Abstract: In order to study the relationship between macro-zoobenthos community structure, biodiversity and environmental factors in Hexi inland river basin, the macro-zoobenthos, water physical and chemical indicators and environmental factors of two typical arid inland rivers, Taolai River and Shiyang River, were investigated in August 2023. The results show that a total of 52 species of benthic animals were collected, belonging to 3 phyla, 6 classes, 14 orders, 32 families and 44 genera. Arthropods were dominant in the whole basin. The average density and biomass were 23 m^-2 and 1.859 9 g·m^-2 in Taolai River, 32 m^-2 and 2.721 1 g·m^-2 in Shiyang River, respectively. The density of macro-zoobenthos in the two typical inland rivers showed that the downstream agricultural section (251 m^-2) > the middle reaches of the urban section (170 m^-2) > the upstream mountain section (76 m^-2), and the biomass showed that the middle reaches of the urban section (19.544 4 g·m^-2) > the downstream agricultural section (16.657 5 g·m^-2) > the upstream mountain section (5.027 8 g·m^-2).The distribution characteristics of Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef richness index in the middle and lower reaches were greater than those in the upper reaches. Simpson dominance index and Pielou evenness index were relatively stable in the two rivers. According to the analysis of Jaccard similarity index, there were few common species and low similarity of community structure between the sampling points of Taolai River and Shiyang River. It showed that the community structure of macro-zoobenthos in the two rivers was significantly different in spatial distribution due to the differences in river habitat such as river heterogeneity, riverbed composition, aquatic vegetation and sediment composition. The main environmental factors affecting the community structure of macro-zoobenthos were aquatic richness, sediment, elevation (ALT), vegetation coverage, five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity.