Abstract: Through expansion of the connotation of “per capita ecological carrying capacity”, the concept of ecological Load coefficient (ELC) was established. Based on multiple time sections, the ecological carrying capacity per capita of 17 cities in Anhui Province during 2001-2010 was calculated. At the same time, based on the per capita ecological carrying capacity the energy consumption, fresh water consumption, COD discharge and SO₂ emission were chosen to establish the methods for calculation and evaluation of the Gini coefficient of resources and environment (G_r,e) and the ELC in Anhui province. The results show that (1) The SO₂ emission of G_r,eare higher than the “red line” of 0.4, and the energy consumption of G_r,e is close to 0.4. The G_r,e of other items such as fresh water consumption and COD discharge are all in a relative and reasonable scope. (2) On the whole, the resource-based cities (such as Ma'anshan, Huainan), the relatively developed cities (such as Hefei) and the industrial cities along the Yangtze River (such as Anqing, Wuhu)in Anhui Province are the main factors contributing to unfairness of the resource consumption and pollutant release. These cities need to optimize the allocation of resources and environment. Cities in the mountainousareaof south Anhui Province (such as Huangshan, Chizhou, Xuancheng) are the main factors contributing to fairness of resource consumption and pollutants release. The results of thestudy can provide a theoretical basis for safety assessment and fairlydistribution of the resources and environment of Anhui Province.