贵阳市图云关森林公园主要树种叶面滞尘量与叶形态结构的相关性研究

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2019.0231

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究城市森林主要造林及乡土树种单位叶面积颗粒物吸滞量及其动态变化过程，比较不同树种的颗粒物吸滞能力，定量分析叶形态结构特征因子对吸滞能力的影响程度，可为选择适宜的树种构建森林生态系统，降低空气颗粒物（PM）浓度提供科学依据。以柏木、马尾松、华山松、杉木、柳杉5个针叶树种和香樟、光皮桦、喜树、枫香、朴树、银杏和女贞7个阔叶树种为研究对象，于2017年春、夏、秋及冬季分别选择雨后3 d采集样树叶样，计算单位叶面积的颗粒物总量（PM）及大颗粒（PM_>10~100）、粗颗粒（PM_>2.5~10）、细颗粒（PM_>1~2.5）、超细颗粒（PM_{≤ 1}）组分吸滞量，比较针叶树、阔叶树2种类型间及不同树种间的叶面PM吸滞能力差异。选择夏季雨后1、2、3、5、6、7 d采集样树叶样，测定分析叶面滞尘量与滞尘日数的关系，叶面滞尘过程表现为PM日吸滞量（M_d）随滞尘日数增加呈幂函数下降趋势。回归拟合曲线反映叶面初始日滞尘量（M₀）和下降速度存在种间差异。柏木、华山松、香樟M₀较高，下降速度较快；马尾松M₀较高，下降速度最慢；杉木及其余阔叶树种的M₀和下降速度均较低。针叶树和阔叶树2种类型间叶面颗粒物吸滞能力表明出显著差异，针叶树种颗粒物（TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和PM₁）平均M_d显著高于阔叶树种。叶面颗粒物吸滞能力还表现出显著的种间差异，不同树种M_d表现为柏木 > 马尾松 > 杉木 > 华山松 > 光皮桦 > 柳杉 > 枫香 > 喜树 > 香樟 > 朴树 > 女贞 > 银杏。不同树种的叶面吸滞颗粒物径级分布相似，所有种平均叶面大颗粒、粗颗粒、细颗粒、超细颗粒的质量分数分别为58.75%、38.98%、2.16%和0.11%。叶形态结构因子（MF）与单位叶面颗粒物日吸滞量（M_d）的通径分析结果表明，对叶面PM吸滞量解释和贡献最大的因子是叶周长面积比；影响大颗粒和粗颗粒吸滞能力的因子为叶表面细沟槽宽度（W_g）；气孔开度（O_s）和气孔开口面积（A_so）为解释细颗粒吸滞能力的主要因子；影响超细颗粒吸滞能力的主要因子为W_g和单位叶表面气孔开口面积（S_so）。更小更复杂的叶片（表现为更大的叶周长面积比）、较大的沟槽宽度和更大的气孔开口尺寸等特征有利于植物叶面滞尘。城市森林生态系统构建树种选择和森林管理需综合考虑树种叶面滞尘能力及其时间动态变化。

关键词: 森林树种, 叶面滞尘量, 颗粒物吸滞能力, 叶形态结构特征, 时间动态过程

Abstract: To give a scientific basis for selecting proper tree species in city forests establishment, the difference in particulate matter (PM) retention and its dynamic progress of the leaves of major tree species were investigated in the Tuyunguan Forest Park of Guiyang City, Guizhou Province of China, and the impacts from the micro-morphological and structural characteristics of leaves was analyzed. The 12 tree species, including 5 coniferous and 7 broad-leaved tree species, were selected for study. The leaf samples were collected on the 3^rd day after a rainfall event which can clean the leaves in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2017; and on the 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 5^th, 6^th and 7^th day after big rainfall events in the summer. The weight of total PM and its components with different size ranges (PM_>10-100, PM_>2.5-10, PM_>1-2.5, and PM_{≤ 1}) absorbed on unit area of leaves were measured in the lab with re-suspension method. It shows that the daily PM retention (M_d) decreased with rising time and following a power function. Such function was fitted for each tree species. The values of fitted parameters in these fitted functions can reflect the differences in the initial PM retention (M₀), i.e. on the first day, and the decreasing rate of M_d among the tree species studied. The tree species of Cupressus funebris, Pinus armandii, Cinnamomum camphora had a higher M₀ but their M_d decreased faster. The M₀ for Pinus massoniana was higher but its daily PM retention decreased the slowest. The coniferous tree of Cunninghamia lanceolata and all other broadleaved tree species had both lower M₀ and lower decreasing rate of M_d. The PM retention ability and its components of different size ranges (TSP、PM₁₀、PM_2.5, PM₁) were generally higher for coniferous tree species than for broad-leaved tree species (except Betula luminifera), and showed a remarked difference among tree species. The order of total PM retention of all tree species was:Cupressus funebris and > Pinus massoniana > Pinus armandii > Betula luminifera > Cunninghamia lanceolata > Cryptomeria japonica > Liquidambar formosana > Camptotheca acuminata > Camptotheca acuminata > Celtis sinensis > Ligustrum lucidum > Ginkgo biloba. All the tree species showed similar size distribution of the absorbed PM, with a mean ratio of 58.75%, 38.98%, 2.16% and 0.11% for the large, coarse, fine and super fine PM, respectively. The results of path analysis showed that the ratio of leaf circumference to leaf area was the most important factor affecting the daily PM retention. Secondly, the groove width of leaf surface (W_g) has a major impact on the retention capacity of large and coarse particles. The stomatal opening (O_s) and stomata opening area (A_so) were the main factors affecting the retention capacity of fine particles. The W_g and the stomatal opening area per unit leaf surface (S_so) were the main factors affecting the retention of super fine particles. It seems that the leaves with smaller area, more complex form (with larger ratio of leaf circumference to leaf area), bigger groove width and larger stomatal opening size, will have a higher PM retention. The differences in the PM retention and its temporal dynamics should be considered when selecting the proper tree species for establishing city forests. The tree species with higher or lower PM retention ability should be rightly selected according to the different protection requirement against the air PM pollution.

Key words: tree species in forests, particle retention of tree leaves, PM retention capacity, micro-morphological and structural characteristics of leaves, temporal dynamic process

中图分类号:

P461+.7

刘延惠, 丁访军, 侯贻菊, 舒德远, 赵文君, 崔迎春. 贵阳市图云关森林公园主要树种叶面滞尘量与叶形态结构的相关性研究[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2019, 35(12): 1582-1592.

LIU Yan-hui, DING Fang-jun, HOU Yi-ju, SHU De-yuan, ZHAO Wen-jun, CUI Ying-chun. The Leave PM Retention and Its Relation to Leaf Micro-Morphological Structure of the Major Tree Species in Tuyunguan Forest Park, Guiyang, China[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2019, 35(12): 1582-1592.

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