Abstract: As China's rural revitalization strategy progresses, the development of rural townships is in a transition period of high-quality social and economic expansion. With its focus on Jiangning Township in Nanjing, the present study examined the relationship between socioeconomic development and water resources carrying capacity of rural and townships as they undergo rapid urbanization. A combination weighting method was adopted to identify the key influencing factors of water resource carrying capacity of townships. At the township scale, the five aspects of spatial control, water resources utilization, ecological environment governance, livability, and economic development were examined; An evaluation index system was constructed and principal component analysis was applied to determine the water resources carrying capacity of representative townships. It was found that the water resources carrying capacity of the representative townships showed a fluctuating trend from 2013 to 2018; the main influencing factors of the water resources carrying capacity during that period were the level of ecological and environmental governance, spatial control, and urbanization. It has been observed that water resources utilization level is also an important factor toward ensuring the water resources carrying capacity in the investigated townships. The results of the study can serve as a reference for similar townships in China as they aim to achieve coordinated economic development and utilization of water resources in the process of urbanization.