广东雷州湾和汕头沿海湿地越冬水鸟多样性

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2019.1010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 广东省海岸线长，沿海湿地资源丰富，但开展长期水鸟观测的湿地较少。为更好掌握广东沿海湿地鸟类多样性分布情况，识别广东沿海湿地生态环境主要问题和评估生态系统稳定性，于2016-2019年对广东西部雷州湾和东部汕头沿海湿地进行越冬水鸟观测，研究两地越冬水鸟群落物种、功能和谱系多样性的差异。共记录到水鸟6目10科63种96 048只，其中汕头沿海越冬水鸟群落主要由鸻形目、雁形目和鹳形目组成，而雷州湾则仅以鸻形目为主。两地水鸟群落物种多样性指数无显著差异，以体重、食性和取食层为特征的功能均匀度也无显著差异，但汕头沿海水鸟功能分异度高于雷州湾。在谱系结构上，雷州湾水鸟表现为聚集（SES.MPD<0），即主要受环境过滤影响；而汕头沿海则表现为分散（SES.MPD>0），以物种竞争为主要驱动力。以上结果表明两地水鸟群落构建机制存在差异，反映了当地地理位置、生境组成和人为干扰等环境因素的影响。建议研究区鸟类保护措施和生态恢复策略应根据水鸟群落特点制定。

关键词: 水鸟, 物种多样性, 功能多样性, 谱系多样性, 雷州湾, 汕头沿海

Abstract: Guangdong has the longest coastline of all provinces in China, with many coastal wetland types. However, long term waterbird observation, which is crucial for wetland conservation, has only been carried out in a few sites. To understand the wetland bird diversity patterns of the Guangdong coast, identify the main ecological environment problems and assess the ecosystem stability, surveys were conducted every winter between 2016-2019 at Leizhou Bay and Shantou coastal wetlands. Species-level, functional and phylogenetic diversities were analyzed separately. After three years of observation, a total of 96 048 waterbird individuals belonging to 63 species, 10 families and 6 orders were recorded. Among them, the wintering waterbirds in Shantou consisted of members of the Charadriiformes, Anseriformes and Ciconiiformes, while members of the Charadriiformes dominated in Leizhou Bay. There was no significant difference in species diversity between the two sites. Though, no significant difference was observed in functional evenness of traits for body mass, feeding guild and foraging location, functional divergence of these traits were significantly higher in Shantou than in Leizhou Bay. Two phylogenetic diversity indices including mean pairwise distance and mean nearest taxon distance all shown significant difference between the two sites. The results of the phylogenetic diversity analysis show the waterbird assemblages in Leizhou Bay were mainly structured by environmental filtering, which were phylogenetically clustered (SES.MPD<0). In contrast, asemblages in Shantou were phylogenetically overdispersed (SES.MPD>0), showing some interspecific competition in this area. The result indicates that the differences of functional traits and phylogenetic structures were driven by local geographical location, habitat composition, human disturbance and other environmental factors. Corresponding protection measures and ecological restoration strategies should be developed according to the characteristics of the respective waterbird assemblages.

Key words: waterbird, species diversity, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity, Leizhou Bay, Shantou coast

中图分类号:

X176
Q958.1

张敏, 车先丽, 彭逸生, 邹发生. 广东雷州湾和汕头沿海湿地越冬水鸟多样性[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2020, 36(5): 553-559.

ZHANG Min, CHE Xian-li, PENG Yi-sheng, ZOU Fa-sheng. Diversity of Wintering Waterbirds at the Coastal Wetlands of Leizhou and Shantou, Guangdong[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2020, 36(5): 553-559.

参考文献

[1] 郭盛才.广东湿地资源保护管理现状及其对策研究[J].广东林业科技,2011,27(2):100-103.[GUO Sheng-cai.Research on Protection and Management Status of Wetland Resources in Guangdong and Its Countermeasures[J].Guangdong Forestry Science and Technology,2011,27(2):100-103.]
[2] CHINA Coastal Waterbird Census Group,BAI Q Q,CHEN J Z,et al.Identification of Coastal Wetlands of International Importance for Waterbirds:A Review of China Coastal Waterbird Surveys 2005-2013[J].Avian Research,2015,6:12.
[3] GREGORY R D,VAN STRIEN A.Wild Bird Indicators:Using Composite Population Trends of Birds as Measures of Environmental Health[J].Ornithological Science,2010,9(1):3-22.
[4] TAVARES D C,GUADAGNIN D L,DE MOURA J F,et al.Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors Structuring Waterbird Habitats of Tropical Coastal Lagoons:Implications for Management[J].Biological Conservation,2015,186:12-21.
[5] XU H G,CAO M C,WANG Z,et al.Low Ecological Representation in the Protected Area Network of China[J].Ecology and Evolution,2018,8(12):6290-6298.
[6] 徐华林.深圳湾水鸟生物多样性初步研究[J].野生动物,2013,34(5):291-295.[XU Hua-lin.Research on the Waterfowl Biodiversity in Shenzhen Bay[J].Chinese Journal of Wildlife,2013,34(5):291-295.]
[7] 徐海根,崔鹏,朱筱佳,等.全国鸟类多样性观测网络(China BON-Birds)建设进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(1):1-11.[XU Hai-gen,CUI Peng,ZHU Xiao-jia,et al.Progress in Construction of China Bird Diversity Observation Network (China BON-Birds)[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(1):1-11.]
[8] XU H G,CAO M C,WU Y,et al.Optimized Monitoring Sites for Detection of Biodiversity Trends in China[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2017,26(8):1959-1971.
[9] PURSCHKE O,SCHMID B C,SYKES M T,et al.Contrasting Changes in Taxonomic,Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity During a Long-term Succession:Insights Into Assembly Processes[J].Journal of Ecology,2013,101(4):857-866.
[10] CHE X L,CHEN D J,ZHANG M,et al.Seasonal Dynamics of Waterbird Assembly Mechanisms Revealed by Patterns in Phylogenetic and Functional Diversity in a Subtropical Wetland[J].Biotropica,2019,51(3):421-431.
[11] ZHANG M,HONG Y M,ZOU F S,et al.Response of Shorebird Habitat Selection to Coastal Reclamation and Urbanization in an Extensively Developed Delta:A Case Study in Macao,China[J].Ocean & Coastal Management,2019,179:104871.
[12] 邹发生,杨琼芳,蔡俊钦,等.雷州半岛红树林湿地鸟类多样性[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(3):383-390.[ZOU Fa-sheng,YANG Qiong-fang,CAI Jun-qin,et al.Avian Diversity on Mangrove Wetland of Leizhou Peninsula[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2008,27(3):383-390.]
[13] 毕肖峰,黄凤莲,陈桂珠,等.汕头市海岸湿地自然保护区主要水鸟的种群数量及分布[J].城市环境与城市生态,2004,17(4):15-17.[BI Xiao-feng,HUANG Feng-lian,CHEN Gui-zhu,et al.Population Number and Distribution of Main Waterfowls in Shantou Coastal Wetland Natural Reserve[J].Urban Environment & Urban Ecology,2004,17(4):15-17.]
[14] HOWES J,BAKEWELL D.Shorebird Studies Manual[M].Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia:Asian Wetland Bureau Publication,1989:143-147.
[15] 郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:1-385.[ZHENG Guang-mei.A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:1-385.]
[16] IUCN.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species[EB/OL].[2019-09-08].http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[17] MAGURRAN A E.生物多样性测度[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:66-86.[MAGURRAN A E.Measuring Biological Diversity[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:66-86.]
[18] LALIBERTÉ E,LEGENDRE P,SHIPLEY B,et al.Measuring Functional Diversity (FD) From Multiple Traits,and Other Tools for Functional Ecology[CP].R Package,2014:v.1.0-12.
[19] WILMAN H,BELMAKER J,SIMPSON J,et al.EltonTraits 1.0:Species-level Foraging Attributes of the World's Birds and Mammals[J].Ecology,2014,95(7):2027.
[20] BOUCKAERT R,HELED J,KÜHNERT D,et al.BEAST 2:A Software Platform for Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis[J].PLoS Computational Biology,2014,10(4):e1003537.DOI:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537.
[21] SWENSON N G.Phylogenetic Diversity[M]//Functional and Phylogenetic Ecology in R.New York,USA:Springer New York,2013:27-55.
[22] WEBB C O,ACKERLY D D,MCPEEK M A,et al.Phylogenies and Community Ecology[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,2002,33(1):475-505.
[23] R CORE TEAM.R:A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing[EB/OL].[2019-01-08].https://www.R-project.org/.
[24] 韩小静.广西山口红树林区鸟类群落的研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2006.
[25] 中国沿海水鸟同步调查项目组.中国沿海水鸟同步调查报告(1.2010-12.2011)[M].香港:香港观鸟会,2015:156-173.[China Coastal Waterbird Census Team.China Coastal Waterbird Census (1.2010-12.2011)[M].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Bird Watching Society,2015:156-173.]
[26] 邓巨燮,关贯勋,卢柏威,等.广东省及海南重要鸟类资源现况调查[J].生态科学,1989(2):60-70.[DENG Ju-xie,GUAN Guan-xun,LU Bai-wei,et al.Investigation on Present Situation of Bird Source From Guangdong and Hainan Provinces[J].Ecological Science,1989(2):60-70.]
[27] PETCHEY O L,GASTON K J.Functional Diversity:Back to Basics and Looking Forward[J].Ecology Letters,2006,9(6):741-758.
[28] PAKEMAN R J.Functional Diversity Indices Reveal the Impacts of Land Use Intensification on Plant Community Assembly[J].Journal of Ecology,2011,99(5):1143-1151.
[29] LI C L,ZHANG Y,ZHA D D,et al.Assembly Processes of Waterbird Communities Across Subsidence Wetlands in China:A Functional and Phylogenetic Approach[J].Diversity and Distributions,2019,25(7):1118-1129.
[30] EMERSON B C,GILLESPIE R G.Phylogenetic Analysis of Community Assembly and Structure Over Space and Time[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2008,23(11):619-630.