Abstract: As an important part of the modernization of a country's governance system and capacity, the governance of urban ecology and environment is featured by people-oriented and refined management. Aiming to promote urban ecosystem services and build a beautiful city with harmonious co-existence between man and nature, the differences in definition among city administrative region, built-up area, municipal district and urban area were analyzed, and the concept of urban ecological resilience was further clarified. The major problems with urban ecology and environment governance during the processes of meeting with the demands of "strengthening urban infrastructure construction, and building livable and smart cities" and "focus on the harmony between humanity and nature in planning China's development" stated in the report of 20^th National Congress of the Communist Party of China were then identified. The problems include: (1) synergistic governance of ecology and environment lags behind urban construction, and the "big city disease" of human settlements is still serious; (2) regional differences in governance system and capacity are prominent, and environmental infrastructure construction faces the double pressure of "paying old debts quickly and not owing new ones"; (3) the planning of development at the top level is not systematically strong, and there is a lack of targeted measures to protect urban eco-environment; (4) there is still a long way to go to accomplish industrial green transformation and "double carbon" goal, and technological innovation is urgently needed for industrial parks to reduce carbon pollution and expand green growth. Finally, a series of countermeasures to improve urban ecology and environment from the aspects of top-level design, concept leadership, management creation, zoning, classification and scientific and technological support are forwarded. These could provide a decision-making basis for ecology and environment governance and ecological resilience construction in rapidly urbanized areas. New ideas and practical innovation would help build cities into beautiful homes where people and nature are in harmony.