The currently aggravating eco-environment problems have given birth to a series of ecological protection theories, which could be summarized into four groups of ecological protection concepts by core ideas and characteristics, namely, system ecology protection, landscape ecology protection, sustainable development protection, and ecological safety/risk protection. Connotations of these ecological protection concepts and effects of the ecological protection concepts on ecological protection mode, ecological evaluation method and national protection policies were further illuminated by examples of the eco-environmental protection practices. Based on the concept of ecological security and the reality of severe ecological security situation which has a fragile ecological environment, Chinese ecologists have put forward the theory of ecological protection redline. Delineation and strict protection of ecological protection redline, it is an effective means to construct the ecological security pattern of China, and to ensure that the ecological function is not decreased, the area is not reduced and the nature is not changed. In the end, a common developing tendency of the modern ecological protection concepts was summarized as that the modern ecological protection concepts are not merely a kind of concepts, but they also have a set of matching operable technical methods.

With rapid development of the livestock and poultry breeding industry in China, odor from the industry has become a main environment issue that not only arouses complaints from nearby residents and disputes between the residents and the industry, but also seriously restrains sustainable development of the industry. It is, therefore, essential to determine sources and composition of the odor and sum up techniques or methods to determine, characterize and evaluate the odor, which is of great significance to scientific assessment of hazard of the odor and designing of control measures. In this review, compositions and characteristics of the odorants from the industry were collated, main techniques to measure odor compared for advantage and disadvantage, and chief methods to characterize and assess odor discussed. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), sulfocompound, aromatics (phenols and benzpyrole) as well as ammonia and volatile amine are the key substances in odor from the industry. Methods to determine the odor can be roughly sorted into two types, instrumental and olfactory, of which each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Based on analysis of compositions of the odorants available, key components of the odor from the industry are identified, and continuous in-situ monitoring of odor will be the focus for researches in future. Moreover, as the composition of odor is very complicated, establishment of a reasonable relationship model for mutual conversion between odor concentration and odor intensity may be a workable approach to quantitative evaluation of odor.

To explore models for treatment and disposal of rural domestic waste in West China, questionnaires and field surveys were conducted in certain rural areas typical of Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Guangxi, and samples were analyzed for revealing characteristics of waste generation and composition. Results show that the amount of rural domestic waste in West China ranged from 0.095 to 0.320 kg·d^-1 per capita, and averaged 0.193 kg·d^-1 per capita. The rural domestic waste in the regions consisted mainly of kitchen waste, dust and paper, which accounted for 80% or more of the total generated in the areas. In handling the rural domestic waste in West China, the problem lies in absence of sufficient attention to fore-end reduction of waste generation. Although the government had promulgated some policies to guide management of the waste, they were not good in effect because they were oriented for end treatment of the waste, passive in technology and model. As affected by the economic development level, population distribution, climate and topography, these rural areas found it difficult to take as reference or adopt the rural domestic waste management models common in East and Central China. So that, the areas in West China should adopt their own site-specific waste disposal methods. A waste handling method, integrating collection by sort, source control, in situ treatment and centralized treatment is, therefore, recommended for rural areas in West China.

Developing forestry cooperatives is an important measure to deepen the reform of the collective forest right system. Sample data collected from 239 forest farmers in Hebei, Hunan and Fujian Provinces were analyzed using the Logistic model for willingness of the farmers to participate in forestry cooperatives. Results show that willingness of the farmers varied with the region; In regions where the policy system is mature and well implemented, and forestry cooperatives develop well, the farmers therein are relatively more willing to participate. Besides, education level, any attendance to forestry technical training and education, and forestry income are also major factors negatively affecting willingness of the farmers, while the number of woodlots a farmer owns is another that positively affects his willingness.

Coal consumption in the rural areas of Beijing severely affects air quality of the region. The government has unfolded a movement entitled "Reducing Coal Consumption and Replacing Coal to Clean the Air", with the project of "Replacing Coal with Electricity" as representative in the rural areas of Beijing in an attempt to clean the air and reduce the pollution of smoke from coal burning. For scientific evaluation of effects of the project on regional air environmental quality, Dongmagezhuang Village and Xishiguyan Village in Wangping Town of Mentougou District were picked as two cases for study, one representing areas before unfolding of the project and the other representing areas after implementation of the project. Comparison was made between the two, in concentration of pollutants in the air, such as PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂ and NO₂ for analysis of effects of the project reducing pollutant emission into the atmosphere. Results show that Dongmagezhuang Village was 44.90%, 24.75%, 20.41% and 26.67% lower respectively, than Xishiguyan Village in concentration of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂, and mass concentration of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂, in the heating season was 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 1.4 times as high as their respective one in the non-heating season. All the findings in the study demonstrate that the project improved the regional air quality, generating better environmental benefits, like lowering PM_2.5 concentration in the air. It is, therefore, suggested that supervisory management of coal consumption in the rural areas should be strengthened in the future. And in addition to the consolidation of the beneficial effects of the project, more efforts should be devoted to intensification of government guidance using policies and steady extrapolation of the project in scale.

Bryophytes are "pioneer" plants in harsh environments, playing an irreplaceable role in soil and water conservation and community succession. And bryophytes are also able to improve the ecological environment of deserts. To examine the soil and water conservation ability of mosses in rocky desertified areas, biomasses, saturated water absorption rate and evaporation rate of various mosses in the karst area were measured. And mosses dominant in the Guiyang Karst Park were separated from the crust soil and oven dried for measurement of biomass. Saturated water absorption of the mosses were measured after the mosses got fully saturated with water. And evaporation rates of the mosses were measured at 20, 40, 60, 90 min and 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 36 and 40 h. Results show that Hyophila stenophylla was the lowest in biomass[(6.92±0.75) g·m^-2], while Brachymenium exile the highest[(62.64±2.45) g·m^-2]; Hyophila stenophylla was the lowest[(123.61±1.21) g·m^-2] and Brachymenium exile the highest[(689.89±6.89) g·m^-2] in saturated water absorptions too; and Brachymenium leptophyllum was the lowest[(524.98±3.65)%] and Erythrodontium julaceum the highest[(1633.30±7.48)%] in saturated water absorption rate. Evaporation rates of all the mosses exhibited a gradually decreasing trend within the period of 0-30 h and approached to 0 g·kg^-1·h^-1 at the end. Barbula grescens was more likely to lose water, whereas Brachythecium plumosum is less likely than all the others. In view of the great differences in water retention capacity between different species of mosses, Braunia delavayi and Brachymenium exile are held to be the most suitable pioneers in remedying rocky desertified lands.

Straw incorporation is an important measure to improve soil carbon sequestration potential in paddy fields. The research to characterize soil microbial biomass carbon metabolism as affected by straw incorporation method or pattern means significantly to utilization of crop straw and soil carbon sequestration. To explore effects of straw incorporations different in pattern on soil microbiological characteristics, four treatments were designed, i. e. incorporation of straw used as padding of a fermentation bed (SP), incorporation of carbonized straw or biochar as supplement to chemical fertilization (BR), incorporation of straw plus composted pig dung (OF) and chemical fertilization (CF), in addition to CK (no fertilization), for the field experiment of the study. All the treatments were equivalently the same in N application rate. The biology-ECO technology was used to reveal diversity of soil microbial community structure, and PCA performed to characterize variation of the soil microbial community structure. Results show that straw incorporation pattern was an important factor affecting soil microbial carbon metabolism in characteristic. Treatment OF was obviously higher than all the other ones in effect on soil microbial carbon metabolism capacity, microbial diversity and saccharides, amino acid, polymers and amine utilization rates, and Treatment SP was much lower than Treatments OF and BR in effect on soil microbe. Straw incorporation pattern could also significantly affect soil microbial carbon utilization in the top soil layer (0-5 cm) and sub-surface soil layer (>5-10 cm), but not so much in the subsoil layer (>10-20 cm). It also affected soil microbial diversity. Compared with Treatments CF and BR, Treatments OF and SP improved soil microbial diversity. It is, therefore, held that OF and BR may significantly improve soil microbial carbon metabolism diversity and soil microbial carbon utilization within a short period of time.

The species sensitivity distributions (SSD) method was used to plot SSD curves of triclocarban (TCC) to freshwater organisms, and acute hazardous concentration for 5% of the species (HC₅) of TCC was calculated. The log-normal distribution model was used to work out acute ρ(HC₅)=3.85 μg·L^-1, and based on AF=3 and acute to chronic ratios=39.3, chronic PNEC was worked out to be 32.7 ng·L^-1. Risk quotient method was used in assessing ecological risk of triclocarban in 21 typical reported survey points of surface water, and the results of the assessment showed that the percentage for high risk, medium risk and low risk of TCC were 28.6%, 47.6% and 23.8%. The ecological risk of TCC for surface water in China deserve more attention.

To characterize distribution of phthalate esters(PAEs) in Lake Luoma, a total of 22 water samples, 6 sediment samples and 6 fish samples were collected from the lake in April, 2016 for analysis of 11 kinds of PAEs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results show that only diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in water, sediment and fish samples. Concentrations of PAEs were obviously higher in the lake than in inflowing rivers and in outlets of the lake. PAEs concentration varied in the range of 0.05-186.8 μg·L^-1 (52.94 μg·L^-1 on average) in the lake water samples, 786.5-1 138 μg·kg^-1 (952.4 μg·kg^-1 on average) in the sediment samples, which was 18.0 times higher than that in the lake water samples, and 1 078-1 996 μg·kg^-1 (1 533 μg·kg^-1 on average) in the fish samples, which was 29.0 times higher than that in the lake water samples. That is to say, the mean BCF of PAEs in Lake Luoma was 29.0. All the findings indicate that accumulation of PAEs is high in sediment and fish. But as compared with water bodies in the other water source regions in China, Lake Luoma is relatively low in PAE contamination. Health risk assessment shows that the exposure of the residents around the lake to PAEs does not pose any acute toxicity. However, as the substances are highly bioaccumulative, their chronic toxicity should not be ignored, especially for its higher exposure risks to children.

Livestock and poultry breeding farms different in scale vary in management mode, and in pollution generation characteristic, too. Studying their pollution generation characteristics relative to scale of the farm may help provide some scientific basis for rational regional waste utilization and pollution control. Two pig farms different in scale in Tiaoxi Basin were selected for the study, samples of wastewater and pig feces generated in these two pig farms were collected for analysis to characterize, pollutant contents in the wastewater and feces and pollution generation coefficient of the farms different in scale at different stages. Results show that the Jinai Farm (annually 500 pigs sent to the slaughterhouse) was higher than in the Daguanshan Farm (annually 36 000 pigs sent the slaughterhouse) in average daily production of breeding sewage and feces per pig; the Daguanshan Farm was higher than the Jinai Farm in pollution content (except for P) in the sewage and feces; the Jianai Farm was much too higher than the Daguanshan Farm in content of total phosphorus(TP) in the pig waste, which might result from the use of swill as feed, which was higher in TP. Pollution generation coefficient varied with pig breeding stage. In the Daguanshan Farm, generation coefficient reached 8.94, 18.68 and 30.65 g·d^-1 for TN and 3.91, 7.62 and 14.77 g·d^-1 for TP, respectively, at the stage of nursery, fattening and gestation in the Daguanshan Farm, and 9.84, 19.77 and 32.95 g·d^-1 for TN, and 5.87, 15.23 and 30.09 g·d^-1 for TP, respectively, at the Jinai Farm. Apparently, the Daguanshan Farm was slightly higher than the Jinai Farm in total nitrogen (TN) pollutant generation, but much lower in TP pollutant generation coefficient and the two farms were quite similar in heavy metal pollutants generation coefficient, which demonstrate that scale of a pig farm is a major factor affecting TP pollutant generation coefficient, but a minor one affecting TN and heavy metal pollutant generation coefficients.

To explore whether the symbiont of Houttuynia cordata (0, 5%, 10% and 15% in plant area) and GIFT tilapia may enhance immunological effects of serumal immune factors of the fish at different phases via pond cultivation of the plants on floating beds, immunoglobulin M (IgM), epidermal growth factor (EGF); iterferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8); metallothionein (MT) and transferrin (TRF) of the fish was measured. Results show that the fish in the 10% group were significantly higher than those in any other groups in serumal EGF, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and TRF, and that the fish in the 5% group were significantly higher than those in any other groups in IgM and IFN-γ without showing any adverse effect on MT in the fish. Apparently, planting Houttuynia cordata up to 5% in area in the fish pond of GIFT tilapia can significantly enhance activities of serumal immune factors at different phases of the immune reaction.

With luciferase being used as reporter gene, reporter gene plasmid with luciferase (pERE-TATA-Luc) was regulated by estrogen response element and estrogen receptor expression plasmid (rERa/pCI) was obtained. Using the transient co-transfection method, luciferase reporter gene plasmid and estrogen receptor expression plasmid were transfected into the kidney cells (CV-1) of an African monkey. Estradiol was used as CK for positive phenomenon. E₂ induced expression of luciferase significantly when it was 10^-10 mol·L^-1 in concentration and to the maximum when it was 10^-9 mol·L^-1 in concentration, and its EC₅₀ was 6.1×10^-11 mol·L^-1. Through validating sensitivity, efficacy and stability of the estradiol, diethylstilbestrol and genistein detecting systems, a stable sensitive estrogen receptor reporter gene cell line was established for laboratory. Based on the CV-1 receptor gene reporter assay, interferon activity of bisphenol A analogues type of estrogen was studied. In terms of estrogenic activity, a decreasing order of BPAF > BPF > BPB > BPA > BPZ > BPAP > BPS > BPP was found. All the findings demonstrate that the CV-1 cell receptor reporter gene assay is a rapid effective procedure for screening endocrine disrupting chemicals for estrogenic activity.