水流扰动强度对高原山地农村沟渠底泥氮释放的影响

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2021.0460

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为揭示水动力扰动对高原山地农村沟渠内源氮营养盐释放的影响,通过室内模拟试验研究不同水流扰动强度(0、5、15、30、60 L·h^-1)对底泥氮释放的影响。结果表明:(1)水动力扰动初期可引起底泥氮元素向上覆水释放,5 L·h^-1扰动下水体中NH₄⁺-N浓度达到最高值,60 L·h^-1扰动下水体TN浓度达到最高值,在连续扰动30 d后,静置水体氮浓度高于扰动水体;(2)随扰动强度的增加,底泥TN含量也增加,但总体低于背景值,呈现出0＜5＜30＜15＜60 L·h^-1的规律;(3)底泥各形态可转化态氮(TTN)含量由大到小依次表现为强氧化剂可提取态氮(SOEF-N)、强碱可提取态氮(WAEF-N)、离子交换态氮(IEF-N)和弱酸可提取态氮(SAEF-N);释放程度从易到难依次为IEF-N、WAEF-N、SAEF-N、SOEF-N;各形态氮的最小值均出现在静置时,说明扰动更有利于底泥对水体氮营养盐的吸收,减轻其沿途对周围环境造成潜在的危害。

关键词: 农村沟渠, 底泥, 氮释放, 扰动

Abstract: To investigate the effect of hydrodynamic disturbance on endogenous nitrogen (N) release in plateau mountainous rural ditches, N concentrations in overlying water under various flow disturbance intensities (0, 5, 15, 30, 60 L·h^-1) were analyzed by a simulation experiment. The results show that:(1) Sediment N can be released into overlying water by the initial hydrodynamic disturbance and reaches the highest values of NH₄⁺-N and TN at 5 and 60 L·h^-1 flow disturbance intensity, respectively. After 30 days, N concentration in the undisturbed water was higher than that in the disturbed water; (2) Sediment TN contents increased with the increasing of disturbance intensity, which however were lower than the background values, showing 0 < 5 < 30 < 15 < 60 L·h^-1; (3) The contents of different forms of transformable nitrogen (TTN) were in the order of strong oxidant extractable-N (SOEF-N) > strong alkali extractable-N (WAEF-N) > ion exchange-N (IEF-N) > weak acid extractable-N (SAEF-N), with releasing tendentiousness of IEF-N > WAEF-N > SAEF-N > SOEF-N. All N fractions of the sediment were at the lowest values under undisturbed treatment, indicating that the disturbance of flow benefits the N settlement in sediments, thus decreasing the risk of N to the surrounding environment.

Key words: rural ditch, sediment, nitrogen release, disturbance

中图分类号:

X171

郑淑君, 王铁运, 刘云根, 杜鹏睿, 王妍, 贾玉洁, 文明发. 水流扰动强度对高原山地农村沟渠底泥氮释放的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2022, 38(8): 1076-1083.

ZHENG Shu-jun, WANG Tie-yun, LIU Yun-gen, DU Peng-rui, WANG Yan, JIA Yu-jie, WEN Ming-fa. Effect of Flow Disturbance Intensity on Nitrogen Release from Bottom Muddy of Plateau Rural Ditches[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2022, 38(8): 1076-1083.

参考文献 38

[1]	马啸宙,周雯,马宏林,等.南方典型山塘区农村散排污水处理新工艺研究[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(10):26-30.[MA Xiao-zhou,ZHOU Wen,MA Hong-lin,et al.Study on a New Technology in Typical Southern Mountainous Area for Rural Decentralized Sewage Treatment[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2015,37(10):26-30.]
[2]	LIU W F,YANG H,LIU Y,et al.Water Resources Conservation and Nitrogen Pollution Reduction under Global Food Trade and Agricultural Intensification[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,633:1591-1601.
[3]	谢林花,吴德礼,张亚雷.中国农村生活污水处理技术现状分析及评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(10):865-870.[XIE Lin-hua,WU De-li,ZHANG Ya-lei.Analysis and Evaluation of China's Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment Technology[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(10):865-870.]
[4]	张奇誉,刘来胜.农村分散式生活污水源分离技术现状与发展趋势分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2020(8):20-24.[ZHANG Qi-yu,LIU Lai-sheng.An Analysis of the Current Situationand Development Trend of Rural Decentralized Domestic Sewage Based on Source Separation Technology[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2020(8):20-24.]
[5]	范理,李坤,王亚娟,等.农村生活污水收集与处理模式的探讨[J].环境工程,2014,32(增刊1):169-171,209.[FAN Li,LI Kun,WANG Ya-juan,et al.Study on Domestic Wastewater Collection and Treatment Modes in Rural Areas[J].Environmental Engineering,2014,32(Suppl. 1):169-171,209.]
[6]	柳俊,陈永华,李科林,等.农村混合污水人工湿地处理模式与效果分析[J].环境污染与防治,2019,41(2):231-235,256.[LIU Jun,CHEN Yong-hua,LI Ke-lin,et al.Mode of Constructed Wetland in Treatment of Rural Mixed Sewage and Its Effect Analysis[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2019,41(2):231-235,256.]
[7]	陈安强,雷宝坤,刘宏斌,等.洱海近岸不同种植类型农田沟渠径流氮磷流失特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(8):697-705.[CHEN An-qiang,LEI Bao-kun,LIU Hong-bin,et al.Characteristics of N and P Losses from Ditch Runoff in Farmlands Different in Planting Patterns Offshore of Lake Erhai[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(8):697-705.]
[8]	郭建宁,卢少勇,金相灿,等.低溶解氧状态下河网区不同类型沉积物的氮释放规律[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(3):614-620.[GUO Jian-ning,LU Shao-yong,JIN Xiang-can,et al.Regularity of Nitrogen Release under Low Oxygen Conditions from Various Sediments in a River Network[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(3):614-620.]
[9]	WANG S R,JIN X C,ZHAO H C,et al.Phosphorus Release Characteristics of Different Trophic Lake Sediments under Simulative Disturbing Conditions[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(2/3):1551-1559.
[10]	KADOKAMI K,LI X H,PAN S Y,et al.Screening Analysis of Hundreds of Sediment Pollutants and Evaluation of Their Effects on Benthic Organisms in Dokai Bay,Japan[J].Chemosphere,2013,90(2):721-728.
[11]	龚云辉,刘云根,王妍,等.pH对高原山地农村沟渠底泥氮形态及氨氮释放通量影响模拟研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2021,37(3):378-386.[GONG Yun-hui,LIU Yun-gen,WANG Yan,et al.Effect of pH on Nitrogen Forms and Ammonia Nitrogen Release Flux in the Bottom Muddy of Plateau Rural Ditches[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2021,37(3):378-386.]
[12]	华祖林,王苑.水动力作用下河湖沉积物污染物释放研究进展[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2018,46(2):95-105.[HUA Zu-lin,WANG Yuan.Advance on the Release of Pollutants in River and Lake Sediments under Hydrodynamic Conditions[J].Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences),2018,46(2):95-105.]
[13]	缪静,姬超,高琳琳,等.我国农村居民生活污水量总变化系数的估算及其意义[J].环境工程学报,2020,14(9):2326-2330.[MIAO Jing,JI Chao,GAO Lin-lin,et al.Estimation and Significance of the Peak Variation Factor of Rural Domestic Sewage Quantity in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2020,14(9):2326-2330.]
[14]	孙小静,秦伯强,朱广伟,等.持续水动力作用下湖泊底泥胶体态氮、磷的释放[J].环境科学,2007,28(6):1223-1229.[SUN Xiao-jing,QIN Bo-qiang,ZHU Guang-wei,et al.Release of Colloidal N and P from Sediment of Lake Caused by Continuing Hydrodynamic Disturbance[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(6):1223-1229.]
[15]	朱元荣,张润宇,吴丰昌.滇池沉积物中氮的地球化学特征及其对水环境的影响[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6):978-983.[ZHU Yuan-rong,ZHANG Run-yu,WU Feng-chang.Geochemical Characteristics and Influence to Overlying Water of Nitrogen in the Sediments from Dianchi Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(6):978-983.]
[16]	陈红,卓琼芳,许振成,等.排水管道沉淀物氮释放特性的研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(8):2918-2925.[CHEN Hong,ZHUO Qiong-fang,XU Zhen-cheng,et al.Nitrogen Release Performance of Sediments in Drainage Pipeline[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(8):2918-2925.]
[17]	韩宁,郝卓,徐亚娟,等.江西香溪流域干湿季交替下底泥氮释放机制及其对流域氮输出的贡献[J].环境科学,2016,37(2):534-541.[HAN Ning,HAO Zhuo,XU Ya-juan,et al.Nitrogen Release from Sediment under Dry and Rainy Season Alternation and Its Contribution to N Export from Xiangxi Watershed in Jiangxi Province[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(2):534-541.]
[18]	刘福兴,陈桂发,付子轼,等.不同构造生态沟渠的农田面源污染物处理能力及实际应用效果[J].生态与农村环境学报,2019,35(6):787-794.[LIU Fu-xing,CHEN Gui-fa,FU Zi-shi,et al.Comparison on Effects of Practical Application of Ecological Ditches with Different Construction in Treating Agricultural Non-Point Pollutants[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2019,35(6):787-794.]
[19]	杜旭,王国祥,刘波,等.曝气深度对城市河道沉积物氮释放及形态的影响[J].中国给水排水,2013,29(15):115-120.[DU Xu,WANG Guo-xiang,LIU Bo,et al.Effect of Aeration Depth on Nitrogen Release from Urban River Sediments and Nitrogen Forms in Overlying Water[J].China Water&Wastewater,2013,29(15):115-120.]
[20]	黄勇,严过房,董运常,等.底泥氮磷释放的影响因素及控制策略[J].江西农业学报,2020,32(10):116-120,130.[HUANG Yong,YAN Guo-fang,DONG Yun-chang,et al.Influencing Factors and Control Strategies of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Release from Sediment[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2020,32(10):116-120,130.]
[21]	郭红兵,陈荣,王晓昌.不同补水方式下翠湖沉积物氮磷释放特性研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(2):18-23,30.[GUO Hong-bing,CHEN Rong,WANG Xiao-chang.Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Release from Urban Water Sediment of Cuihu Lake Regarding Different Water Replenishment Approaches[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,39(2):18-23,30.]
[22]	王梅,刘琰,郑丙辉,等.城市内河表层沉积物氮形态及影响因素:以许昌清潩河为例[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):720-726.[WANG Mei,LIU Yan,ZHENG Bing-hui,et al.Nitrogen Forms in Surface Sediments of Urban River and Their Influence Factors:A Case Study of Qingyi River in Xuchang City[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(3):720-726.]
[23]	赵海超,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.洱海沉积物中不同形态氮的时空分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(3):235-242.[ZHAO Hai-chao,WANG Sheng-rui,JIAO Li-xin,et al.Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of the Nitrogen Forms in the Sediments of Erhai Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(3):235-242.]
[24]	赵宝刚,张夏彬,昝逢宇,等.洪泽湖表层沉积物氮形态分布及影响因素[J].环境科学与技术,2020,43(6):30-38.[ZHAO Bao-gang,ZHANG Xia-bin,ZAN Feng-yu,et al.Distribution and Influence Factors of Nitrogen Form in Surface Sediment of Lake Hongze[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2020,43(6):30-38.]
[25]	MORTIMER C H.Chemical Exchanges between Sediments and Water in the Great lakes-Speculations on Probable Regulatory Mechanisms[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1971,16(2):387-404.
[26]	王紫泉.土壤酶对As污染毒性响应及作用机理研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.[WANG Zi-quan.Toxicity Response of Soil Enzyme to Arsenic Pollution and the Inhibition Mechanism[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2017.]
[27]	叶宏萌,杨浩,袁旭音,等.基于流域沉积物氮磷形态的生态风险评价:以沙溪流域为例[J].环境化学,2020,39(12):3471-3479.[YE Hong-meng,YANG Hao,YUAN Xu-yin,et al.Ecological Risk Assessment Based on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Forms in Watershed Sediments:A Case Study of the Shaxi Watershed,Fujian[J].Environmental Chemistry,2020,39(12):3471-3479.]
[28]	WANG P F,ZHAO L,WANG C,et al.Nitrogen Distribution and Potential Mobility in Sediments of Three Typical Shallow Urban Lakes in China[J].Environmental Engineering Science,2009,26(10):1511-1521.
[29]	LEI J S,CHEN J Z,YIN W.Retention Efficiency of Vegetative Filter Strips for Nitrogen in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area,Central China[J].Ecological Chemistry and Engineering,2019,26(2):279-297.
[30]	黄传灵,魏翔.湖泊富营养化过程中内源性营养盐释放规律的分析[J].安徽工程科技学院学报(自然科学版),2010,25(2):7-9.[HUANG Chuan-ling,WEI Xiang.Analysis of the Endogenous Nutrient Salts Release in the Process of Eutrophic Lake[J].Journal of Anhui University of Technology and Science (Natural Science),2010,25(2):7-9.]
[31]	刘延恺,陆苏,孟振全.河道曝气法:适合我国国情的环境污水处理工艺[J].环境污染与防治,1994,16(1):22-25.
[32]	于军亭,张帅,张志斌,等.环境因子对浅水湖泊沉积物中氮释放的影响[J].山东建筑大学学报,2010,25(1):58-61.[YU Jun-ting,ZHANG Shuai,ZHANG Zhi-bin,et al.Effects of Environmental Factors on Release of Sediment Nitrogen in Shallow Lake[J].Journal of Shandong Jianzhu University,2010,25(1):58-61.]
[33]	李鑫.浅水湖泊沉积物中氮的迁移转化机制研究[D].天津:天津大学,2012.[LI Xin.The Mechanism of Nitrogen Migration and Transformation in Shallow Lake Sediments[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2012.]
[34]	GRAMMA V,KONTBAY K,WAHL V.Crops for the Future:On the Way to Reduce Nitrogen Pollution[J].American Journal of Botany,2020,107(9):1211-1213.
[35]	CHEN X J,STROKAL M,KROEZE C,et al.Modeling the Contribution of Crops to Nitrogen Pollution in the Yangtze River[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2020,54(19):11929-11939.
[36]	李磊,王慧,张锡辉,等.不同底泥系统的湖泊内源释磷规律研究[J].中国给水排水,2007,23(17):76-79,83.[LI Lei,WANG Hui,ZHANG Xi-hui,et al.Research on Internal Phosphorus Release of Lakes with Different Sediment System[J].China Water&Wastewater,2007,23(17):76-79,83.]
[37]	范成新,张路,秦伯强,等.太湖沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移机制及定量化:1.铵态氮释放速率的空间差异及源-汇通量[J].湖泊科学,2004,16(1):10-20.[FAN Cheng-xin,ZHANG Lu,QIN Bo-qiang,et al.Migration Mechanism of Biogenic Elements and Their Quantification on the Sediment-Water Interface of Lake Taihu:Ⅰ.Spatial Variation of the Ammonium Release Rates and Its Source and Sink Fluxes[J].Journal of Lake Science,2004,16(1):10-20.]
[38]	冯峰,王辉,方涛,等.东湖沉积物中微生物量与碳、氮、磷的相关性[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(3):342-345.[FENG Feng,WANG Hui,FANG Tao,et al.The Correlation between Microbial Biomass and Carbon,Nitrogen,Phosphorus in the Sediments of Lake Donghu[J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(3):342-345.]