Abstract: Comprehensive rural environmental quality assessment is an important groundwork for rural environmental protection. However, so far, China has not yet established any complete or effective rural environmental quality assessment index system or method. In the light of the fact that the rural areas in China are so vast and vary sharply in socio-economic development level, natural conditions, environmental carrying capacity and environmental monitoring capability, a comprehensive rural environmental quality assessment index system, consisting of four aspects, i.e. environmental factors, ecological factors, residential environment construction and public satisfaction, is established with the compound ecosystem theory as its guidance and the PSR model as its basis.