Abstract: It is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the behavioral logic of rural residents' participation in the cooperative treatment of domestic garbage to improve the level of rural ecological environment renovation. Based on the survey data of 501 rural residents in Fujian Province, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to estimate the impact of rural residents'ecological cognition and relationship on their cooperative behavior in their domestic garbage management. The results show that rural residents' ecological cognition of attitude toward the behavior (ATT) and subjective norm (SN) have significant positive impacts on their cooperative behavior. The relationship not only directly affects their cooperative governance behavior, but also indirectly affects the cooperative governance behavior through the ATT and SN. The relationship is the largest influence on the cooperative garbage management behavior of rural residents, followed by ATT, and the least is SN. The results of multi-group analysis show that the relationship and ecological cognition of different types of rural residents groups have significant differences on their governance behaviors. In particular, ecological cognition has not been well transformed into their actual cooperative governance behavior.