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Table of Content

Volume 33 Issue 2
25 February 2017
Process and Prospects of Demarcation of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) Under the Framework of “Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)”
LU Xiao-qiang, LIU Li, WU Jun, CUI Peng, HU Fei-long, DING Hui, XU Hai-gen
2017, 33(2):  97-103.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.001
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Affected by human activities and climate change, the marine biodiversity is confronted with severe threats. In order to protect and rationally utilize the marine resources, the ninth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was convened in 2008 and adopted the scientific criteria for demarcating Geologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) in open-sea waters and deep-sea habitats. In 2010, COP 10 decided to convene a series of regional workshops to unfold demarcation of EBSAs, all over the globe in line with the above-mentioned criteria. A review was presented to introduce background and processes of the development of the EBSAs and summed up achievements the series of regional EBSAs workshops and the Sustainable Ocean Initiative (SOI) Workshop have made. In the end, works of the next step of EBSAs are discussed and countermeasures China should take in response are brought forth, so as to protect practically the marine rights & interests, and to promote the conservation and sustainable utilization of the marine biological diversity of the country.

Review of Researches on Theories for Farmland Ecological Compensation
YANG Xin, CAI Yin-ying, ZHANG An-lu
2017, 33(2):  104-113.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.002
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China is undergoing an ever so rapid urbanization process with large area of farmland converted into construction land every year. Due to the fundamental role of farmlands in guaranteeing national food security and ecological safety, China has always been trying to guarantee sustainable development of rural landscape and farmland ecological services with non-equilibrium farmland protection policies. However, the absence of a complete system of compensation policies makes the farmland protection policies ineffective, thus causing the holistic welfare of the society to decline. Therefore, how to realize the shift from non-equilibrium farmland protection policy to equilibrium farmland compensation policy at the policy level, and build and consummate a farmland ecological compensation system, is an important issue to discuss for the nation to expedite the construction of ecological civilization. A review is presented from the following six aspects:definition of farmland ecological compensation,stakeholders definition and relationship analysis of farmland ecological compensation, standard of farmland ecological compensation, mode and pattern of farmland ecological compensation, trans-regional farmland ecological compensation and performance evaluation of farmland ecological compensation, in an attempt to summarize progresses and advancement achieved both at home and abroad in the research on relevant theories and dynamics of its development and implementation. Meanwhile the review also addresses shortages in the current research and directions for future research from the following three aspects:(1) Construction of farmland ecological compensation system; (2) Calculation of farmland ecological compensation standard; and (3) Trans-regional farmland ecological compensation. The review and summary may provide the government with some theories and references in designing and formulating a more complete and target-specific farmland ecological compensation system.

Records of Trace Element Deposition in the Past Fifty Years in Yunzhong Lake, Southeast Hubei Province
XU Qiao, ZENG Ling-han, CHEN Xu
2017, 33(2):  114-119.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.003
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The pollution of the Yunzhong Lake in the Jiugongshan Scenery Spot of Tongshan County, Hubei Province has been aggravating with each passing day in the recent years, which has aroused concerns from all walks of life. However, it is still unclear about trajectory and the main causes of the changes in ecological environment of this lake. The history of the environmental changes in the Yunzhong Lake during the past fifty years were reconstructed based on chronological and physic-chemical analyses of the sediments in the lake for trace elements, organic carbon and particle size composition, coupled with cluster analysis and geo-accumulation indexes. Results show that 14 trace elements were found in the sediment of the lake and their contents varied with depth of the sediment in similar trends with depth and correlated positively with each other, indicating that the fourteen elements come from the same material source. The trace elements in the sediment before the 1980s varied very slightly in content, indicating that the environment of the catchment did not change much during that time period, but they began to fluctuate in content after the 1980s, with two drops at the depths of 10 cm and 4 cm. The low value in the lower layer corresponded to the trend of the sedimentary becoming coarser in particle size, which could probably be attributed to climatic changes and the development of tourism, while the low value in the upper layer was concurrent with an increase in organic carbon content, reflecting the eutrophication process of the water body and dilution effect of the input of organic matter on contents of the trace elements. V/Cr ratio of the elements increased significantly and exceeded 2.0 after 1993, reflecting that the bottom layer of the water body turned to be oxygen deficient. Geo-accumulation indices of all the elements are lower than 0.5, indicating that the lake is only slightly polluted with heavy metals. Comprehensive analysis of the research data reveals that the environment was relatively stable before the 1990s, and then the catchment environment underwent significant changes, particularly the water body environment, showing a trend of deterioration. Therefore, it is essential and urgent for us to strengthen water pollution control in the Jiugongshan tourist areas, in order to protect this precious alpine lake ecosystem.

Contents of Fluoroquinolone-Type Antibiotics in the Surroundings of Livestock Farms in Chongming Island of Shanghai
ZHAO Jing, BI Chun-juan, CHEN Zhen-lou, SHI Qing, LI Lin-ru, YAO Chun-xia
2017, 33(2):  120-126.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.004
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In order to determine residue levels of fluoroquinolone-type antibiotics in the surroundings of livestock farms in Chongming Island of Shanghai, a total of 15 livestock farms different in size and nature (pig farms, poultry farms, dairy farms) were selected as objects for the study and samples of livestock manure and surface water, soil and vegetable growing within the radius of 50 m of the farms were collected for analysis of contents of ofloxacin (OFL), enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and norfloxacin (NOR) using the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) method. Results show that in the livestock manure samples, total contents of the fluoroquinolone-type antibiotics varied in the range of 9.00-950 μg·kg-1, with an average of 258 μg·kg-1 and over 70% of the samples were found to contain the four types of antibiotics; in the surface water samples, total contents of the four types of antibiotics varied from 2.8 to 477.5 μg·kg-1, with an average of 86.8 μg·kg-1, and all the samples were found to have OFL, CIP and NOR and 66.7% to have ENR; in the soil samples, total contents of the four ranged from 19.1 to 802 μg·kg-1, with an average of 144 μg·kg-1, and all the samples were found to contain OFL, ENR and CIP, and 90.9% to contain NOR; and in the vegetable samples. total contents ranged from ND to 110 μg·kg-1, with an average of 21.9 μg·kg-1, and 73.3% of the samples were found to have OFL and CIP and 53.3% to have ENR and NOR. In terms of average content of fluoroquinolone-type of antibiotics the four sectors displayed an order of manure > soil > surface water > vegetable. Correlation analysis shows that the content of OFL in manure was positively related to that in surface water and the content of OFL, CIP and NOR in vegetables to their respective ones in surface water.

Cognition and Behavioral Responses of Farmers to Centralized Disposal of Rural Domestic Refuse: With Governance Situation Set as Regulatory Variable
LIN Li-mei, LIU Zhen-bin, HUANG Sen-wei, ZHENG Yi-fang
2017, 33(2):  127-134.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.005
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Farmers are not only the makers, but also the victims of rural domestic refuse pollution, as well as the main beneficiaries of governance of the pollution. So, it is important and meaningful to farmers multiple in status to study behavioral mechanism of the farmers participating in centralized disposal of rural domestic refuse. Therefore, analysis was done of the survey data of 270 farmer households in Fujian Province, using the Hierarchical Regression Model for relationship between psychological cognition and behaviors of the farmers involved in centralized disposal of rural domestic refuse, and with governance situation introduced as regulatory variable, analysis was further done of effect of governance situation regulating the relationship between psychological cognition and disposal behaviors of the farmers. Results show:(1) Attitude of the farmers towards centralized disposal of rural domestic refuse has a significantly positive effect on the farmers' behaviors in sorting refuse, paying for refuse disposal and dumping at assigned sites; while subjective standardization does only on the latter 2 items; (2) Among the factors of governance situation, cleaning frequency of domestic refuse disposal facilities has a positive effect on farmers' psychological cognition and refuse disposal behaviors, while the distance between the farmers houses and the refuse treatment facilities has a significantly negative effect on payment of refuse disposal fees and dumping at a designated site, but a positive one on sorting of refuse. In addition, the number of domestic refuse collection facilities has a positive regulatory effect on payment of refuse disposal fees and dumping at designated sites, but no regulatory effect on sorting of domestic refuse.

Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Sediments of Middle Reaches of Xiangjiang River
LIU Jun, ZHU Yun-hua, HU Jing-song, PENG Guo-wen, XIE Hong-yan, LI Zhi-liang, PENG Cui-ying
2017, 33(2):  135-141.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.006
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In order to study characteristics and ecological risk of heavy metal pollution in the sediments of the middle reaches of Xiangjiang River,18 sediment samples were collected from 6 cross-sections of the Zhuzhou and Hengyang Sections of the river (3 samples per cross section) during the dry season for analysis of heavy metals and their total contents, chemical forms and bioavailabilities. Heavy metals pollution was analyzed by degree and graded with the geoaccumulation index method and single-factor index method, and effect of governance of the Xiangjiang River was evaluated. Results show as follows:(1)The contents of four typical heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu)were much higher than their respective background values in the soil of Hunan Province, being 83.1-1 178.7, 4.46-15.9, 2.88-16.1 and 3.35-6.22 times as high, respectively. On the whole, contents of the heavy metals rose gradually from the upper reaches to lower reaches; (2)Of the heavy metals in the sediment samples, the fraction of exchangeable form was rather low in proportion and the fraction of amorphous Fe-Mn oxides was in dominance, posing a high risk of secondary pollution; (3)The heavy metals in the sediments differed sharply in bioavailability. In the cross-sections at Xiawan Town and Songbai Town, the element the highest in bioavailability was Cu and in the other cross-sections, it was Cd; (4)According to Grade Ⅱ criteria ofthe China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB 15618-1995), Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu all exceeded the threshold values, with Cd in particular, which reached the severe-extremely severe level; and (5)After years of comprehensive pollution control, heavy metal pollution in the sediment of the river has been lowered by a certain degree and hence their ecological risks.

Forms of Heavy Metals in Soils of Zinc Mining Area in Northwestern Guizhou Province and Their Environmental Risks
FENG Yan-hong, Zheng Li-ping, YING Rong-rong, ZHANG Ya, LIN Yu-suo, WANG Guo-qing
2017, 33(2):  142-149.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.007
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Contents and spatial distribution of heavy metals in the soils of the zinc mining area in northwestern Guizhou Province were investigated and characterized and pollution degrees and risks of the heavy metals were analyzed and assessed with the Tessier sequential extraction method and risk assessment code (RAC), respectively. Results show that the average contents of all the studied heavy metals, except Cr and Ni, were higher than their respective background values of Guizhou Province. The soils were seriously contaminated with Pb, Zn and Cd in samples. Fractionation of the pollutants shows that in the soils and slag, Pb, Zn and Mn existed mainly in the form of residue (accounting for 45.91%, 55.11% and 42.71% of their respective total), and in ferromanganese bound form (33.33%, 28.26% and 41.78%), Cd in exchangeable form and carbonate bound form, together making up 30.63%; Cu in organo-bound form (65.11%) and then in the form of residue (30.79%); and Cr and As in the form of residue (both exceeding 90%). RAC shows that Cd in the soil poses a very high potential ecological risk, while the others have relatively low ones.

Biomass Distribution and Allometric Analysis of Bidens frondosa Relative to Growth Stage
YAN Xiao-hong, HE Chun-lan, ZHOU Bing, WANG Ning, YIN Zeng-fang
2017, 33(2):  150-158.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.008
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The relationship between biomass distribution and allometric growth is closely related to formation of plant ecological strategies, it is of great significance to understand adaptability of a plant to environment and to reveal mechanism of invasive plants invading a region. At present, not much has been reported concerning relationship between biomass distribution and allometric growth relative to growth stage of an invasive plant. A study on Bidens frondosa, an invasive species, was carried out using excavation and weight methods to explore growth characteristics and biomass distribution of the plant at its seedling stage, vegetative growing stage and reproductive stage. And then analysis was done of allometric relations between modular morphological characteristics and biomass with the standardized major axis estimation method (SMA). Results show that plant height, base stem diameter, branch number and leaf number increased with the plant growing from one stage to the next stage, and root length, total leaf area and mean single leaf area peaked at the vegetative growth stage. Leaf peaked in biomass distribution ratio at the seedling stage period (48.88%), while stem did at the reproductive stage (59.89%). Root at the seedling and vegetative growth stages was significantly higher in biomass distribution ratio than that at the reproductive stage (P<0.05). Stem increased in biomass distribution ratio with the plant growing from one stage to the next stage, while leaf did reversely and varied sharply with the stage (P<0.05). Moreover, base stem diameter of the plant was in allometric relationships with all the other plant parameters in biomass, whereas total leaf area was in isometric relationships with stem and leaf biomass. However, the allometric relationships between tissues of the plant varied with the growth stage. Obviously, growth characteristics, biomass distribution and allometric relationships of B. frondosa vary with the growth stage, indicating its flexible growth and resource allocation strategy.

Effects of Straw Decomposing Inoculants on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Paddy Fields Incorporated With Straw
MA Yu-chun, ZHOU Wei, LIU Cui-ying, SUN Li-ying, YANG Bo, ZHENG Xiang-qun
2017, 33(2):  159-165.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.009
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In-situ monitoring of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from rice fields was performed with the technique of static-chamber and gas chromatography in the Taihu Lake Region to investigate effects of incorporation of straw and microbial decomposing inoculants on CH4 and N2O emissions from paddy fields. In the experiment, five treatments, i. e. no nitrogen applied (NN), farmer's practice (FP), even incorporation of wheat straw (S), incorporation of wheat straw treated with Jinkuizi inoculant (SJ), and incorporation of wheat straw treated with Ningliang inoculant (SN), were laid and carried out. Results show that Treatment S, Treatment SN and Treatment NJ advanced the occurrence of peak CH4 emission, but did not affect much the seasonal emission trend of N2O; and the total emission of CH4 in Treatment SN and SJ during the rice growing season was 363 and 388 kg·hm-2 and the total emission of N2O was 0.18 and 0.20 kg·hm-2, respectively. Relative to Treatment S, Treatments SN and SJ increased the total CH4 emission during rice growing season by 2.5% and 9.6% and decreased the total N2O emission by 33.3% and 25.9%, respectively. However, relative to Treatment S, Treatment SJ increased rice yield by 7.5% and Treatment SN by 11.1%, and Treatment SJ decreased greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) by 5.1% and Treatment SN by 1.7%. All the findings of this study may provide certain scientific basis for evaluating the effect incorporation of straw and decomposing inoculants on CH4 and N2O emissions in paddy fields.

Response of Soil Respiration to Simulated Rainfall Pulse in Jigong Mountain, China, Relative to Type of Forest and Volume of Litter
HU Meng-jun, WANG Jia-li, SHANG Qing, LIU Yin-zhan
2017, 33(2):  166-173.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.010
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Rainfall pulse has been widely reported to stimulate soil respiration. Litters on the land surface are the main source of organic carbon in forest soil, and a factor affecting rainfall infiltration process as well as soil water content. However, it is still unclear whether the effects of rainfall pulse on soil respiration vary with the volume of litter and the type of forest. In-situ observations were conducted in a Quercus acutissima secondary forest and a Metasequoia glyptostroboides plantation in the Jigongshan mountain of Henan Province, a transient area between subtropical and warm-temperate zones, of effects of volume of little and type of forest on soil respiration rate under simulated rainfalls, to illustrate rules of the responses of soil respiration to intensity pulse in soils under different little conditions. The objective of this study was to explore effects of carbon input on birch and to illustrate their mechanisms. In the Q. acutissima secondary forest, soil respiration rate peaked 10 minutes after the rainfall started, reaching up to 4.72, 11.68, and 5.12 μmol·m-2·s-1 in Control and Treatment (a) or (b), respectively; litter significantly enhanced the stimulative effect of rainfall pulses, but no significant difference was found between Control and Treatment b in soil respiration rate (P>0.05); and the litter layer played an important role affecting soil respiration rate after rainfalls. However, in the M. glyptostroboides plantation, stimulative effect of rainfall pulses on soil respiration did not vary much with the litter layer, either thick or thin; and soil respiration rate significantly decreased in either Treatment a and Treatment b (P<0.05). In the Q. acutissima secondary forest, soil respiration rate was found significantly and positively related to soil moisture at 5 cm depth (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while in the M. glyptostroboides plantation it was to soil temperature at 10 cm depth (P<0.05). The findings in this study suggest that response of soil respiration to rainfall pulse is closely related to type of the forest and existence of a litter layer. Therefore, in studying variations of carbon recycling in forest ecosystems, it is essential to take into account type of the forest and existence of a litter layer in addition to climate change.

Nitrogen Removal Efficiency and Control of Bio-Denitrification Process of Aquatic Plants
ZHANG Fang, YI Neng, DI Pan-pan, WANG Yan, ZHANG Zhen-hua, TANG Wan-ying, YAN Shao-hua, GAO Yan
2017, 33(2):  174-180.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.011
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Eutrophication of water bodies has become a worldwide problem in recent years. So far, little has been reported on differences between types of aquatic plants in nitrogen (N) removal efficiency and function of controlling bio-denitrification processes, and variation of the function with growth stage of the plants. This will put us at a disadvantage when it comes to choose appropriate plant species and to further improve efficiency of the phytoremediation technology. With regard to this situation, an experiment was carried out to have four different types of aquatic plants (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Trapa bicornis, Hydrilla verticillata) to construct separately four microcosms for treating eutrophied water in an attempt to explore their N enrichment capacities, N removal efficiencies and functions of controlling bio-denitrification processes at different plant growth stages, i. e. initial growth period (June to July), rapid growth period (July to August) and slow growth period (September). Results show that the four types of aquatic plants differed significantly in NH4+-N, NO3--N and TN removal efficiency. The two types of floating plants, E. crassipes and P. stratiotes, were the highest in N removal efficiency and N enrichment capacity at all the growth stages with TN removal rate reaching (99.67±0.27)% at the initial growth stage, (96.26±0.88)% at the rapid growth stage and (63.86±3.77)% at the slow growth stage, while the type of submerged plant, H. verticillata, was the lowest in N removal efficiency. Among the three growth stages, the rapid growth stage witnessed the highest N removal efficiency for all the types of plants, and was followed by the initial growth stage. In terms of N enrichment capability, the four types of aquatic plants displayed an order of E. crassipes > P. stratiotes > Trapa bicornis > Hydrilla verticillata. However, the type of submerged plants released significantly more N2 and N2O through bio-denitrification than all the others and so was its total gas release. The present study reveals that the aquatic plants differ in efficiency, pathway and mechanisms of N removal in eutrophied water with type and growth stage of the plants. It is, therefore, expected that all the findings in this experiment could provide some useful information on how to choose appropriate aquatic plants and improve efficiency of the phytoremediation technology in treating eutrophied water.

Dynamics of Soil Microbial Community in the Process of Degrading Organochlorine Pesticides in Soil With Emulsified Micron Fe/Cu
LI Chuan, LIN Lin, WAN Jin-zhong, XUE Jian-hui
2017, 33(2):  181-187.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.012
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Effects of remediation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) contaminated soil with reduced iron powder (Treatment Ⅰ), micron Fe/Cu (Treatment Ⅱ) and micron Fe/Cu+5 mmol·L-1 TX-100 (Treatment Ⅲ), separately on structure of the soil microbial community therein were studied through a field experiment using the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFAs) method. Results show that the microbial decreased in biomass significantly, 105 days after the plot was treated with Micron Fe/Cu+TX-100, which is probably attributed to the toxicity of TX-100, damaging the structure and function of cell membranes. The fungi/bacteria ratio in biomass increased in all the treatments, particularly in Treatment Ⅲ. Surfactant TX-100 inhibited gram negative bacteria, while reduced iron powder increased the bacteria slightly. However, micron Fe/Cu had both gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria increased significantly. In Treatment I, the ratio of gram positive bacteria/gram negative bacteria, which indicates that Treatment Ⅰ improved soil nutrition, while Treatments Ⅱ and Ⅲ triggered certain nutrient stresses. Treatment Ⅰ and Treatment Ⅲ had obvious promoting effect on soil aeration. The significant increase in total microbial biomass in all the treatments reveals that these treatments are conducive to restoring ecological functions of the contaminated soil. Principal component analysis of PLFAs demonstrates that soil protozoans grew significantly in number during the later stages of the processing in Treatments Ⅱ and Ⅲ.

Effects of Different Heavy Metal Amendments on Soil Colloid
ZHU Zhen-qiu, ZHOU Jing, XU Lei, LIU Chuang-hui, GAO Min, LIANG Jia-ni
2017, 33(2):  188-192.  doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.02.013
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An in-lab incubation experiment was conducted to explore effects of soil amendments, i.e. micro-hydroxyapatite, nano-hydroxyapatite, apatite, ash from biomass burning power plants and lime, used to remedy heavy metals contaminated soils on content of soil colloid, and content and distribution of heavy metals in the colloid. Results show that the soil treated with lime was the highest in content of soil colloid (119 g·kg-1, 131%), and then followed by the other four in a decreasing order, that is, the soils treated with micro-hydroxyapatite (118 g·kg-1, 130%), with nano-hydroxyapatite (115 g·kg-1, 124%), with apatite (82.9 g·kg-1, 61.7%) and with power plant ash (80.6 g·kg-1, 57.1%). The treatment with lime, power plant ash or apatite decreased the content of Cd in the colloid significantly or with a rate ranging from 12.1% to 24.0%, while the treatment with apatite, micro-hydroxyapatite ornano-hydroxyapatite decreased the content of Cu in the colloid significantly or with a rate ranging from 14.2% to 20.5%. Besides, the use of any of the five soil amendments increased the distribution ratios of Cd and Cu in the soil colloid, especially the use of nano-hydroxyapatite with an application rate being 1%, which increased the distribution ratio of Cd, up to 69.9% or by 154%, and the use of lime which increased the distribution ratio of Cu in soil colloid up to 47.5% or by 135%. The findings of this study demonstrate that the use of soil amendments to remedy heavy metals contaminated soils may increase the content of soil colloid and distribution ratios of heavy metals in the colloid. It is necessary to monitor the content of soil colloid and the content of heavy metals in the soil colloid during soil remediation, so as to intensify risk management of the soil remediation process.

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