Abstract: Sustainable development is a basic national strategic development policy of China. By taking measures such as protecting and developing aquatic resources, increasing and developing aquaculture,extension and making full use of aquacultural waterbodies, and encouraging integrated aquaculture, especially, ecological fishery projects, etc, the people′s income and living standard have been raised,thus in some extent promoted a sound material cycling and made positive contributions to sustainable development. On the other hand, the integration,harmoniousness and stability of aquatic ecosystem were neglected in some of the aquacultural activities, and resulted in some inharmonious between the human beings and the nature,thus provided some inharmonious between the human beings and the nature, thus provided some negative contributions to sustainable development. By taking some cases as examples, the positive and negative contributions of fishery to the sustainable development of China are discussed.