Satoyama Initiative is a campaign launched in Japan, emphasizing positive efforts of human activities on natural environment and asserting effective management of the countryside as a "socio-ecological-production landscape", to realize the wish of developing the countryside into a "human and nature symbiotic system". Throuh site-specific implementation of the "Satoyama Initiative", rural villages in Japan have not only energized their traditional agriculture, but also effectively protected their rural secondary natural environments and activated agricultural multi-functionality, which has set up a good example for other countries to follow in rural development. In view of the specific domestic conditions in China, it is advisable to implement appropriate intervention of rural development so as to actively develop environment-friendly agriculture and construct rural ecological industry systems on one hand and to strengthen protection of the nature and culture in the rural areas simultaneously and build up rural eco-civilization systems on the other. Meanwhile, through promotion of participation of all walks of life of the society and urban-rural integration, new communities or co-management systems are to be built up to promote jointly sustainable development of the agriculture and the rural areas.

Water pollution accidents occurred quite frequently in China, seriously threatening drinking water safety and water environment. Data and information of the 373 water pollution accidents that occurred during the five years from 2011 to 2015 collected and collated were for statistics and analysis of type of pollution, pollutants, measures taken to address the pollutions, scope of impacts and area of distribution. Results show that sudden pollution discharge, pollutant accumulation, pollution leakage, and piping accidents are the major sources of pollution risks and wastewater, chemicals, and oils are the main pollutants. Of the 373 accidents, 284 or 76.14% were addressed and 80 or 19.48% not. Most of the accidents occurred in the economically well-developed coastal areas in east and south China, like Shandong, Jiangsu, Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong, where the industry is highly developed and discharges large volumes of wastewater. The accidents have caused great concerns in the country. Besides, cases typical of sudden pollution discharge, pollutant accumulation, pollution leakage, and piping accidents were studied and analyzed for rationality of their addressing. On such a basis, more effective and rational pollution accident addressing programs were put forth for discussion.

Carbon fixation and oxygen release is an important eco-service of natural ecosystems, and mean significantly to global climate change and development of human society. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was cited as the study area, of which the net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon emission and oxygen consumption data were collected for analysis of net capacity of the ecosystem of the region providing eco-service of carbon-fixing and oxygen-releasing (CFOR) at the pixel scale and provision-reception relationship of the eco-service, with the aid of the ArcGIS platform, and theories and methods of the "Provision-Reception " domain. Results show that:(1) The net CFOR eco-service capacity of the region exhibited a declining trend from northwest to southeast, with the highest values mainly distributed in Chengde, east Zhangjiakou, northwest Beijing, north Qinhuangdao, and northwest Baoding, and negative values in the core economically developed and densely populated areas in most of the prefecture-level cities and above; (2) According to the value of the CFOR service, the areas positive in net eco-service value accounted for 64.32% of the region in land area, while the areas negative in the value did for 35.68%; but the former was inadequate in supply capacity, whereas the latter high in demand of the eco-service. As a whole, the studied region is unable to satisfy itself in CFOR eco-service. The eco-service in the region is priced at -0.93 yuan·m^-2·a^-1. (3) The studied area has a total of 64 eco-service provider counties, 33 eco-balance counties, and 82 benefited counties. CFOR eco-service is the highest in Fengning Manchu Autonomous County of Chengde City, reaching 1.01 yuan ·m^-2·a^-1, and the lowest in Heping District of Tianjin City, being -339.46 yuan ·m^-2·a^-1.

Based on the data of end-point energy consumption and economic development of 14 cities in Hunan Province from 2008 to 2014, a focus model was used to work out coordinates of the focus of carbon emission (FCE) and foci of the economy development (FED) for analysis of dynamics of FCE and FED from the angle of evolvement path, direction of the move, distance of the move and spatial correlation. Results show that:With the geometric center of Hunan Province as reference, FCE appeared to be a long strip going from east to west in the eastern part of the province, while FED did in coacervate in the northeastern part of the province; Both FCE and FED moved apparently by stage, but they did not have much correlation between the two either longitudinally or latitudinally; However, the move of the former was relatively simple and explicit in trajectory; FCE as a whole moved northwestwardly, while FED did southwestwardly. Deviation of the two occurred mainly latitudinally, and FED varied more drastically than FCE mainly longitudinally, but the two tended to be balanced in spatial distribution, which suggested that the imbalance between economic development and carbon emission in the province is mainly caused by the laltitudinal movement of FCE and FED; The manifestation of the relationships between carbon emission and economic development and their interaction varied sharply between cities in Hunan, indicating that the effect of economic growth on carbon emissions varied with region.

Tiandong County, a region typical of depressions among Karst peaks in Guangxi was selected as the research area. Based on GIS and RS technologies and the observation data of the meteorological stations, spatial distribution of ecological water demand in the study area was plotted and simulated by ArcGIS using the Penman-Monteith method as recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Landscape pattern indices were extracted from the land use data obtained through interpretation of the Landsat 8 data for analysis of relationship between ecological water demand and landscape pattern. Results show that the annual quota of ecological water demand of the vegetation in Tiandong County varied between 85.91 and 339.27 mm, and it also did spatially, being high in the northern and southern mountainous areas and relatively low in the central, western and southeastern regions. Ecological water demand of vegetation was found to be significantly and negatively related to landscape diversity and fragmentation, with correlation coefficient being -0.198 and -0.186, respectively, while it was significantly and positively to landscape connectivity, with correlation coefficient being 0.221. All the findings in this study may serve as certain basis for optimization and management of regional landscape patterns and allocation of water resources.

A survey of macrozoobenthos in and aquatic physicochemical properties of the Huangpu River was conducted in an attempt to explore community structure of the macrozoobenthos and its relationship with environmental factors. Samples of macrozoobenthos and deposits were collected at 11 sampling sections along the Huangpu River and its upstream tributaries in November 2013 and July 2014. A total of 29 species of macrozoobenthos were harvested and identified to be 14 Annelid species, 10 Arthropoda species and 5 Mollusca species. Among them, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri,Limnodrilus grandisetosus,Corbicula fluminea and Corbicula nitens were dominant species. The macrozoobenthos in the river system was 3 646.4 m^-2 in average density, with Annelida being the highest, reaching 3 575.6 m^-2, and 16.74 g·m^-2 in average biomass with Arthropoda being the highest, reaching 9.35 g·m^-2. Annelida was mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Huangpu River, while Mollusca and Arthropoda were in the upstream and upstream tributaries of the Huangpu River. Correlation analysis indicates that COD_Mn, TN and TP were the main environmental factors affecting distribution of the macrozoobenthos in the Huangpu River.

The Miseq molecular technology was used to explore difference between 4 varieties of Carya illinoensis ("BN"、"MH"、"XXN" and "WSD") in community structure and diversity of soil bacteria in rhizosphere. It was found that the 4 varieties did not vary much in community structure and diversity of soil bacteria in rhizosphere at the phylum and genus levels or in α-diversity index. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Gemmatimonadete were dominant phyla. Pseudomonas (1%) and Chitinophagaceae (5%) were quite high in mean abundance in the rhizosphere of all the four varieties of Carya illinoensis, which might be attributed to the chemotaxis of juglone. This study has tentatively elaborated community structure and diversity of the soil bacteria in rhizosphere of the Carya illinoensis trees and may serve as theoretical basis for future studies on rhizosphere effect of Carya illinoensis.

Calcium-rich sepiolite was taken as an object for study, in which it was modified by heating, and then analyzed for changes in composition and structure from the original with XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS, separately. Moreover, effects of the modification on its adsorption of As³⁺ and As⁵⁺ and their influencing factors were studied. Results show that the modification significantly increased sepiolite's As adsorption capacity. Its As³⁺ and As⁵⁺ adsorption capacity in water with pH being 7 in value reached theoretically as high as 25.61 mg·g^-1 and 30.30 mg·g^-1, respectively, with adsorption isotherms fitting the Langmuir model. Fitting of its As adsorption kinetics reveals that its As³⁺ adsorption was in consistence with the pseudo-second order model, while its As⁵⁺ adsorption was with both the pseudo-first and -second order kinetics models. Besides, the study of influencing factors found that changes in particle size was not a major factor affecting As adsorption of the modified calcium-rich sepiolite and neither was pH (6-11). Among the co-existing ions, PO₄^3- was found to be the major one. The low-cost thermal treated calcium rich sepiolite was proven to be an effective arsenic remover in the wastewater.

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum was used to investigate fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in organic pesticides wastewater under treatment, in an attempt to establish correlation between DOM fluorescence intensity and COD concentration. The analysis shows that there are three fluorescence peaks in the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum. They are Peak A in the visible light zone reflecting the existence of fulvic acid, Peak B in the UV light zone reflecting the existence of fulvic acid and Peak C in the high excitation wavelength zone reflecting the existence of tryptophan. The fulvic acid with fluorescence in the visible light and UV light zones was degraded into more biodegradable tryptophan with fluorescence in the high excitation wavelength zone after the wastewater went through the air floatation tank, hydrolysis acidification tank and anaerobic fluidized bed. After going through the contact oxidation tank, the 3 types of DOM in the wastewater declined in fluorescence intensity as a result of biodegradation. Among the three, tryptophan degraded more quickly than fulvic acid. Of the four indices of DOM, fluorescence index (I_F) and biogenesis index (X_BI) reflect that the DOM in the wastewater comes mainly from extraneous sources, and fluorescence intensity ratio of fulvic acid in ultraviolet and visible region(r_B/A) and humification index (X_HI) reveal that the DOM has the properties of humus. With the treatment going on, both the fluorescence intensity of fulvic acid and the concentration of COD decreased with COD dropping from 3 311.0 to 169.6 mg·L^-1. The fulvic acid in the visible light zone dropped from 4 065.2 to 903.1 in fluorescence intensity, and the fulvic acid in the UV light zone did from 4 023.1 to 178.6. A good correlation between COD concentration and fluorescence intensities of the fulvic acid in the visible light and UV light zones has been discovered, with correlation coefficients being 0.978 1 and 0.981 3, respectively, which indicates that the technique of 3-D fluorescence spectrometry can be used to monitor real-time changes in COD concentration in organic pesticides wastewater under treatment.

In recent years, organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), widely detected in various environmental media, have become a new type of pollutants of great concern. An experiment was designed to explore acute and chronic toxicity of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(dichloropropyl)phosphate (TDCPP), and tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCPP) to zebrafish embryos. Hatching rate, survival rate, heart rate, body length, abnormal rate and mortality of zebrafish embryos were measured in the study. On such a basis, preliminary risk assessment of these OPFRs were performed in the light of their detections in some surface waters reported in literature. Results show that TPhP, TnBP, TDCPP and TCPP to zebrafish embryos reached 1.90, 2.27, 2.32 and 14.1 mg·L^-1, respectively, in 96 h-LC₅₀ and 0.03, 0.05, 0.05 and 1.00 mg·L^-1, respectively, in 32 d-NOEC of chronic toxicity. Hatching rate, survival rate, heart rate, as well as body length was negatively related to concentrations of the test substances, while abnormal rate was positively related. Environmental risks of TPhP, TnBP, TDCPP and TCPP varied in some important waters in China. In some waters, RQ values of the OPFRs were greater than 0.1 or even 1, indicating that their environmental risks are in the range from medium to high, which calls for adequate attention.

Rational reflux or reuse of biogas slurry in rice straw anaerobic biogas digesters can reduce amount of the slurry to be discharged, thus lowering the cost of subsequent disposal of the slurry. For the purpose of providing scientific basis for modification of the technology of full reuse of biogas slurry, an experiment was carried out using rice straw as substance and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) to study effect of continuous full reflux of biogas slurry on anaerobic fermentation of rice straw in an attempt to elaborate mechanism of the effect. Results show that using continuous full reflux of biogas slurry, the reaction system ran stably for 50 days with TS, VS and volumetric biogas production rate stabilized at 245 mL·g^-1, 300 mL·g^-1 and 0.74 L·L^-1·d^-1, respectively. However, with the system running on till 85 days, though no apparent changes were observed in pH of the solution and volume fraction of methane in the digester, TS, VS and volumetric biogas production rate declined to 186 mL·g^-1, 226 mL·g^-1 and 0.56 L·L^-1·d^-1, respectively, or by around 24% as compared with their respective ones in the stable period. Further analysis shows that ammonia nitrogen in the slurry dropped to 185 mg·L^-1 or by 71% in concentration. Meanwhile, the total concentration of main metal ions rose up to 4.13 g·L^-1 or by 342%. Consequently, it can be preliminarily ascertained that continuous full reflux of biogas slurry would affect biogas production of the system, which may be attributed to the significant decrease in nitrogen content and accumulation of salts caused by full reflux of biogas slurry in the solution of the system. However, further efforts should be made to dig its real causes.

A soil survey was carried out of the artificial oasis in the Ebinur Lake Basin, an arid zone of Xinjiang, and soil samples were collected by soil layer and by land use for analysis of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), readily available nitrogen (AN), readily available phosphorus (AP) and readily available potassium (AK), the seven major soil quality evaluation indices. An EWME model (entropy weight and matter element model) was established for grading by soil fertility the 59 soil samples collected from 15 sampling lots in the oasis. Results show that the soils in the oasis on the whole could be sorted into the category of "poverty" in soil fertility. TK and AK are two advantageous factors, while all the others are limiting. Agricultural fertilization should be done case-specifically and vary with type of land use and nutrient status of the soil. Farmland soil is the highest in nutrient content, and followed by forest soil, which is significantly associated with the degree of human disturbance.On the whole, the soil does not vary much in nutrient content from layer to layer. Under natural conditions, soil nutrient content in the deep layers is generally higher than that in the surface layer, while under cultivation, the trend is reversed. The findings of the evaluation are in consistence with the actual situation. Apparently, EWME model is very applicable to the evaluation of soil nutrient status of the artificial oasis.

In the soil environment, glyphosate is apt to get adsorbed to soil particles, and react with organic matter and metal oxides in the soil, which may affect detection of glyphosate. Influences of humic acid content, heavy metal ion content and pH of the soil on detection of glyphosate were explored,using the sodium phosphate and trisodium citrate aqueous supersonic extraction method, hexane purification method, 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-l) derivatization method and HPLC-FLD. It turned out that recovery rate of glyphosate in soil decreased with increasing organic matter content, increased with increasing soil pH in the range of 3-11 (peaking at pH 8-9 and falling at pH over 9 back to the level at pH 7), decreased with the existence of heavy metal ions, such as Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺ and Ni²⁺ because they formed complexes with glyphosate, but was not affected by the existence of Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺. All the findings demonstrate that the standard detection method can meet the requirements for detecting glyphosate in various types of soils and sediments.