Climatic condition, one of the important factors influencing tourism, affects the tourist destination and the duration. The Climatic Suitability for Tourism (CST) could be expressed as Outdoor Weather Comfort Index (OWCI) which is calculated based on China's climate features and the thermal comfort of human bodies. In this paper, taking some rice terraces systems designated in the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and/or China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS) lists as examples, the daily OWCI of all sites were calculated from 1991 to 2020 and four weather comfort levels are catagorized. Then, the 30-year average of weather comfort index and comfortable days in each ten-day period, as well as the frequency of extremely uncomfortable weather occurrence were analyzed statistically. Further, the suitable tourist periods and comfort tourist periods from climate perspective for each heritage were presented. The results show that the intra-annual changes of CST in different Important Agricultural Heritage Systems of China are classified as three types: spring-and-autumn comfort type, winter-half-year comfort type and all-year comfort type. More than 10 months of suitable tourist periods in a year exist in all heritage sites and the most comfortable tourist periods range from 4 to 12 months; the climatic conditions have little restrictions on the tourism with agroecological landscape resources. The results could provide a reference for the evaluation of tourism resources potential and the formulation of tourism development planning.

Ancient tea tree is an important tea germplasm resource, which has high utilization value for tea resistance and quality improvement. Ancient tea tree is also an important part of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) site Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System. Therefore,Ancient tea tree has become the living fossil of local tea farming civilization and has unique cultural value in the revitalization of rural culture. Southern Fujian is one of the important tea producing areas in China, with rich ancient tea tree resources. Strengthening the protection and exploitation of ancient tea tree resources is of great significance to promote the development of tea industry in Southern Fujian. This paper expounds the potential value of the exploitation and utilization of ancient tea tree resources in southern Fujian, analyzes the problems faced by the protection and utilization of ancient tea tree resources, and puts forward the strategies, paths and measures for development and utilization of ancient tea tree resources, so as to provide basis for promoting the sustainable utilization of ancient tea tree resources in southern Fujian.

Farmers' sustainable livelihood is a critical element for the conservation and development of agricultural heritage systems. Given the fact that agricultural heritage systems are endangered on one hand and agricultural production is an interweave process of natural and economic reproduction on the other hand, farmers' sustainable livelihood is vulnerable to risk shocks, including market and natural risks. Taking Tongling Zingiber officinale Planting System (TGPS) in Anhui Province as an example, one of China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, this paper used a structural equation model with formative indicators to investigate the impact of risk shocks on farmers' livelihood resources and outcomes and its underlying mechanisms, and further discussed the relationship between livelihood resources and livelihood outcomes by constructing the analytical framework of risk shocks → livelihood resources → livelihood outcomes based on sustainable livelihoods framework. The results show that: (1) In TGPS site, farmers heavily depend on using savings, lowing cash holdings, and reducing expenditures on education and train to cope with market or natural risks, causing the stock of farmers' financial capital and human capital to reduce more. (2) The improvement of farmers' livelihood outcomes is limited due to the aging of traditional agricultural labor forces, the weakening technical capacity of traditional agriculture production and the insufficient integration of traditional agriculture with other industries in TGPS site. (3) Market risks have a significant and direct negative effect on farmer's livelihood outcomes, but the total effect of natural risk on farmer's livelihood outcomes is bigger. Based on it, the conservation and development of agricultural heritage systems should focus on promoting the sustainability of farmers' livelihood from different aspects, such as taking more measures to cope with risk shocks, increasing the added value of agricultural products, and promoting the integrated development of agriculture, culture and tourism industries.

Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) cultivation has a long history in Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei Province. In 2014, the traditional chestnut cultivation system in Kuancheng was selected as an important agricultural cultural heritage in China. Agricultural heritage landscape is a significant component of agricultural heritage. The study of landscape characteristics and evolution contributes to deeply understanding the characteristics and changes of landscape patterns and promotes systematic protection, inheritance, and development. Based on Landsat and MODIS satellite remote sensing data and field investigation, this paper studied the landscape distribution, structure, and evolution characteristics of traditional Chinese chestnut culture system heritage site in Kuancheng. The results show that: (1) there were mainly six types of landscape in the heritage area: chestnut forest, deciduous forest, evergreen forest, farmland, construction land, and water area. The forest coverage rate was up to 84.72%, and the chestnut forest was the second most dominant landscape type after the deciduous forest, with an area of 151.60 km² (27.70%). (2) The heritage system formed a spatial structure of mountain landscape from the top of the mountain to the valley, which was "forest-chestnut forest-farmland-village-water area", and formed a landscape of flat and sloping chestnut forest, as well as a composite intercropping landscape with crops, fungi, poultry, and medicinal materials. (3) The overall landscape distribution of the heritage site is fragmented, while the local connectivity within each landscape type is sufficient; (4) Since 2000, the forest coverage of the heritage area has been expanding at a rate of 8.18 km²·a^-1, and the chestnut forest contributed 83.28% to the increase of forest area, and helped to improve the regional vegetation greenness. The traditional Chinese chestnut cultivation system in Kuancheng, Hebei province has crucial economic, cultural and ecological values. With the policy support of Kuancheng government, the landscape dominance of chestnut forest is constantly improving.

Agroforestry ecosystem is an integrated land management pattern that combines agriculture and forestry. Agroforestry is practiced globally in the regions of agricultural production. Researches on agroforestry have been focusing in the ecosystem services in the recent years. The concept and development of agroforestry are described, and the recent researches on ecosystem services are reviewed. The focus and the direction of future works on agroforestry ecosystem services were also discussed. Growing researches show that agroforestry provides many ecosystem services for human being which include providing of diverse products, enhancing of carbon sequestration, improving of soil fertility, conserving of biodiversity and preventing of soil and water loses. The future researches include: long-term dynamic monitoring of agroforestry ecosystem services; the establishment of comprehensive evaluation method; the responses of agroforestry ecosystem to global climate changes.

The continuous improvement of the rural human settlement environment level (RHSEL) is an important guarantee for the smooth promotion of rural revitalization. By constructing an evaluation index system and using a series of spatial data analysis methods, this paper investigates the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of provincial RHSEL in China from 2006 to 2018 and analyzes the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of RHSEL's driving factors. The findings are as follows: (1) China's RHSEL has improved significantly, and the gap between soft and hard environments has been gradually converging. (2) The gradient gap of RHSEL between the eastern and central regions gradually narrowed. The RHSEL of the western region grew rapidly, while the growth momentum of the northeast region was slightly weak. The spatial structure of RHSEL in the eastern region is stable and shows the "club convergence". In contrast, the spatial structure in the western region shows a trend of internal differentiation. (3) The RHSEL in China is comprehensively influenced by industrial structure, urbanization rate, government support, road network density, openness, and other factors, and the influence of each factor on RHSEL is characterized by obvious spatial-temporal heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate resources according to local conditions in rural revitalization, which contributes to promoting the balanced, steady, and continuous improvement of RHSEL.

In this paper, a comprehensive indicator system of agricultural green total factor productivity (TFP) is proposed based on the concept of total factor productivity, and the corresponding agricultural green TFP for the Yellow River Basin provinces from 2004-2017 is calculated using the SBM model. The spatial autocorrelation analysis, kernel density estimation and Markov chain probability matrix are used to analyze the spatial pattern and dynamic evolution of the proposed indicator system. The results show that the agricultural green TFP in the Yellow River basin is not high as a whole, the trend of change between 2004-2017 was slightly decreased. There are obvious differences between provinces, and the spatial connection of the agricultural green TFP in the Yellow River basin is weak. The high-level and low-level agricultural green TFP areas are agglomerated together, which forms "club convergence". Under the effect of spatial lag, the phenomenon of "efficiency locking" was displayed. This study provides a policy implication for promoting the coordinated development of the Yellow River Basin and the green development of agriculture.

Jiaogang Lake is a significant shallow lake in Huaihe River Basin and the largest ecological wetland in the middle reaches of Huaihe River. Based on the monthly water quality monitoring data of Jiaogang Lake from 2014 to 2019 and four inflow rivers from 2017 to 2019, the spatial and temporal variation of water quality in Jiaogang Lake was analyzed. By using Mann-Kendall trend test, Principal Component Analysis and Correlation Analysis, the effects of inflow rivers and environmental factors on water quality and eutrophication status of Jiaogang Lake are discussed. The results show that: (1) From 2014 to 2019, Jiaogang Lake belongs to the category Ⅲ to Ⅴ of Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard of China (GB 3838-2002). The eutrophication status was between mesotrophic and mild eutrophication. The main contaminated areas were in the northwest and north of the lake area. The concentration of COD_Mn showed a slight downward trend, while the annual average concentrations of TP (and TN were relatively stable and at a high level, mainly due to aquaculture. (2) In the lake area, the external input of nitrogen, phosphorus and other pollutants from inflow rivers is the key factorleading to the concentration of pollutants exceeding the Ⅳ standard of GB 3838-2002. (3) Principal Component Analysis and Correlation Analysis show that precipitation, temperature and depth of lake had great impacts on water quality of the lake area. Rainfall increased exogenous input, high temperature caused algal bloom, but the increase of depth improved the water quality. The key to improve the water quality of Jiaogang Lake is to adjust the structure of aquaculture industry and reduce the external input of pollutants.

In order to strengthen the understanding of the lake sediment characteristics in Huaihe River basin, the surface sediments of Tuohu Lake were investigated and the contents of nutrients (TN, TP), OM, and four heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Cr) were tested in August 2018. The ecological risk of nutrient and heavy metal pollution were assessed by sediment quality assessment guide, organic index assessment and potential ecological risk assessment. The results show that: (1) The average contents of TN, TP and OM are (2 535.00±987.97) mg·kg^-1, (672.99±159.09) mg·kg^-1 and (47.90±19.89) g·kg^-1, respectively. (2) The high values of TN and OM appear in the open area of the lake and the drinking water source, while the highest values of TP appear in the upstream passage of the northern part of the lake (T2). (3) The average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Cr were (0.95±0.26) mg·kg^-1, (25.16±4.00) mg·kg^-1, (23.03±5.60) mg·kg^-1 and (86.65±17.76) mg·kg^-1, respectively. (4) The highest values of the four heavy metals appeared in the drinking water source area, while the low values appeared in the estuaries of Tuohe River and Tanghe River and the upstream passage in the north of the lake (T2). (5) The surface sediments are polluted by organic pollutants to a certain extent, with organic nitrogen pollution as the main part. The most seriously polluted areas were distributed in the open area of the lake and drinking water source area. (6) The heavy metal pollution in surface sediments has a strong ecological risk, and Cd pollution is the most serious. The serious pollution areas were mainly distributed in the estuary of Malagou and the drinking water source area. Compared with other lakes in China, the contents of nutrients, Cd and Cr in the sediments of Tuohu Lake are at a higher level, while the contents of Cu and Pb are at a moderate level. It is necessary to continue controlling the input of exogenous pollutants and further reduce the internal pollution load.

Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are popular broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that are widely added to daily care products. They can be reintroduced into soil through anthropogenic washing activities and the reuse of effluent and sediment from sewage treatment plants. In this study, 21 surface soil samples were collected from land with diverse uses in Foshan, China. The pollution characteristics of TCS and TCC, as 2 typical pharmaceutical and personal care product pollutants, in the soil samples were analyzed. The ecological risks of TCS and TCC were evaluated by using the ecological risk entropy method. The detection rates of TCS and TCC in the surface soils were 66.67% and 85.71%, respectively; the concentrations of TCS and TCC ranged from ND to 6.62 μg·kg^-1 and ND to 9.11 μg·kg^-1, respectively. Soil organic matter is an important factor affecting the distribution of TCS and TCC, and the pH had a minor effect on the distribution of TCS and TCC. Analysis of the ecological risk quotient (RQ) revealed that the RQ values of TCS in the 21 surface samples were all less than 0.1, indicating that the ecological risk of TCS in this region was low, and the soil was relatively safe. The RQ values of TCC at two of the 21 sample points were between 0.1 and 1, and TCC was mainly detected at sampling points on both sides of the river, indicating that the ecological risk of TCC in this region is moderate, which might be related to local economic development, the growing human population, and sewage discharge. Compare with the other regions home and abroad, the ecological risk caused by TCS and TCC in the surface soil of this region belong to lower level. Nevertheless, areas with soil possessing high concentrations of these pollutants merit increased attention.

Habitat quality assessment in typical karst areas is an important means to understand the status of regional resource utilization and implement territorial ecological restoration. Taking Shilin County, an ecologically fragile area, as an example, based on the land cover data from 2000 to 2020, with the help of Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model and InVEST habitat quality model, the landscape distribution pattern of Shilin County, Yunnan Province from 2000 to 2030 and its impact on changes were revealed. Assessing the quality of the ecological environment in the study area in 2030 under multiple scenarios, the results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the land use types in Shilin County were mainly cultivated land, forest land and grassland, among which the artificial surface continued to expand and the cultivated land area continued to decline; (2) In 2000, 2010 and 2020, the average habitat quality in Shilin County was 0.472, 0.475 and 0.460, respectively. The area of poor grade habitat accounted for about 50% of the study area, and the area of good grade and excellent grade habitat was less than 25%. The area of poor grade habitat increased; (3) The habitat degradation degree under the ecological protection scenario of Shilin County in 2030 is significantly lower than that of the other two scenarios, among which Guishan Town has the highest habitat quality and Lufu Street the lowest. Shilin County is currently facing the dual contradiction between economic development and ecological protection. The spatial distribution of landscape pattern and habitat quality is closely related to human activities. The risk of potential rocky desertification distribution areas may be aggravated by unreasonable human activities. In the future, urban planning should be carried out reasonably according to the environmental characteristics of the study area to prevent habitat deterioration in potential risk areas. Based on the ecological protection scenario, Shilin County has better allocation of land resources and stable changes in habitat quality, which is more in line with the future development path of Shilin County.

Land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation coverage (VC) are important indicators of global eco-environmental changes. The spatial coupling seasonal differentiation of LST and VC can provide theoretical support for eco-environmental research. Based on MODIS images, this study used ArcGIS, MRT and GeoDa softwares to analyze variations in vegetation coverage and land surface temperature, and to explore the spatial coupling seasonal differentiation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The results show that the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of VC and LST in the Three Gorges Reservoir area are different. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the high value areas of LST are concentrated in the tail area of the reservoir, and the low value areas are distributed in the steep slope areas in the north and middle south of the reservoir. Compared with LST, VC showed the opposite distribution trend. Through the univariate linear regression and spatial autocorrelation analysis, VC and LST showed negative correlation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and the correlation between them is different among the four seasons. The significance of negative correlation between VC and LST in summer, spring, winter and autumn decreases in turn. The overall coupling effect of VC and LST in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is excellent. The coupling effect of seasonal change in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is in the order of autumn-winter > winter-spring > summer-autumn > spring-summer. Among the four seasons, the coupling degree within [0.8,1] had the largest proportion of LST lag grid, followed by the synchronous type of VC and LST, and the proportion of VC lag grid was the smallest. The research results can further help to understand the changes of ecological environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and can also provide a theoretical basis for the implementation of better ecological environment construction and protection in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

In this study, the effect of raw material ratio on the efficiency and quality of aerobic composting of vegetable wastes were investigated by using the industrial airstream film. Three ratios (A=20∶60∶10∶0∶130∶0, B=30∶30∶10∶40∶80∶40, and C=20∶20∶20∶60∶60∶80) of raw materials from biomass of tomato, chili, eggplant, corn stalk, residues of needle mushroom substrates and pine sawdust were set up. The changes of physicochemical parameters including temperature, C/N, germination index, number of plant pathogenic microbes and plant growth promotion efficiency of the final products were determined. The results show that A which peaked at 61℃ had significantly faster and higher temperature records during the composting process. The germination index of seeds treated with A, B and C were 88.69%, 82.92% and 80.21%, respectively. During the composting process, the C/N in each treatment significantly decreased by 27.12%, 23.17% and 22.06% for A, B and C, respectively. The number of plant pathogenic microbes also dropped along with the composting maturation especially for that of A. The results from the field experiment show that use of A could significantly increase the yield of tomato by 20.06% compared to that of chemical fertilization. In conclusion, the tested three different raw material ratio of vegetable wastes could all be used for airstream film fermentation, among which composting with high ratio of needle mushroom substrates residues (namely A) showed the highest composting efficiency and quality.

There exist a number of black-odorous water bodies in China, which need to be treated urgently. Source apportionment to heavy metals in sediments is an important guarantee for the remediation of black-odorous rivers. Therefore, this study took a black-odorous river in Jingjiang of Jiangsu Province as an example to conduct ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metals in sediments, using multivariate statistical analysis and positive definite matrix factor analysis (PMF). The results show that the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg and Cd in the sediments were accumulated to moderate pollution level, especially for Pb, Hg and Cd, which had heavily ecological risks and should be highly concerned. Multivariate statistical analysis results indicate that the accumulation of heavy metals in sediments was originated from both natural sources represented by soil parent and rock weathering and anthropogenic sources represented by industrial discharge and traffic emission. The anthropogenic source was the main contributor to the accumulation of heavy metals in sediments. PMF results demonstrate the discharge of lead salt enterprise and traffic emission contributed 44.65% and 45.31% to the content of Pb in sediments, respectively; and atmospheric deposition and domestic sewage contributed 35.92% and 44.73% to the content of Hg in sediments. It shows that the multivariate statistical analysis result is relatively consistent with the PMF analysis result.

In order to provide basic information for soil remediation and land use planning of an abandoned mining area in Tieshan District, Huangshi City, pollution status of soil, groundwater and surface water were investigated, the biological toxicity of soil and water were analyzed and the ecological risk of heavy metals in soil were assessed in the present study. The results show that certain heavy metal pollution occurred in the production site, mainly as As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb; The concentrations of heavy metals in surface water and groundwater were low, which met the quality standard of Class Ⅲ in Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB 3838-2002) and Class Ⅴ in Groundwater Quality Standards (GB/T 14848-2017), respectively. Toxicological results show that 13.8% of soil sampling sites were toxic to plant seed germination, and the rest had low toxicity level. All of the water samples had no toxic effects on the growth of luminescent bacteria. Risk assessment results indicate that the area exceeding the risk screening were 2 307m² under Class II land (non-sensitive site). The area corresponding to the Class Ⅲ or higher risk of effective heavy metals and strong or higher ecological risk were 48 642 and 49 135 m², respectively. The results of this study can provide a basis for the risk control scheme and remediation measures for the mining area to ensure that the soil quality meets the requirements of the planned land use.