果园喷雾机具对施药人员体表污染的影响

doi:10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.0159

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为明确我国果园病虫害防治过程中施药人员的体表药液暴露量，加强职业健康防护、降低施药人员的暴露风险，采用w为0.1%的荧光喷雾剂对3种应用最为广泛的果园喷雾机（牵引式果园风送喷雾机、悬挂式果园风送喷雾机和手持果园机动喷枪）的施药人员体表药液暴露量进行了试验研究。结果表明：牵引式和悬挂式果园风送喷雾机施药人员的体表药液暴露量最高部位均为头部和后背，2种果园喷雾机施药人员身体左右两侧的体表暴露量无显著性差异；机动喷枪施药人员的体表药液暴露量最高部位为头部、胸腹和后背，其靠近喷头一侧身体的体表药液暴露量明显高于另一侧。在3种果园喷雾机中，牵引式果园风送喷雾机施药人员的体表药液暴露量最低，其100 m作业距离和100 L喷雾药液下的体表暴露药液分别为0.315和0.292 mL；悬挂式果园风送喷雾机施药人员的100 L药液暴露量最高为5.311 mL，机动喷枪施药人员的100 m药液暴露量最高为74.042 mL。研究表明，果园病虫害化学防治过程中施药人员的防护意识不强，施药人员体表暴露风险较高。因此，需加强施药人员的防护意识，同时合理规划果园并进一步提高果园施药的机械化水平。

关键词: 果园喷雾机, 农药, 体表污染, 喷雾

Abstract: China is the largest orchard planting country in the world, and it's fruit industry plays an important role in increasing farmers' income and in rural construction. However, large amount of pesticides has to be used many times during orchard planting to ensure fruit yield and quality. At the same time, pesticides invading into the body of the operators through respiratory and skin will cause serious health risk. In order to understand the dermal exposure of operators during pesticide application in orchard, strengthen occupational health protection and reduce the exposure risk of operators, three kinds of most widely-used orchard sprayers trailer sprayer, mounted sprayer and spray gun were used to evaluate the dermal exposure of operators in peach orchard. Fluorescer BSF with a fraction of 0.1% in mass was added into spraying liqud as tracer for quantification, and LS55 fluorometer was used to measure the fluorescence value of different parts of operators' body. The results show that the most exposed part of operators of trailer sprayer and mounted sprayer were head and back, and there were no significant difference between left and right sides of operators' body. The most exposed parts of operators of spray gun were head, chest and back, and the exposure amount on left side (near nozzle) of operators was significantly higher than that on the other side. Among the three orchard sprayers, the trailer sprayer had the lowest dermal exposure on operators, and its total dermal exposure in 100 m operating distance and 100 L spraying volume were 0.315 and 0.292 mL, respectively. For mounted sprayer, the maximum total dermal exposure amount reached to 5.311 mL in 100 L spraying volume, and for spray gun the maximum total dermal exposure amount reached to 74.042 mL in 100 m operating distance. The study illustrates that the operators had lower protection awareness and higher dermal exposure risk during pesticide application. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the protection awareness of the operators, meanwhile the orchard should be planned rationally and the mechanization level of orchard sprayer should be improved.

Key words: orchard sprayer, pesticide, dermal exposure, spraying

中图分类号:

X592

王士林, 范道全, 李雪, 周浩, 张美娜, 闫婷婷, 吕晓兰. 果园喷雾机具对施药人员体表污染的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2020, 36(12): 1612-1618.

WANG Shi-lin, FAN Dao-quan, LI Xue, ZHOU Hao, ZHANG Mei-na, YAN Ting-ting, Lü Xiao-lan. Effect of Orchard Sprayers on Dermal Exposure of Operators[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2020, 36(12): 1612-1618.

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