减肥措施对稻田田面水氮、磷动态变化特征的影响

doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2018.04.008

生态与农村环境学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (4): 349-355.doi: 10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2018.04.008

减肥措施对稻田田面水氮、磷动态变化特征的影响

吕亚敏¹, 吴玉红², 李洪达¹, 雷同¹, 吕家珑¹

1. 西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100;
2. 汉中市农业科学研究所, 陕西汉中 723000

收稿日期:2017-08-31 出版日期:2018-04-25 发布日期:2018-04-17
通讯作者: 吕家珑 E-mail:ljlll@nwsuaf.edu.cn
作者简介:吕亚敏(1992-),女,山东青岛人,硕士生,主要从事氮磷面源污染的研究。E-mail:Lyuyaminsunshine@163.com
基金资助:
陕西省科技统筹创新工程计划（2016KTZDNY03-01）；陕西省水利科技项目（2016slkj-15）

Effects of Dynamic Changes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Surface Water of Paddy Field Under Different Fertilizer Rate

LÜ Ya-min¹, WU Yu-hong², LI Hong-da¹, LEI Tong¹, LÜ Jia-long¹

1. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China;
2. Hanzhong Agricultural Science Institute, Hanzhong 723000, China

Received:2017-08-31 Online:2018-04-25 Published:2018-04-17

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国水稻种植面积大，过量施肥后稻田氨挥发、氮磷径流和渗漏等途径会引起农业面源污染等问题，而水稻淹水阶段田面水中氮、磷浓度是关键控制因子。通过设置田间小区隔板，开展肥料减量试验，研究稻季田面水不同形态氮、磷动态变化特征，同时探讨其潜在的环境效应。结果表明，磷肥施入后田面水总磷（TP）、总可溶性磷（TDP）和颗粒态磷（PP）浓度均呈先升高后降低趋势，9 d内下降迅速；基肥施入9 d，当氮、磷水平分别为214、90 kg·hm^-2时，TP、TDP和PP质量浓度分别为0.76、0.71和0.03 mg·L^-1；晒田结束后，田面水中TP和TDP浓度出现1次回升。各处理铵态氮和硝态氮浓度分别在基肥施入后第2天和第5天达到峰值；当施氮量为214、182和162 kg·hm^-2时，田面水铵态氮浓度分别为对照的15.83、9.16和7.86倍，5 d内铵态氮浓度下降迅速且不同施肥处理间差异趋同。此外，增施氮磷肥料并不能显著增加水稻产量，当氮、磷水平分别为214、90 kg·hm^-2时，水稻产量反而降低。因此，提出施磷后9 d内和晒田复水后是控制田面水磷流失的关键时期，而控制氮损失的关键时期是施肥后5 d内。综合水稻产量和肥料农学效率，证实试验田氮肥或磷肥减量25%是可行的，但仍需进一步通过大田试验验证其产量的持续性。

关键词: 田面水, 氮形态, 磷形态, 氮减量, 磷减量

Abstract:

Rice is broadly planted in China. Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) runoff and leakage have caused agricultural non-point source pollution and other issues due to excessive fertilization. The concentration of N and P in surface water during the flooding period is the key control factor. The dynamic characteristics of N and P in surface water of paddy field and their potential environmental impact were studied by field experiment with different P and N application. The results show that the concentration of total P (TP), total dissolved P (TDP) and particulate P (PP) all increased rapidly within 9 days after P application and then decreased. The concentrations of TP, TDP, and PP reached 0.76, 0.71 and 0.03 mg·L^-1 with 214 and 90 kg·hm^-2 N and P application, respectively. Besides, the concentration of TP and TDP showed an obvious rise after the soil-drying period. The concentration of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate in all treatments reached to maximum in 2 and 5 days, respectively, after the application of basal fertilizer. The concentration of ammonium nitrogen with 214,182 and 162 kg·hm^-2 of N application were 15.83, 9.16 and 7.86 times of that in control treatment. N concentration decreased rapidly after 5 days and the differences between treatments became much smaller. In addition, increasing N and P application amount did not significantly increase the rice yield, but inversely, rice yield decreased with 214 and 90 kg·hm^-2 of N and P application, respectively. Therefore, 9 days after P application and the stage after rewetting were the key periods for controlling P losses through runoff in surface water from paddy field, while 5 days following N application is the vital period for controlling N losses. By considering both rice yield and fertilizer agronomic efficiency, it is feasible to reduce 25% of N and P application. However, this should be further investigated for high yield consistency through field experiment.

Key words: surface water, nitrogen form, phosphorus form, reduction of nitrogen application rate, reduction of phosphorus application rate

中图分类号:

X501

吕亚敏, 吴玉红, 李洪达, 雷同, 吕家珑. 减肥措施对稻田田面水氮、磷动态变化特征的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2018, 34(4): 349-355.

LÜ Ya-min, WU Yu-hong, LI Hong-da, LEI Tong, LÜ Jia-long. Effects of Dynamic Changes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Surface Water of Paddy Field Under Different Fertilizer Rate[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2018, 34(4): 349-355.

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减肥措施对稻田田面水氮、磷动态变化特征的影响

Effects of Dynamic Changes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Surface Water of Paddy Field Under Different Fertilizer Rate

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