Abstract: It is of great significance to explore the efficiency of agricultural resources and environment to promote ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, by using the super-efficient SBM model and spatial measurement model, a comprehensive agricultural resource and environment efficiency evaluation index system was constructed to analyze the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics, evolution process and influencing factors of agricultural resource efficiency in 9 provinces of the Yellow River Basin from 1990 to 2017. The result showed that: (1) During the study period, the overall agricultural resource and environment efficiency in the 9 provinces was generally low and showed an upward but slow fluctuation trend, in which Shandong and Sichuan provinces were in the leading position. (2) The spatial distribution of agricultural resources and environment efficiency in the Yellow River Basin generally showed a pattern of lower reaches > upper reaches > middle reaches. In terms of the spatial pattern evolution, the spatial differentiation characteristics were relatively obvious, showing a "dual core" pattern with Shandong and Sichuan as the cores. In terms of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, it presented a "central-peripheral" pattern. (3) From the analysis of influencing factors, the level of agricultural economic development, the level of agricultural production technology, and the structure of planting industry played significant roles in promoting the efficiency of agricultural resources and environment. However, some other factors including financial support policies, the level of industrialization, environmental regulations and the rate of agricultural disasters had certain hindering effect. Finally, suggestions were put forward, such as strengthen the agricultural science and technology support, enhance the agricultural ecological environment protection, and accelerate the agricultural infrastructure construction, etc.