was measured to be 9.9, 1.3, 6.4 and 0.47 mg·L-1, respectively. During the operation, when the anoxic tank turned from positive into negative in d pH/d t, the anaerobic tank turned from negative into positive or approached to zero in d ORP/d t, the aerobic tank turned from negative to near zero in d ORP/d t or soared up suddenly in d ρ(DO)/d t, and the convertible reaction tank went on to the next phase of the operation; when the 1st-4th tanks finished their reactions for the first half of the cycle, the fifth would also finish its reaction for the first half of the cycle and enter the second half cycle. All the findings suggest that the state parameters (DO, pH and ORP) can be used as indicators for real-time control of the CMICAO process, thus enhancing its effect of N and P removal.

Landslide Hazard Risk Assessment and Zoning of Huadu District of Guangzhou Based on “3S” Technique and Logistic RegressWeighted SVM Model.
ZHANG Chun-hui,CHEN Mei-zhao,ZHENG Rong-bao
2015, 31(6):  955-962.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.024
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Landslide is one of the three major natural hazards in China. It is, therefore, very important to study how to perform landslide risk assessment and zoning. The related studies may provide policymakers with theoretic basis in formulating strategies and policies for control of landslides. On the basis of the field surveys and relevant researches already done, 11 factors, such as terrain, lithology, vegetation, land use, precipitation, fault, human activities, etc. have beer used as evaluation indexes in performing landslide risk assessment for Huadu District with the aid of the logistic regression-weighted support vector machine model. Landslide risks in the region were sorted into 5 grades, and in the end the model in fitting accuracy with ROC curve has been verified. Results show that the risk was quite high in a large portion of Timian Town, and a certain portion of Huadong and Chini towns, which is spatially consistent with distribution of the 65 landslide disaster inventory data; The regions, very low, low, moderate, high and very high in risk accounted for 28.19%, 31.31%, 25.54%,1.73% and 3.24%, respectively, of the district in area. Verification of fitting accuracy with ROC curve shows that the model of logistic regression-weighted SVM may be used effectively to assess landslide risks in this region, with fairly high assessment accuracy, grading ability and objectivity.

Distribution Characteristics of Radionuclides in Soils Around Tailings Dump Sites of a Uranium Mining Field in South China.
YAO Gao-yang, HUA En-xiang, GAO Bai, WANG Yong, ZHAN Ling-zhi, JIANG Jing-qian
2015, 31(6):  963-966.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2015.06.025
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Uranium mining and beneficiation produces large amounts of tailings, which have become the main sources of radioactive contamination in the soil surrounding the tailings dump sites, directly or indirectly affecting human health. An investigation was performed of the soils around a uranium tailings dump site of a uranium mining field in South China, to explore distribution characteristics of radionuclides ( 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K ) in paddy soil. Results show that the content of 238U peaked at 40 cm in depth of a soil profile at Sampling Site No. 2, and the highest content of 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K was found in the topsoil at all the other sampling sites. Moreover, within the 0-100 cm soil layer, the contents of radionuclides declined with soil depth gradually and the declining trend was the most obvious in the topsoil layer. The uneven distribution of radionuclides in the soil might be attributed to a variety of factors, such as human disturbance, local precipitation, soil pH, soil particle size, and horizontal distance from the dump site. Comprehensive evaluation of the radionuclides ( 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K) in the paddy soil around the dump site was performed using the method of Nemerow′s pollution index (NPI) as against the background values of the radionuclides in the soil of Jiangxi Province, indicating that the radioactive contamination in the paddy soil surrounding the uranium tailings dump site is at the hazardous level with NPI reaching 53.45.