湿地生态效益补偿机制研究：以鄱阳湖区为例

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.0789

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 湿地生态效益补偿机制的建立与完善对保护湿地生态环境及推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。基于生态补偿一般理论框架，对鄱阳湖湿地生态效益补偿的补偿者、受偿者、补偿标准及差别化、补偿方式和补偿条件性等核心问题进行了综合分析。结果表明，测算得到湿地生态效益补偿标准为2 503.39元·hm^-2·a^-1；补偿标准需要差别化，考虑因素包括农作物受损失程度、土地与湖区距离以及土地质量等，其中农作物受损失程度是实现生态补偿差别化最重要的考虑因素；补偿标准偏低、违约成本太低和实际监管概率偏低是弱监管的根源，应采用多种补偿方式相结合，或者分阶段选择不同的补偿方式。为了改进湿地生态效益补偿政策，应进一步明晰补偿主体，适当提高补偿标准，并充分考虑农户资源异质性和机会成本异质性，实现补偿标准差异化，注重补偿的"条件性支付"，兼顾补偿的公平与效率。

关键词: 鄱阳湖湿地, 生态补偿, 补偿机制

Abstract: Wetland ecological compensation is one of the most important policy instruments to protect the wetlands and promote ecological civilization in China. Based on the general theoretical framework of ecological compensation, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis on the core issues of wetland ecological compensation in the Poyang Lake, i.e. compensation providers and beneficiaries, compensation rate and its differentiation, compensation vehicles and conditionality. The research show that the estimated compensation rate was 2 503.39 yuan·hm^-2·a^-1. The compensation rate is better to be differentiated by factors such as the extent of damages of crops resulted from the migrant birds protected in the wetland, the distance between the farmland and the wetland of the lake, the farmland quality etc. Among these factors, the most crucial one is the loss rate of crops in the farmland due to protection of wild birds with the wetlands as their habitat. Low rate of compensation, low penalty costs on noncompliances and low presence of enforcement are the root causes of the weak regime. Regarding compensation approach, it is necessary to combine multiple ways of compensation, or choose individual ways of compensation in phases. In order to improve the wetland ecological compensation program, it is needed to have clarified compensation beneficiaries and a upgraded compensation rate. It is imperative to fully consider the heterogeneity of farmlands and opportunity costs of protecting the wetland in differentiating the compensation, pay greater attention to the "conditionality" of compensation, and balance the equity and efficiency in the compensation program.

Key words: Poyang Lake wetland, ecological compensation, mechanism

中图分类号:

F323.22

庞洁, 靳乐山. 湿地生态效益补偿机制研究：以鄱阳湖区为例[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2021, 37(4): 456-464.

PANG Jie, JIN Le-shan. Wetland Ecological Compensation Mechanism: A Case Study of the Poyang Lake[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2021, 37(4): 456-464.

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