Exposure scenario for risk assessment of pesticides is an integration of a region with all conditions closely related to agricultural production and pesticide utilization in the area and an indispensable means of using exposure assessment models in pesticide risk assessment. A lot of works on exposure scenario construction have been done in EU and US with a rich accumulation of experience. In recent years, China has also unfolded gradually its work on construction of exposure scenarios. A review is presented summarizing progresses EU and US have made in development of construction of upland-crop-surface-water pesticide exposure scenario systems, including the principles, methods and processes of scenario construction and scenario systems already set up. The progress on the development of exposure scenario in China has been analyzed, in an attempt to provide some scientific reference for the development of an upland crop-surface water pesticide exposure scenario system in China.

The content of heavy metals in a certain tissue or organ of an organism may reflect the level of heavy metal pollution in the environment, but not any information of molecular level. Changes in biomarkers may be used for assessing level of heavy metal exposure and potential adverse effects on living organisms. Biomarkers can be sorted into three major categories: exposure biomarkers, effect biomarkers and susceptibility biomarkers. Principles for using antioxidant, genetic toxicity, acetyl cholinesterase, metallothionein and heat shock proteins biomarkers to monitor Cd pollution of water bodies, and status of their applications are addressed, in an attempt to provide some reference for future studies on mechanism of cadmium toxication of aquatic animals as well as a theoretical basis for prevention and control of heavy metal pollution and protection of the aquatic ecosystem.

Used widely as plasticizers in facilitated farming, phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have become primary risk pollutants. 50 top soil samples and 50 vegetable samples were collected from vegetable greenhouses in different areas of Jiangsu Province, for analysis of content of PAEs with GC-MS, to investigate and assess pollution level and distribution characterstics of PAEs in the soils and vegetables. PAEs were detected in all the soil samples (100%), ranging from 42.46-276.76 μg·kg^-1 and averaging 116.7 μg·kg^-1 in content of the total. DBP and DEHP were the dominant PAEs in the soils, accounting for 64.49% and 23.92% of the total; In terms of average PAEs in the soil, the four major vegetable producing areas of Jiangsu displayed a decreasing order of Suzhou > Huai'an >Yancheng > Suqian. DBP contents in the 24% of the soil samples exceeded the US EPA criteria for the six priority controlled PAEs. PAEs were detected in all the vegetable samples (100%), too, with the content of total PAEs varying in the range from 38.31-241.87 μg·kg^-1 and averaging 104.25 μg·kg^-1. DEHP and DnOP were the dominant pollutants in the vegetable samples, accounting for 25.34% and 24.59%; In terms of average PAEs in vegetable, the four areas followed a decreasing order of Suzhou > Yancheng > Huai'an > Suqian. However, the contents of PAEs in all the vegetable samples were lower than the recommended criteria for intake in the USA and Europe. In the soil-vegetable system, concentrations of PAEs, DBP and DEHP were found significantly related. And the vegetables studied varied sharply in capacity of enriching the six PAEs compounds, but their enrichment coefficients all approached 1. Therefore, in evaluating soil quality of facilitated vegetable fields, it is essential to pay adequate attention to effects of the properties of the vegetables per se on PAEs absorption and accumulation.

Field investigation was conducted in order to assess the situation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn contamination of the soils in some major P. notoginseng growing regions in Qiubei County, Yanshan County, Wenshan County and Guangnan County of Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province and plants of P. notoginseng produced therein with the aid of GPS positioning, 30 soil samples from the 0-15 cm soil layer and 30 samples of P. notoginseng plants were collected for analysis of totals and various forms of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in the soils and in various parts of the plants, their contents and distributions with ArcGIS. Results show that: (1) The mean content of total Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in the soils was 55.56, 0.36, 43.53 and 119.62 mg·kg^-1, respectively, and about 6.67%, 53.3%, 13.33% and 0 of the soil samples exceeded the threshold value, respectively, for Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn set in HJ/T 332-2006. Fractionations of Pb, Cu and Zn all show an order of residue > organic matter bonded > Fe/Mn oxide bonded > carbonate bonded > exchangeable in terms of content, while that of Cd does a different one, Fe/Mn oxide bonded > residue > carbonate bonded > organic matter bonded > exchangeable; (2) In terms of contents of total and Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn and their fractions in the soil and P. notoginseng, Qiubei County ranked on the top, while Guangnan County at the end; and (3) The mean content of total Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in the roots of P. notoginseng was 2.93, 0.35, 5.21 and 11.11 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Distribution of the heavy metals in the plant of P. notoginseng followed a sequence of roots > rhizome > shoot > flower/ fruit. Spatial variation was quite obvious of the distribution of the heavy metals in the soil and P. notoginseng and Cd was found to be the major pollutant. It is, therefore, essential to take certain measures to reduce Cd content in P. notoginseng.

Based on the status of the development of the crop farming and livestock rearing of Guzhen County, Anhui Province and comprehensive consideration of factors like planting structure, planting area and technology of livestock manure disposal, status of nutrient resources in livestock manure and their potential of substituting chemical fertilizer in the region was assessed. Results show that the manure excreted by the livestock in the county contained a total of 11 456.93 t of N and 2 954.09 t of P, far from adequate to meet the demand of the crops in the region for N and P in the case of no fertilizers applied and no crop straw incorporated. Scenario simulation shows that Scenario C where solid manure is collected and composted into organic manure as soon as possible, and liquid waste is pooled into biogas digesters and turned into biogas slurry for application into the crop fields, is the best model, providing 8 948.78 and 2 642.37 t of available N and P, which may meet the demand of the crops by 34% and 54%, respectively. The findings indicate that Guzhen has enough agricultural land to digest the livestock manure it produces, but it is essential to improve its manure treatment technology so as to increase the potential of livestock manure substituting chemical fertilizer. In Scenario C, the livestock manure may substitute 4 715.04 t of N fertilizer and 1 247.07 t of P fertilizer. Zhongxing, Renqiao, Liuji and Yangmiao townships are the highest in potential. All the findings may provide the decision-makers with theoretical support to make plans for developing scale of livestock raising and utilizing livestock manure.

The research on abrupt alternation of drought and flood is of important significance to regional agricultural production and the campaigns of flood control and drought relief in summer. Summer drought-flood abrupt alternation index (DFAI) is calculated based on the data of monthly precipitations in the summers of 1961-2013 recorded in the 16 weather stations in Shanxi Province. Spatio-temporal variation of the abrupt alternations of drought and flood is characterized through Linear Tend Analysis, Mann-Kendall Test and Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation (IDW) of the data. Results show as follows: (1) The overall variation of DFAI in Shanxi Province during the period presented an insignificant declining trend. The events of abrupt shift from flood to drought or vice versa occurred mainly around the 1970s, and during that period of years DFAI intensity also exhibited an insignificant declining trend which means the events of drought-flood abrupt alternation decreased in intensity; (2) DFAI is an index that reflects changes in precipitation in the summer periods from May to June and from July to August in Shanxi Province. The positive/negative values or negative/positive values of DFAI during the periods of May-June and July-August indicated shift from flood to drought or vice versa during the summer periods; (3) DFAI and DFAI intensity experienced abrupt change in 1978 and 2005, respectively. (4) In 1976, a typical year of abrupt shift from drought to flood, the regions high in DFAI were found in the northeastern, central eastern and southwestern parts of Shanxi Province, while in 2002, a typical year of abrupt shift from flood to drought, and the regions high in absolute DFAI value were in the central part of Shanxi Province. Spatially, the variation of DFAI exhibited a sharp difference between north and south of the Province. (5) The events of abrupt shift from drought to flood occurred mainly in the northeast, middle-west and southwest of Shanxi Province, while those from flood to drought displayed a valley-like curve along a belt from the northeast to the southwest of Shanxi Province.

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the plant growth and photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of four submersed macrophytes by simulating the rising of water level. The water depth was controlled to be 1 m at the first with the corresponding water level of 2.6 m. The water levels increased sharply in two days. On the 32nd day, the water level arrived at 2.6, 3.0, 3.4 and 3.8 m to simulate constant water level, low water level, medium water level and high water level. The water level remained to the end of experiment for 70 days. The results show that the plant growth of the four species was significantly increased by raising water level (P<0.05). Canopy species, such as Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus, tended to increase biomass. Biomass of erect species, such as Hydrilla verticillata, decreased significantly in high water level (P<0.05). With the rising water level increased, the biomass of rosette species, such as Vallisneria denseserrulata, followed the trend of decline. According to the water level of Gehu Lake, rising water levels weakened the root performances of canopy species and erect species and strengthened the root performances of rosette species. Rapid light curves of canopy species also reflected the result of the experiment. The results show that different submerged macrophytes on rising water level has different physiological and biochemical characteristics. Rising water level promoted the growth of canopy species. High water level is not conducive to the growth of Hydrilla verticillata. Rising water level inhibited the growth of Vallisneria denseserrulata. Canopy species (Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton malaianus) is more suitable for the historical water level rising of Gehu Lake on the morphological response and the ability of photosynthesis. The results can provide reference for recovery of submersed macrophytes in lakes and rivers.

To explore green land micrometeorology in public parks under typical summer weather (sunny, cloudy, and after raining) and its impact on human comfort, monitoring posts were set up at 8 selected typical recreation places in the Beijing Haidian Park. Results show that the park green belts significantly reduced air temperature, increased relative humidity, decreased wind speed, and improved human comfort. Weather is an important factor affecting significantly human comfort. Body comfort on green land lasted for 4-7 hours under a sunny or cloudy sky, 1-4 hours longer than on CK (lands other than green belt); and for 5-11 hours after raining. The impacts of green lands on temperature, humidity and wind varied significantly with the type of green land. Willow-locust forests were the most remarkable in reducing the integrated human comfort index of the three types of weather by 5.0%-5.4%; and lawns the least by only 0.4%-1.5%. The three types of weather, sunny, cloudy and after-raining reduced the temperature by 0.5-2.6, 0.7-2.7 and 0.6-2.0℃; increased the humidity by 2.2%-10%, 2.6%-10.25% and 1.1%-4.3%; and decreased wind speed by 16.7%-66.7%, 16.7%-66.7% and 22.2%-55.6%, respectively. So, under typical summer weather, 06:00-09:00 am is the most favorable time period for people to do outdoor activities; in sunny or cloudy days, people would feel uncomfortable after 10:00 am; and after raining people may have outdoor exercises or activities in these recreational spots after 17:00.

A field experiment was carried out in a tract of farmland that had been reclaimed for 5 years in a coal mining subsidence area to study effects of amendment of biomanure of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria on forms and adsorption and desorption of soil inorganic phosphorus in reclaimed farmland. Results show that amendment of the biomanure could raise the content of soil available phosphorus and the contents of soil Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P and occluded phosphorus (O-P), but lower the contents of Al-P, Fe-P and Ca₁₀-P. The contents of Ca₂-P and Ca₈-P were significantly and positively related to the content of available phosphorus with correlation coefficient being 0.997 and 0.926, respectively, and contributed the most to the content of soil available phosphorus. The treatment of manure+chemical fertilizer + biomanure (MCFB) significantly reduced the constant (K) of P adsorption by soil and soil maximum buffer capacity (MBC). Compared to the treatment without amendment of biomanure, it had less impact on maximum P desorption. Amendment of the biomanure may increase maximum P desorption capacity (X_m) of the soil and P desorption rate in the reclaimed soil, thus improving soil phosphorus availability. Besides, amendment of the biomanure may also raise soil organic matter content to a certain extent. Treatment MCFB in the field experiment can increase maize yield significantly or by 3.82% as compared with the treatment without amendment of biomanure.

An ecological wastewater purifying project consisting of three ponds with Eichhornia crassipes growing therein connected in tandem was constructed for in-depth purifying tail water from a town-run sewage treatment plant. Greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) emitted in the operation of the project were collected and analyzed with a home-developed in-situ bubble trapping device coupled with gas chromatography during the period of August-November, 2015 to explore characteristics of the emission and relationship of the emission with the main environmental factors of the waterbody. Results show that the ecological project performed quite well in removing TN and TP with a rate up to 68.07% and 64.21%, respectively. The concentration of TN in the effluent of the project approached to the criteria of Grade V of the "Standard for Environmental Quality of Surface Water (GB 3838-2002)" and the concentration of TP was lower than the criteria. During the study period from August to November in 2015, the average flux of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O emitted from the project was 0.058, 0.076 and 1.539 mg·m^-2·h^-1, respectively, and the cumulative emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O reached 1.273, 1.685 and 33.59 kg, respectively. The fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ varied significantly with the season, being much higher in summer than in autumn, whereas the flux of N₂O did not. Along the direction against the water flow in the ecological project, the fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O increased first and then declined. Correlation analysis shows that the fluxes of CO₂ and CH₄ were closely and positively related (P<0.05) to the temperature of water in the ponds; the flux of CO₂ was significantly and negatively related (P<0.05) to pH and DO; the flux of CH₄ was negatively related (P>0.05) to pH and DO; and the flux of N₂O was positively related (P>0.05) to TN and NO₃^--N concentrations in the water. All the findings in this study may serve as a useful reference for evaluation of greenhouse gases emission from ecological wastewater treatment projects of ponds grown with Eichhornia crassipes.

Little is known so far about toxicities of bisphenol B(BPB), bisphenol F(BPF), bisphenol AP(BPAP), bisphenol AF(BPAF), bisphenol Z(BPZ), bisphenol P(BPP), bisphenol S (BPS), although they have been used widely as BPA substitutes. A comparative study was done by exposing adults and embryos of zebrafish to the 8 kinds of chemicals for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours to determine half lethal concentration (LC₅₀) and fatality rate at different time intervals. Results show that the toxicities of bisphenol A and its analogues to adult zebrafish were linearly related to their respective ones to zebrafish embryos. According to the criteria for grading of toxicity in "Rules for Classification and Labeling of Chemicals, Part 28:Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment", BPP is sorted into Grade Ⅰ in toxicity and BPA, BPB, BPF, BPZ, BPAP and BPAF into Grade Ⅱ, while according to the Verhaar classification system, bisphenol A and its analogues belong to the category of chemicals with anesthetic toxication mechanism and degree of their toxicities is related to hydrophobic groups.

A case study was conducted of funds allocation for the coal-denitrification projects of coal burning power plants in Jiangsu Province in a certain year during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period to unfold estimation of environmental effects using the equivalent method, and to compare the allocations of environmental protection funds (EPF) based on environmental effects per unit investment (Method Ⅰ), and combination of investment and effects (Method Ⅱ) with that traditionally based on the amount invested in the project (the present method) for analysis of rationality. Results show that Method Ⅰ, as environment benefit per unit investment is a relative value, would often result in an irrational phenomenon that similar amounts of subsidies are allocated to two projects sharply different in investment size, while Method Ⅱ first sorts the projects into groups in the light of investment size and allocates the funds group by group for the first phase to solve the problem of comparing projects sharply different in investment size, and then among projects in the same group,in the light of their primary fund allocations and direct environmental effects of the projects, separately, which embodies the idea of allocating the environmental protection funds witht both investment size and environmental effects of a project taken into account. The amount of subsidies is closely related to the COD reduction rate per unit of investment of a project. All the findings of the case study demonstrate that Method Ⅱ is very scientific and rational and deserves trial application.