浮水植物-底泥-微生物系统对富营养化水体氮的净化作用

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2021.0091

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 浮水植物有较大的水深适应范围，繁殖能力强，对营养物质具有较强的吸收能力，而且便于种植、收割和日常管理，被广泛应用于控制水体富营养化。除了植物的吸收及根区效应外，底泥的吸附与截留、微生物降解等途径也可以去除水中的污染物。但是，在同一近自然实验体系内，植物、底泥和微生物等在水体营养物质去除过程中发挥的作用尚不明确。笔者通过模拟湿地生态系统，研究水体、植株、底泥N含量以及根际微生物群落结构等的变化，阐明浮水植物-底泥-微生物系统中各途径在富营养化水体N的净化过程中发挥的作用。结果表明，处理40 d后，中、高N浓度系统中对照组和植物组水体NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和TN的去除率均高于87%，且大多数情况下2组处理之间没有显著差异。睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona）更适应在高N环境中生长，不仅生物量显著高于其他植物，且其对N的积累量也最高。低N和中N系统，对照组底泥的无机氮（IN）含量显著高于植物组，而在高N系统，IN含量在2组之间没有显著差异，且均表现出累积效应。此外，与对照组相比，植物组底泥的根际细菌α多样性指数和群落结构无显著变化。与未灭菌处理相比，底泥灭菌后水体TN、NH₄⁺-N及底泥IN含量显著升高。该研究证明了在富营养化水体N净化过程中，除了植物吸收外，微生物作用和底泥的吸附与截留同样发挥着重要作用，这为湿地系统中富营养化水体N的高效去除提供了科学依据。

关键词: 植物吸收, 富营养化水体, N沉降, 灭菌, 微生物功能

Abstract: Floating plantsare characterized by suspendingthemselves on the water surface. They have great adaptability to water depth and distinctive capacityfor reproductive and nutrients absorption. Besides, they are easy for planting, harvesting and daily management. As we know, water eutrophication is an increasing problem in China. Because ofthe excellent features, floating plants are widely used in the construction of wetlands to control water eutrophication. In addition to the direct absorption and indirect rhizosphericeffects of aquatic plants, the adsorption and interception of sediments, and microbial degradation couldsignificantly remove water pollutants. Yet, the roles of aquatic plants, sediments and microorganisms in nutrient removalwithin the same natural experimental system are still unclear. By simulating wet land ecosystem, this research studied the changes of nitrogen (N) content in water, plants and sediments as well as the rhizosphere microbial community structure, aiming to clarify the purification approach of N in eutrophic water by plant-sediment-microbial system.The results show that after 40 d treatments, the removal rates of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N and TN in both control and plant treatments were higher than 87% in medium and high N systems. In most cases, no significant difference was found between the two groups. Nymphaea tetragona was more suitable to grow in high N system that was demonstrated by the greatest biomass and N accumulation among 4 tested plants.In low and medium N systems, sediments inorganic nitrogen (IN) content in control was significantly higher than that in the plant treatments. However, in the high N system, there was no significant difference between control and plant treatments where the IN concentration showed an increasing trend.In addition, there were no significant differences in the rhizosphere bacteria α diversity index and community structure between the plant and control groups. Compared with unsterilized treatments, sediments sterilization significantly increased the contents of NH₄⁺-N and TN in water as well as IN in sediments. It can be concluded that,besides the plant absorption, the N could besignificantly removed by microbial function and sedimentation in this experimental system, which provides a scientific basis for efficient purification of eutrophic water in wetland ecosystem.

Key words: plant absorption, eutrophic water, N deposition, sterilization, microbial function

中图分类号:

邬淑婷, 周之栋, 华建峰, 殷云龙, 薛建辉. 浮水植物-底泥-微生物系统对富营养化水体氮的净化作用[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2021, 37(10): 1341-1351.

WU Shu-ting, ZHOU Zhi-dong, HUA Jian-feng, YIN Yun-long, XUE Jian-hui. Study on the N Purification of Eutrophic Water by Floating Plant-sediment-microbial System[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2021, 37(10): 1341-1351.

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