英美土壤污染生态风险评估技术体系研究及启示

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2022.0896

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着经济的发展,人为活动产生的大量有害物质进入土壤,造成了严重的土壤污染问题。生态风险评估是预测风险源对生态系统产生风险的方法体系,其作为污染土壤生态风险管控及修复治理的重要依据,决定着是否需要采取风险管控和修复治理措施及目标。由于研究的侧重角度不同,出现了诸多生态风险评估技术体系。英美两国拥有多年的污染地块管理经验,生态风险评估相关技术导则完善、法规健全且配套技术成熟,借鉴其经验有助于管理者从生态系统角度更加科学地分析土壤污染对环境的影响。通过对我国土壤污染生态风险评估现状的分析,以及对美国超级基金生态风险评估技术体系和英国土壤污染生态风险评估技术体系的讨论,得出我国在构建本土化的土壤污染生态风险评估技术体系时需要注意的关键点:(1)构建层次化的生态风险评估技术体系;(2)开发从污染物暴露到产生生态效应整个过程的污染地块生态风险评估概念模型;(3)加强污染物与生态受体所受影响之间的因果关系分析;(4)提高生态风险评估过程的决策参与;(5)推动本土物种的毒理学研究。该文旨在推动我国土壤污染生态风险评估技术体系的构建,保障评估过程的顺利实施及后续污染土壤风险管控或修复治理工作的开展,促进土壤资源可持续安全利用。

关键词: 土壤污染生态风险评估, 层次化技术体系, 因果关系, 决策, 概念模型

Abstract: With the development of economy, a large number of hazardous wastes produced by human activities are discharged into soils, causing serious soil contamination. Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a method system for predicting the impact of risk source on surrounding ecosystem. As an important basis of risk management and soil contamination remediation, ERA determines whether risk management or remediation measures should be conducted as well as the goal of such measures. Due to the different focuses of researches, many ERA technical systems emerged continuously. The United States and the United Kingdom have years of experience in the management of contaminated sites, and have developed systematic ERA related technical guidelines and regulations with mature supporting technologies. Their experience can help superintendents in China scientifically analyze the impact of soil contamination on environment from the perspective of ecosystem. This study analyzed the present status of soil contamination related ERA in China, and investigated the workflow of ERA technical system for soil contamination in the United States and the United Kingdom. It is concluded that four key points should be noted when constructing local ERA technical system for soil contamination in China: (1) Developing tiered ERA technical system; (2)Constructing complete conceptual models from contaminants exposure to having ecological effects on receptors for ERA of contaminated sites; (3)Strengthening the analysis of the causal and effect relationship between contaminants and the ecological effects on receptors; (4)Improving decision-making participation in the ERA process; (5)Promoting toxicological research on native species. The aim of this study is to promote the construction of ERA technical system of soil contamination, guarantee the implementation of the assessment process, direct the follow-up risk management or remediation of contaminated sites, and promote the sustainable and safe utilization of soil resources in China.

Key words: ecological risk assessment of soil contamination, tiered technical system, causal relationship, decision making, conceptual model

中图分类号:

李奕杰, 许秋云, 柯玲杰, 史雅娟, 邵秀清. 英美土壤污染生态风险评估技术体系研究及启示[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2024, 40(1): 1-10.

LI Yi-jie, XU Qiu-yun, KE Ling-jie, SHI Ya-juan, SHAO Xiu-qing. Research on the Technical System of Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination in Anglo-American and Its Enlightenments[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2024, 40(1): 1-10.

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